古新世特提斯喜马拉雅南亚带石英砂岩成因及其构造意义:以藏南岗巴地区古新统基堵拉组为例

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2019.03.09

现代地质 ›› 2019, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (03): 561-573.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2019.03.09

古新世特提斯喜马拉雅南亚带石英砂岩成因及其构造意义:以藏南岗巴地区古新统基堵拉组为例

刘庆山¹^,²(), 魏玉帅¹^,²(), 张宝森¹^,², 潘婉莹¹^,²

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京)青藏高原地质研究中心,北京 100083

收稿日期:2018-07-24 修回日期:2019-04-25 出版日期:2019-06-23 发布日期:2019-06-24
通讯作者: 魏玉帅
作者简介:魏玉帅,男,副教授,1975 年出生,古生物学与地层学专业,主要从事青藏高原地质研究。Email: cdutwys@163.com。
刘庆山,男,硕士研究生,1994年出生,地质工程专业,主要从事沉积盆地构造分析。Email: 2101160152@cugb.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41572094)

Genesis and Tectonic Significance of Quartz Sandstones in the Southern Subzone of Tethyan Himalayas: A Case Study on the Paleocene Jidula Formation in Gamba Area, Southern Tibet

LIU Qingshan¹^,²(), WEI Yushuai¹^,²(), ZHANG Baosen¹^,², PAN Wanying¹^,²

1. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083,China
2. Research Center for Tibetan Plateau Geology,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China

Received:2018-07-24 Revised:2019-04-25 Online:2019-06-23 Published:2019-06-24
Contact: WEI Yushuai

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

特提斯喜马拉雅南亚带作为印度被动大陆北缘的主要构造单元,相较于其他类似构造单元发育着多套特殊的石英砂岩,意味着被动大陆边缘物源区陆源碎屑供应能力的多次变化,而引起印度被动大陆北缘石英砂岩沉积的构造背景和构造意义尚不明确。以特提斯喜马拉雅南亚带的岗巴地区古新统基堵拉组石英砂岩为例,通过砂岩碎屑成分分析、古流向恢复、重矿物分析和碎屑锆石年代学方法,对基堵拉组石英砂岩的沉积学及物源区特征,以及蕴含的成因和构造意义进行探讨。从沉积相分析结果来看,在早古新世岗巴地区所属的板块为印度被动大陆边缘,处于新特提斯洋的海岸线附近,以滨岸相为主,显示了一种浅海陆棚到陆相的变化。从砂岩岩相学的结果分析,基堵拉组的陆源碎屑物主要是成熟度极高的石英砂岩,同时古水流近NNE方向。从碎屑锆石年代学数据分析结果可知,基堵拉组的碎屑锆石年龄特征与早白垩世德干高原地区相吻合。故认为基堵拉组石英砂岩的形成是由于印度北缘的陆源碎屑供应量突然增多与被动大陆边缘物源区构造抬升导致,而引起被动大陆边缘物源区构造抬升的原因主要与德干大火成岩省形成相关。最终认为石英砂岩的发育成因与印度大陆北缘德干大火成岩省形成时构造隆升所导致的稳定克拉通再活化有关。

关键词: 古新世, 基堵拉组, 石英砂岩, 物源分析, 德干大火成岩省

Abstract:

The Tethyan Himalayas is the main tectonic unit of the northern Indian passive margin. Compared to other similar tectonic units, there are many suites of special quartz sandstones, implying that the terrigenous supply capacity had changed overtime. Tectonic setting and significance of these quartz sandstones are yet to be clear. In this paper, the quartz sandstones (Jidula Formation) in Gamba of the Tethyan Himalayas were analyzed for their detrital compositions, paleocurrent, heavy minerals and detrital zircon ages. Sedimentology and provenance characteristics of these quartz sandstones, their formation and tectonic significance were discussed. According to sedimentary facies analysis, in the Early Paleozoic Gamba area belonged to the Indian passive continental margin of the Neotethys. Littoral facies dominate and show a change from shallow shelf to continental facies. Sandstone lithofacies suggest that the terrigenous clastic material of the Jidula Formation comprises mainly quartz sandstone with very high maturity, and the paleocurrent direction was near NNE. Detrital zircon dating results suggest that the detrital zircon ages of the Jidula Formation coincide with those from the Early Cretaceous Degan Plateau. It is suggested that the formation of quartz sandstones (Jidula Formation) was led by the sudden increase of terrigenous clastic supply in the northern Indian plate margin and the tectonic uplift of the passive continental margin, which was in turn caused mainly by the formation of the Deccan large igneous province (LIP). We concluded that the origin of the quartz sandstones is related to the reactivation of stable cratons caused by the up-doming of the Deccan LIP on the northern Indian plate margin.

Key words: Paleocene, Jidula Formation, quartz sandstone, provenance analysis, Deccan large igneousprovince

中图分类号:

P548

刘庆山, 魏玉帅, 张宝森, 潘婉莹. 古新世特提斯喜马拉雅南亚带石英砂岩成因及其构造意义:以藏南岗巴地区古新统基堵拉组为例[J]. 现代地质, 2019, 33(03): 561-573.

LIU Qingshan, WEI Yushuai, ZHANG Baosen, PAN Wanying. Genesis and Tectonic Significance of Quartz Sandstones in the Southern Subzone of Tethyan Himalayas: A Case Study on the Paleocene Jidula Formation in Gamba Area, Southern Tibet[J]. Geoscience, 2019, 33(03): 561-573.

图/表 9

图1 喜马拉雅位置(a)、藏南地区区域地质简图(b)(修改自文献[2])和研究区地质简图(c)(修改自文献[13])

Fig.1 Location of Himalayas (a), geologic map of southern Tibet (b)(modified from reference[2]) and geologic map of the study area (c)(modified from reference[13])

图2 藏南岗巴地区基堵拉组实测剖面综合地层柱状图(宗山组与宗谱组沉积环境据文献[10])

Fig.2 Integrated stratigraphy of the measured section of the Jidula Formation in Gamba area of southern Tibet

表1 岗巴地区基堵拉组样品矿物成分

Table 1 Mineral composition of samples from the Jidula Formation in Gamba, southern Tibet

样品名称	采样米数 /m	分析质量 /g	重矿物总量 /mg	Zr	Ru	Tur	Mon	Sph	Ep	An	Cr-spl	Leu	Hem	N.I.	tHMC	ZRT	RuZi
16GJ01S1	0	440	1438.0	306.6	79.7	0	24.4	61.1	0	10.8	38.1	249.7	557.3	74.6	1.1	74.2	26.0
16GJ01S2	5.0	790	492.0	234.8	34.3	0	4.5	13.0	0	0	1.9	2.8	163.0	37.7	9.4	93.3	14.6
16GJ01S3	9.0	510	52.0	25.6	4.5	0	0	0.3	0	0.3	0.1	7.0	9.3	5.0	58.1	97.8	17.5
16GJ02S1	25.0	240	183.0	65.9	30.4	9.3	0	0.1	0	7.8	0	38.3	1.3	13.9	8.1	93.0	46.2
16GJ02S2	26.0	210	35.0	3.3	2.1	7.2	0	0	0	2.5	0	0.9	14.6	4.5	25.8	83.3	62.4
16GJ03S1	37.0	250	81.0	11.7	8.5	10.4	0	0	0	16.5	0	3.9	21.6	8.4	17.9	64.9	72.1
16GJ04S1	41.0	420	714.0	13.7	17.6	17.5	1.5	0	0	38.7	0	3.8	551.3	69.9	0.7	54.8	127.8
16GJ05S1	48.0	190	10	3.1	2.5	0.6	0	0	0	1.2	0	1.7	0.2	0.8	139.8	83.7	78.9
16GJ06S1	53.0	400	26.0	4.8	3.9	2.8	0	0	0	1.4	0	4.3	5.9	2.9	76.7	89.1	80.9
16GJ07S1	63.0	840	193.0	36.7	30.4	9.6	0.3	0	0	6.7	0	56.9	38.2	14.9	18.9	91.7	82.9
16GJ08S1	73.0	330	155.0	15.6	19.0	2.3	0	0	0.2	25.5	0	33.2	46.8	12.5	8.6	58.9	121.9
16GJ09S1	137.0	590	32.0	7.3	3.9	2.8	0	0	0	3.2	0	5.2	6.6	3.1	98.7	81.5	54.1
16GJ10S1	148.0	530	182.0	6.7	3.9	10.4	0	0	0	11.8	0	2.5	99.5	47.2	5.2	64.1	58.2
16GJ11S1	155.0	320	295.0	25.2	20.3	9.0	0	0	0	43.2	0	30.1	80.4	54.5	3.6	55.8	80.5
16GJ12S1	163.0	450	297.0	24.1	14.5	23.0	0	0	0	18.2	0	35.8	151.0	30.5	4.1	77.2	60.2
16GJ13S1	167.0	310	1297.0	91.0	9.8	0	0	1.5	0	20.1	0	422.9	641.1	110.6	0.2	82.4	10.7

图3 藏南岗巴地区基堵拉组样品砂岩碎屑成分图解 (a)Q-F-L图;(b)Qm-F-L图;Q.石英;Qm.单晶石英颗粒; F.长石; L.岩屑

Fig.3 Clastic composition diagrams of sandstones from the Jidula Formation in Gamba, southern Tibet

图4 藏南岗巴地区基堵拉组层9(a)、层11(b)处冲洗交错层理及古流向玫瑰花图(c)

Fig.4 Interlaced cross-layering at the 9th and 11th layers of the basement block of the Jidula Formation (Gamba, southern Tibet) and paleo-flowing rose map

图5 岗巴基堵拉组重矿物含量百分比及源区组成

Fig.5 Percentage of heavy minerals and source-area composition of samples from the Jidula Formation in Gamba, southern Tibet

图6 岗巴基堵拉组16GJ13U1碎屑锆石年龄谱

Fig.6 Detrital zircon age spectra of sample 16GJ13U1 from the Jidula Formation in Gamba, southern Tibet

图7 岗巴地区基堵拉组16GJ02S2样品砂岩岩屑镜下照片 (a)单偏光镜下照片;(b)单晶石英(Qm)、多晶石英(Qp);(c)泥岩岩屑(t);(d)玉髓(c);(e)燧石(s);(f)泥岩岩屑(t)

Fig.7 Microscopic photographs for sandstone sample 16GJ02S2 from the Jidula Formation in Gamba, southern Tibet

图8 岗巴地区基堵拉组及邻区碎屑锆石年龄对比 (a)岗巴基堵拉组碎屑锆石年龄谱(本文测试数据);(b)和(c)低喜马拉雅碎屑锆石年龄谱[40];(d)高喜马拉雅碎屑锆石年龄谱[40];(e)特提斯喜马拉雅碎屑锆石年龄谱[41,42];(f)东高止山脉(EGMB)碎屑锆石年龄谱[43];(g)阿拉瓦利德利活动带(ADMB)碎屑锆石年龄谱[44,45];(h)印度中部构造带(CITZ)碎屑锆石年龄谱[46];(i)拉萨地块碎屑锆石年龄谱[47]

Fig.8 Comparison of detrital zircon ages of samples from the Jidula Formation in Gamba and its surrounding areas

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古新世特提斯喜马拉雅南亚带石英砂岩成因及其构造意义:以藏南岗巴地区古新统基堵拉组为例

Genesis and Tectonic Significance of Quartz Sandstones in the Southern Subzone of Tethyan Himalayas: A Case Study on the Paleocene Jidula Formation in Gamba Area, Southern Tibet

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