楚雄盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺组沉积环境及物源分析

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2025.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

扬子板块西南缘的楚雄晚中生代盆地广泛发育白垩系红色碎屑岩系,多个层位赋存铜矿体,构成我国最具代表性的砂岩型铜矿集区。楚雄盆地下白垩统高峰寺组岩性组合空间变化较大,研究较为薄弱,制约了早白垩世时期楚雄盆地构造-沉积古地理演变研究和区域资源潜力评价和找矿增储工作部署。本文以盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺组为研究对象,采用地质剖面测量、岩石(组合)与沉积组构、砂岩组分特征观察、古水流方向测量和重矿物分析等手段,结合区域地质调查资料,查明其沉积层序与岩石(组合)特征、沉积相类型及沉积物质来源。结果表明,区内高峰寺组总体为曲流河相和三角洲相沉积,在东北部主要为以堤岸亚相为主的曲流河相沉积,在西南部则以三角洲相沉积为主,其沉积环境从下至上经历了由干旱向湿润气候的转变;沉积物源区位于盆地的东部和东北部的古高地,且主要出露沉积岩,并有少量酸性、基性岩浆岩及变质岩;楚雄盆地在早白垩世时期总体处于构造平缓期,其中高峰寺组碎屑含量高、分选系数低的砂岩是砂岩型铜矿床的有利赋存层位,具有较好的找矿前景。

关键词: 沉积相, 沉积特征, 物源分析, 下白垩统高峰寺组, 楚雄盆地, 滇中地区

Abstract:

The Late Mesozoic Chuxiong Basin, located at the southwest margin of the Yangtze Plate, is widely developed with Cretaceous red clastic rock series, hosting copper orebodies in multiple horizons and thus forming the most representative sandstone-type copper ore-concentrated area in China. The lithological assemblage of the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in the Chuxiong Basin shows significant spatial variations, and relevant research remains inadequate, which has restricted studies on the tectono-sedimentary paleogeographic evolution of the Chuxiong Basin during the Early Cretaceous, as well as the evaluation of regional resource potential and the deployment of mineral exploration and reserve increase. Focusing on the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in the central and southern parts of the basin, this study employs methods such as geological profile measurement, observation of rock (assemblage) and sedimentary fabrics, analysis of sandstone component characteristics, measurement of paleocurrent directions, and heavy mineral analysis, combined with regional geological survey data, to clarify the sedimentary sequence, rock (assemblage) characteristics, types of sedimentary facies, and sources of sedimentary materials.The results indicate that:(1) The Gaofengsi Formation in the study area is generally composed of meandering river facies and delta facies. The northeastern part is dominated by meandering river facies with bank subfacies as the main type, while the southwestern part is dominated by delta facies. The sedimentary environment underwent a transition from arid to humid climate from bottom to top;(2) The sediment source area is located in the paleo-highlands in the eastern and northeastern parts of the basin, where sedimentary rocks are mainly exposed, accompanied by a small amount of acidic, basic igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks;(3) The Chuxiong Basin was generally in a tectonically stable period during the Early Cretaceous. Among them, the sandstones of the Gaofengsi Formation with high detrital content and low sorting coefficient are favorable hosting horizons for sandstone-type copper deposits, showing good prospecting potential.Covering the main areas of the central and southern Chuxiong Basin, this study provides new data for regional reconstruction of sedimentary paleogeography and mineral exploration.

Key words: sedimentary facies, sedimentary characteristics, provenance analysis, Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation, Chuxiong Basin, central Yunnan Province

中图分类号:

P512.2
P536

陈柏臣, 潘东, 张佳慧, 李锁明, 王万能, 薛传东. 楚雄盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺组沉积环境及物源分析[J]. 现代地质, 2025, 39(04): 1083-1097.

CHEN Baichen, PAN Dong, ZHANG Jiahui, LI Suoming, WANG Wanneng, XUE Chuandong. The Sedimentary Environment and Provenance Analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in South-Central Chuxiong Basin, Central Yunnan Province, Southwest China[J]. Geoscience, 2025, 39(04): 1083-1097.

图/表 13

图1 楚雄盆地地质简图及综合地层柱状图(据文献[17]修改)

Fig.1 Sketch geological map and integrated stratigraphic column of the Chuxiong Basin (modified from reference [17])

图2 楚雄盆地中南部地质简图(a)及剖面A-A'地质图(b)(位置见图1部分古水流方向据报告①)

Fig.2 Geological map (a) and profile A-A' (b) of the south-central Chuxiong Basin (location shown in Fig.1; some paleocurrent directions from Report ①)

图3 楚雄盆地中南部高峰寺组实测地层柱状图

Fig.3 Measured stratigraphic columns of the Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

图4 楚雄盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺组沉积构造 (a)含砾砂岩中磨圆较好的石英砾;(b)含砾砂岩中的泥砾;(c)砂岩中的平行层理;(d)粉砂岩中的沙纹层理;(e)粉砂岩中的碳化植物碎屑;(f)砂岩中的褐铁矿结核;(g)流水波痕;(h)砂体底部的冲刷面构造

Fig.4 Sedimentary structures of the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

表1 楚雄盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺组砂岩碎屑组成统计结果

Table 1 Statistical results of sandstone detrital composition of the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

样品编号	N	Qm	Qp	P	K	Lv	Lm	Ls
PM023-1	552	480	39	21	0	3	6	3
PM023-6	509	407	21	54	0	12	11	4
PM023-41	503	344	1	85	3	2	26	42
PM021-3	611	496	17	73	3	7	10	5
PM021-9	608	460	10	97	0	9	21	11
PM021-20	640	524	9	66	19	10	5	7

图5 楚雄盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺组砂岩碎屑显微照片 (a)中细粒长石石英砂岩,含少量黑云母(正交偏光);(b)中粒岩屑石英砂岩(正交偏光);(c)中粒石英砂岩,石英颗粒中发育气-液包裹体(正交偏光);(d)中粒石英砂岩,含硅质岩岩屑(正交偏光);(e)含砾中-粗粒岩屑石英砂岩(单偏光);(f)中细粒石英砂岩(正交偏光);Qtz.石英;Pl.长石;Bt.黑云母;Lvf.酸性火山岩;Mud.泥岩;Aln.黝帘石;FI.包裹体

Fig.5 Photomicrographs of sandstone detrital fragments from the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

图6 楚雄盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺野外典型露头照片 (a)堤岸亚相的砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩组合;(b)细粒砂岩中的上攀沙纹层理;(c)粉砂岩中的水平层理;(d)分流河道亚相野外特征;(e)水下分流河道及支流间湾野外特征;(f)粉砂岩中的软变形层理

Fig.6 Typical field outcrop photos of the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

表2 古水流实测信息统计表

Table 2 Statistical table of measured paleocurrent information

测点	层面产状	类型	古流向要素产状
PM023-41	62°∠60°	斜层理	58°∠61°;53°∠63°;75°∠40°;76°∠43°;66°∠41°;80°∠61°;79°∠67°;58°∠53°;54°∠50°;52°∠53°;63°∠50°;62°∠49°;62°∠51°;48°∠45°;56°∠52°;58°∠51°;66°∠59°;83°∠62°;80°∠57°;82°∠61°
PM023-11	82°∠62°	波痕	268°;267°;279°;271°;274°;270°;271°;267°;235°;221°
D1735	99°∠77°	波痕	258°;297°;265°;263°;244°;277°;290°;263°;250°;255°;282°;274°;266°

表3 楚雄盆中南部高峰寺组砂岩粒度特征统计

Table 3 Statistical results of sandstone grain size characteristics of the Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

样号	中值 (φ)	平均粒径 (φ)	标准偏差 (σ1)	偏度 (SK₁)	峰度 (K_G)
PM019-3	1.75	1.75	0.34	-0.05	1.10
PM019-5	2.67	2.66	0.35	-0.04	0.96
PM019-8	1.87	1.87	0.36	-0.01	0.97
PM019-14	1.98	1.99	0.38	0.02	0.98
PM021-3	3.20	3.09	0.49	-0.18	0.91
PM021-9	2.94	2.95	0.42	-0.09	1.39
PM021-20	3.30	3.28	0.19	-0.30	-0.19
PM023-3	2.22	2.20	0.42	-0.19	0.52
PM023-6	3.08	3.06	0.43	-0.09	0.90
PM023-41	3.61	3.60	0.40	-0.08	0.75

图7 楚雄盆地中南部高峰寺组砂岩粒度频率曲线图

Fig.7 Grain size frequency curves of sandstones of the Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

图8 楚雄盆地中南部高峰寺组砂岩粒度对数累计频率曲线图

Fig.8 Logarithmic cumulative frequency curves of sandstone grain sizes of the Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

表4 楚雄盆地中南部下白垩统高峰寺组砂岩重矿物组成及相对含量(%)

Table 4 Heavy mineral compositions and their relative contents (%) of sandstones of the Lower Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation in the south-central Chuxiong Basin

样号矿物	PM023-3	PM023-6	PM023-41	PM021-3	PM021-9	PM021-20
锆石	66.60	60.20	31.80	75.40	45.90	66.20
磷灰石	0.00	0.00	0.70	0.00	0.00	0.00
金红石	15.20	12.40	3.80	9.20	4.50	9.40
锐钛矿	5.70	2.50	0.70	2.00	2.80	2.60
白钛石	6.50	5.70	0.70	1.80	2.20	4.40
重晶石	0.00	0.80	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
独居石	0.10	3.50	0.00	0.40	0.10	0.10
电气石	3.00	6.70	0.20	2.70	0.60	14.00
石榴子石	0.10	0.10	0.20	0.00	0.00	0.00
铬铁矿	0.10	4.20	1.00	1.70	0.10	0.10
褐铁矿	1.00	1.20	52.70	0.10	24.90	2.00
钛铁矿	0.20	0.20	7.40	0.00	15.80	0.00
其它	1.50	2.50	0.80	6.70	3.10	1.20
ZTR	84.80	79.30	35.80	87.30	51.00	89.60
ATi	0.00	0.00	77.78	0.00	0.00	0.00
GZi	0.15	0.17	0.63	0.00	0.00	0.00
RuZi	18.58	17.08	10.67	10.87	8.93	12.43

图9 高峰寺组砂岩组分Dickinson图解(底图据文献[31-32]) Qt.石英总量(Qt=Qm+Qp);F.长石总量(F=P+K);L.不稳定岩屑(Lv+Ls);Qm.单晶石英;Qp.多晶石英;P.斜长石;K.钾长石;A.稳定陆块;B.岩浆弧;C.再旋回造山带

Fig.9 Dickinson diagrams of sandstone compositions of the Gaofengsi Formation (with the base map from references [31-32])

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