山东微山稀土矿床成因研究:稀土矿物学约束

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.131

现代地质 ›› 2025, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (03): 612-627.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.131

• 机器学习与矿物学应用 • 上一篇下一篇

山东微山稀土矿床成因研究:稀土矿物学约束

兰君¹^,²(), 刘晓¹^,^*(), 张鹏²^,³, 邢楠²^,³, 李志民²^,³, 李健¹, 徐洪岩²^,³, 蓝廷广⁴, 王石²^,³, 王健²^,³

1.山东理工大学资源与环境工程学院,山东淄博 255000
2.山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第五地质大队,山东泰安 271000
3.山东省稀土矿成矿作用研究与探测院士工作站,山东泰安 271000
4.中国科学院地球化学研究所,贵州贵阳 550081

出版日期:2025-06-10 发布日期:2025-07-03
通信作者: *刘晓,男,副教授,1981年出生,主要从事矿产科研工作。Email:liuxiaogis@sdut.edud.cn。
作者简介:兰君,男,正高级工程师,1986年出生,主要从事稀土勘查科研工作。Email:lanjun56@126.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点基金项目“碳酸岩-碱性岩岩浆-热液演化与稀土成矿作用”(41930430);山东省地勘基金项目“山东省微山县郗山地区稀土矿深部及外围调查评价(续作)”(鲁勘字(2020)32号);山东省自然科学基金“碱性岩对稀土元素富集的制约—以郗山稀土矿床为例”(ZR2021QD106)

Genetic Study of Weishan Rare Earth Deposit in Shandong Province: Constraints of Rare Earth Mineralogy

LAN Jun¹^,²(), LIU Xiao¹^,^*(), ZHANG Peng²^,³, XING Nan²^,³, LI Zhimin²^,³, LI Jian¹, XU Hongyan²^,³, LAN Tingguang⁴, WANG Shi²^,³, WANG Jian²^,³

1. Shandong University of Technology School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
2. Shandong Fifth Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
3. Academician Workstation for Research and Exploration of Rare Earth Mineralization in Shandong Province, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
4. Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China

Published:2025-06-10 Online:2025-07-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山东微山稀土矿床位于华北板块东部的莱芜—淄博—微山稀土矿带,是我国三大轻稀土矿床之一。为进一步探究稀土元素的迁移富集过程,本研究对微山矿床开展了精细的矿物学研究。根据矿物共生组合及脉体之间的穿切关系,将微山稀土矿床热液成矿作用划分为四个成矿阶段:(I)钾长石+石英+方解石、(Ⅱ)硫酸盐+石英+方解石、(Ⅲ)稀土矿物+石英+方解石+硫酸盐+萤石以及(Ⅳ)方解石+石英+萤石+硫化物阶段。对各成矿阶段开展扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和电子探针(EPMA)分析显示,稀土矿物主要为氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、碳(酸)锶铈矿和少量的独居石、(铈)磷灰石和钍石。这些稀土矿物与萤石、方解石和硫酸盐矿物密切共生,指示成矿流体可能为H₂O-CO₂-NaCl-F-REE- $S O 4 2 -$ 体系热液;在成矿过程中,F^-、Cl^-、 $C O 3 2 -$ 和 $S O 4 2 -$ 等多离子对关键成矿元素的迁移和富集具有不同程度的贡献,壳幔混合岩浆演化晚期分异的复杂成矿流体是成矿作用的关键。结合区域构造背景,本文提出微山稀土矿床形成可能与古太平洋板块俯冲板片后撤诱发软流圈地幔物质上涌的成矿构造模式。

关键词: 矿物组合, 成矿流体, 矿床成因, 成矿模式, 微山稀土矿床

Abstract:

The Weishan rare earth element (REE) deposit in Shandong is located in the Laiwu-Zibo-Weishan REE belt in the eastern part of the North China Craton and is one of the three major light REE deposits in China. To better investigate the migration and enrichment processes of REEs, this study conducted detailed mineralogical research on the Weishan deposit. Based on the mineral paragenesis and cross-cutting relationships between veins, the hydrothermal mineralization of the Weishan rare earth deposit was divided into four stages: (Ⅰ) K-feldspar+quartz+calcite, (Ⅱ) sulfate+quartz+calcite, (Ⅲ) REE minerals+quartz+calcite+sulfate+fluorite, and (Ⅳ) calcite+quartz+fluorite+sulfides. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of each mineralization stage revealed that the main REE minerals are bastnäsite, parisite, strontianite-(Ce), and minor monazite, (Ce) apatite, and thorite. Additionally, these REE minerals are closely associated with fluorite, calcite, and sulfate minerals, indicating that the ore-forming fluid was likely a H₂O-CO₂-NaCl-F-REE- $S O 4 2 -$ hydrothermal system. During the mineralization process, ions such as F^-, Cl^-, $C O 3 2 -$ , and $S O 4 2 -$ contributed to varying degrees to the migration and enrichment of key ore-forming elements. Considering the regional tectonic background, this paper proposes that the Weishan REE deposit formed under the tectonic regime of the rollback of the subducting Paleo-Pacific Plate, with the complex late-stage differentiation of crust-mantle mixed magma and associated ore-forming fluids playing a key role in the mineralization process.

Key words: mineral assemblage, ore-forming fluids, ore genesis, mineralization model, Weishan rare earthdeposit

中图分类号:

P571

兰君, 刘晓, 张鹏, 邢楠, 李志民, 李健, 徐洪岩, 蓝廷广, 王石, 王健. 山东微山稀土矿床成因研究:稀土矿物学约束[J]. 现代地质, 2025, 39(03): 612-627.

LAN Jun, LIU Xiao, ZHANG Peng, XING Nan, LI Zhimin, LI Jian, XU Hongyan, LAN Tingguang, WANG Shi, WANG Jian. Genetic Study of Weishan Rare Earth Deposit in Shandong Province: Constraints of Rare Earth Mineralogy[J]. Geoscience, 2025, 39(03): 612-627.

图/表 11

图1 我国主要碳酸岩型稀土矿床的空间分布及产出的大地构造位置(据谢玉玲等[1]修改)

Fig.1 The distribution of main carbonatite related REE deposits in China and their tectonic setting (after Xie et al.[1];审图号:GS(2020)4951)

图2 鲁西区域地质简图(a)和微山稀土矿床地质简图(b) (a)1.前寒武纪基底;2.古生代地层;3.中生代地层;4.新生代地层;5.中生代侵入岩;6.主要断裂.(b)1.第四系;2.中生代燕山晚期郗山碱性杂岩体;3.新太古代侵入岩;4.含稀土石英重晶石碳酸岩粗脉-网脉状矿体;5.细脉浸染状矿体;6.浸染状矿体主要分布范围;7.断裂

Fig.2 West Lu xiregional geological map (a) and geological map of Weishan REE deposit (b)

图3 微山稀土矿床细脉浸染状矿石手标本及镜下特征 Brt.重晶石,Cal.方解石,Fl.萤石,Qtz.石英,Btn.氟碳铈矿,Par.氟碳钙铈矿,Cod.菱钙锶铈矿,Obo.碳(酸)锶铈矿,Mnz.独居石,Ap.(铈)磷灰石

Fig.3 Hand specimen and microscopic characteristics photograph of veinlet and dissemination ores in the Weishan REE deposit

图4 微山稀土矿床矿物共生组合特征

Fig.4 Mineral paragenetic sequence of the Weishan REE deposit

图5 微山稀土矿床细脉浸染状矿石BSE照片 Cal.方解石; Btn.氟碳铈矿; Par.氟碳钙铈矿; Mnz.独居石; Ap.(铈)磷灰石; Th.钍石

Fig.5 BSE photograph of veinlet and dissemination ores in the Weishan REE deposit

表1 微山稀土矿床样品编号、成矿阶段及矿物组合表

Table 1 Sample number, ore-forming stage and mineral association table of Weishan REE deposit

样品编号	样品类型	蚀变矿化阶段	采集位置	矿物组合
ZK-19-1H393	细脉浸染状矿体	Ⅰ阶段稀土矿物方解碳酸岩	ZK-19-1-516 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、萤石、石英
ZK-19-1H559			ZK-19-1-726 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英、独居石、磷灰石
ZK-19-1H640			ZK-19-1-828 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英、黄铁矿、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H679			ZK-11-2-835 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、独居石、富铀烧绿石、含锶重晶石、钾长石、石英、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H820			ZK-11-2-994 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英、独居石、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H875			ZK-11-2-1057 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、石英、磷灰石
21Z1			-160 m水平井21矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、萤石、石英
12Z1			-160 m水平井12矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、菱钙锶铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、霓石、石英、磷灰石
12-3Z1			-160 m水平井12-3矿体	方解石、菱钙锶铈矿、氟碳铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、石英、磷灰石
1Z1			-210 m水平井1矿体	方解石、菱钙锶铈矿、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英
2Z1			-210 m水平井2矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英、黄铁矿、磷灰石
盲3Z1			-210 m水平井盲3矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英

表2 微山稀土矿床矿物电子探针分析结果

Table 2 Composition of minerals detected by EPMA of Weishan REE deposit

图6 微山稀土矿床独居石、菱钙锶铈矿、氟碳铈矿和氟碳钙铈矿主量元素相关性热图

Fig.6 Heat map of the correlation between major elements in monazite, Ca-strontianite, bastnaesite, and parisite in Weishan rare earth deposit

图7 微山稀土矿床钍石、碳酸锶柿矿和铈磷灰石主量元素相关性热图和主成分分析图解

Fig.7 Correlation heatmap and principal component analysis (PCA) diagram of major elements in thornite, carbonate strontianite, and Ce-apatite from Weishan rare earth deposit

图8 微山稀土矿床代表性矿石TIMA图像 Cal.方解石; Pl.斜长石;Brt.重晶石; Bsn.氟碳铈矿; Mnz.独居石; Py.黄铁矿

Fig.8 Representative TIMA image of Weishan REE deposit

图9 山东微山稀土矿床成矿模式(据文献[45]修改)

Fig.9 Metallogenic model of Weishan REE deposit in Shandong province (modified after ref. [45])

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山东微山稀土矿床成因研究:稀土矿物学约束

Genetic Study of Weishan Rare Earth Deposit in Shandong Province: Constraints of Rare Earth Mineralogy

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