浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区土壤-作物富硒特征与重金属风险评价

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.02.12

现代地质 ›› 2021, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (02): 425-433.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.02.12

浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区土壤-作物富硒特征与重金属风险评价

成晓梦¹^,²^,³(), 吴超¹^,²^,³(), 孙彬彬¹^,²^,³, 贺灵¹^,²^,³, 曾道明¹^,²^,³

1.中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所,河北廊坊 065000
2.中国地质调查局土地质量地球化学调查评价研究中心,河北廊坊 065000
3.联合国教科文组织全球尺度地球化学国际研究中心,河北廊坊 065000

收稿日期:2020-04-29 修回日期:2020-07-07 出版日期:2021-04-25 发布日期:2021-05-25
通讯作者: 吴超
作者简介:吴超,男,助理工程师,1990年出生,地球探测与信息技术专业,主要从事生态地球化学调查与评价方面的研究工作。Email: wchao@mail.cgs.gov.cn。
成晓梦,女,助理工程师,1991年出生,地球化学专业,主要从事生态地球化学调查与评价方面的研究工作。Email: cxiaomeng@mail.cgs.gov.cn。
基金资助:
中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所基本科研业务费项目(AS2017J14)

Selenium-rich Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Crop in A Typical Black Shale Area of the Central Part of Zhejiang Province, China

CHENG Xiaomeng¹^,²^,³(), WU Chao¹^,²^,³(), SUN Binbin¹^,²^,³, HE Ling¹^,²^,³, ZENG Daoming¹^,²^,³

1. Institute of Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China
2. Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China
3. UNESCO International Center on Global-Scale Geochemistry, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China

Received:2020-04-29 Revised:2020-07-07 Online:2021-04-25 Published:2021-05-25
Contact: WU Chao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

富硒土地是生产富硒农产品的宝贵资源,黑色岩系形成的土壤通常富含硒和重金属元素。为了指导这类富硒土地资源的安全开发利用,选择浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区,通过调查土壤-作物中硒和重金属的浓度及生物有效性,评价农产品富硒率,识别作物重金属超标风险。结果显示:研究区富硒土壤占38%,足硒土壤占62%,水稻和莲子富硒率分别为85.71%和100%;受黑色岩系风化成土影响,研究区土壤镉含量介于污染筛选值和风险管控值之间的样品比例为26%,且Cd活动态和潜在活动态所占比例分别为57%和40%,水稻籽实中Cd超标率为31%,莲子Cd含量均不超标。基于土壤重金属总量和形态的风险评价表明,富硒土壤开发利用的风险区主要位于西皮山岗和腰塘边一带,建议禁止种植农产品,其他黑色岩系发育的富硒丘陵地区,虽然土壤镉含量较高,但因土壤Cd的生物有效性和水稻中Cd的超标率较低,应加以保护和合理开发利用。

关键词: 黑色岩系, 富硒土壤, 重金属, 风险评价, 浙江中部

Abstract:

Selenium (Se)-rich soil is a valuable resource for the production of Se-rich agricultural products. Soil derived from black shales weathering is usually of high concentration of Se and heavy metals. To guide the similar safe use of Se-rich soil, a black shales area in the central part of Zhejiang Province was selected to identify possible risks of heavy metals in crop exceeding standards, through the investigation on the concentration and bioavailability of heavy metals and Se in soil and crop. The results showed that the Se-rich and Se-sufficient soil in the study area accounted for 38% and 62% coverage; the Se-rich rice and lotus seeds were 85.71% and 100%, respectively. 26% of soil samples is of cadmium (Cd) content over the soil pollution screening value and less the soil risk control value. The proportions of Cd active and potential active states were of 57% and 40%, respectively. Up to 31% of rice samples exceeds national cadmium limit. The risk assessment based on the total concentration of heavy metals and sequential extraction shows that the Cd risk areas for the development and utilization of Se-rich soil are mainly located in Xipishangang and Yaotangbian area,and the cultivation of agricultural products should be prohibited. Other Se-rich hilly areas overlying black shales should be protected and rationally developed and utilized as low risk of Cd in crops and low bioavailability of heavy metals in soil, although cadmium concentration in soil is high.

Key words: black shales, selenium-rich soil, heavy metal, risk assessment, central part of Zhejiang Province

中图分类号:

X142
P595

成晓梦, 吴超, 孙彬彬, 贺灵, 曾道明. 浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区土壤-作物富硒特征与重金属风险评价[J]. 现代地质, 2021, 35(02): 425-433.

CHENG Xiaomeng, WU Chao, SUN Binbin, HE Ling, ZENG Daoming. Selenium-rich Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Crop in A Typical Black Shale Area of the Central Part of Zhejiang Province, China[J]. Geoscience, 2021, 35(02): 425-433.

图/表 10

图1 研究区地形地质和土壤、作物采样点位图

Fig.1 Geological and topographic sketch map of the study area and location of soil and crop samples

表1 土壤元素形态提取步骤及测定方法

Table 1 Sequential extraction and determination methods of heavy metals in soil

序号	形态	提取剂	测试方法
1	水溶态	蒸馏水	氢化物-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS):As 等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS):Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 冷蒸汽-原子荧光光谱法(CV-AFS):Hg
2	离子交换态	1.0 mol/L氯化镁溶液
3	碳酸盐结合态	1.0 mol/L醋酸钠溶液
4	腐殖酸结合态	1.0 mol/L焦磷酸钠溶液
5	铁锰氧化物结合态	0.25 mol/L盐酸羟胺-盐酸溶液
6	强有机结合态	30%过氧化氢溶液,2.5 mol/L醋酸铵-硝酸溶液
7	残渣态	HCl-HNO₃溶液

表2 土壤环境质量与风险等级划分

Table 2 Comprehensive grading classi?cation of soil environmental quality and risk

土壤环境质量等级	污染风险	划分标准
一等	无风险	C_i≤S_i
二等	风险可控	S_i< C_i ≤G_i
三等	风险较高	C_i> G_i

图2 土壤重金属环境潜在风险分类流程图(据文献[24]修改)

Fig.2 Classification of soil heavy metal according to their potential risks of environment(modified after reference [24])

图3 研究区土壤Se、Cd元素含量图

Fig.3 Concentrations of Se and Cd in soils in the study area

表3 水稻籽实、莲子果实的硒含量与富硒率(wB/(mg?kg-1))

Table 3 Concentrations of Se and the rate of selenium-rich in rice seed and lotus seed

作物(样品数)	最大值	最小值	平均值	标准离差	作物富硒标准值^[30-31]	富硒率/%
水稻(n=35)	0.11	0.03	0.07	0.02	0.04~0.30	85.71
莲子(n=15)	0.19	0.05	0.10	0.04	0.04~1.00	100

表4 土壤重金属含量统计参数表(wB/(mg·kg-1)(n=50))

Table 4 Statistical parameters of heavy metal concentrations in soil

统计参数	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
最小值	2.05	0.123	28	14	0.070	8.87	19.70	54
最大值	20.87	0.954	88	87	1.075	43.75	58.66	137
平均值	7.64	0.287	54	26	0.199	20.88	35.72	81
标准偏差	4.37	0.17	17.07	9.23	0.15	10.46	7.28	21
变异系数/%	57	59	32	35	73	50	20	26
浙江省表层土壤^[29]	9.2	0.07	52.9	17.6	0.086	24.6	23.7	70.6
全国表层土壤^[26]	11	0.097	61	23	0.065	27	26	74
≤ 筛选值/%	100	74	100	98	98	100	100	100
筛选值—管控值/%	0	26	0	2	2	0	0	0

图4 土壤中重金属元素赋存形态分布图 F1.水溶态;F2.离子交换态;F3.碳酸盐结合态;F4.腐殖酸结合态;F5.铁锰氧化物结合态;F6.强有机结合态;F7.残渣态。

Fig.4 Fractions of heavy metals in soil samples (F1.water-soluble; F2.ion-exchange; F3.carbonate; F4.humic acid; F5.Fe-Mn oxidation; F6.strong organic; F7.residual)

表5 研究区作物中重金属含量特征(wB/(mg·kg-1))

Table 5 Heavy metals concentrations in crops in the study area

作物	参数	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
水稻 (n=35)	最大值	0.43	0.70	1.55	4.47	0.01	1.18	0.38	20.33
	最小值	0.07	0.03	0.17	1.20	0.00	0.13	0.03	10.03
	平均数	0.25	0.17	0.35	2.53	0.01	0.39	0.06	15.20
	限量值^[25]	0.5	0.2	1.0	—	0.02	—	0.2	—
	超标率/%	0	31.42	8.57	—	0	—	5.71	—
莲子 (n=15)	最大值	0.11	0.29	0.26	29.20	0.10	2.39	0.08	31.46
	最小值	0.03	0.06	0.10	5.83	0.03	0.59	0.04	19.52
	平均数	0.06	0.11	0.14	13.60	0.06	1.56	0.06	26.07
	限量值^[25]	—	0.5	—	—	—	—	0.2	—
	超标率/%	—	0	—	—	—	—	0	—

图5 研究区土壤-作物重金属风险评价图 (a)土壤重金属总量评价图;(b)环境潜在风险分类图;(c)水稻安全性评价图。

Fig.5 Risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and crop in the study area ((a) Risk assessment of total concentration of heavy metals in soil; (b) Classification of soil heavy metal according to their potential risk of environment;(c) Safety evaluation of rice)

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浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区土壤-作物富硒特征与重金属风险评价

Selenium-rich Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Crop in A Typical Black Shale Area of the Central Part of Zhejiang Province, China

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