天然气水合物分解的甲烷对海洋生物的影响

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.034

现代地质 ›› 2023, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (01): 138-152.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.034

天然气水合物分解的甲烷对海洋生物的影响

郭子豪¹(), 李灿苹¹(), 陈凤英¹, 勾丽敏², 汪洪涛³, 曾宪军⁴, 刘一林¹, 田鑫裕¹

1.广东海洋大学电子与信息工程学院,广东湛江 524088
2.中国地质大学(北京) 海洋学院,北京 100083
3.中油测井天津分公司解释评价中心,天津 300457
4.广州海洋地质调查局,广东广州 510075

收稿日期:2022-04-12 修回日期:2022-09-30 出版日期:2023-02-10 发布日期:2023-03-20
通讯作者: 李灿苹,女,副教授,1977年出生,地球探测与信息技术专业,主要从事海洋天然气水合物和羽状流地震勘探研究。Email: canpinglihydx@163.com。
作者简介:郭子豪,男,硕士研究生,1996年出生,农业工程与信息技术专业,主要从事海洋资源勘探研究。Email:1025569703@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助项目“天然气水合物勘查开发技术联合研究”(2018YFE0208200);广东海洋大学“创新强校工程”特色创新项目(230419096);湛江市创新创业团队引育“领航计划”项目(211207157080994);国家自然科学基金项目(41306050)

Effect of Methane from Natural Gas Hydrate Decomposition on Marine Life

GUO Zihao¹(), LI Canping¹(), CHEN Fengying¹, GOU Limin², WANG Hongtao³, ZENG Xianjun⁴, LIU Yilin¹, TIAN Xinyu¹

1. School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
2. School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
3. The Interpretation and Evaluation Center of CNLC Tianjin Branch, Tianjin 300457, China
4. Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510075, China

Received:2022-04-12 Revised:2022-09-30 Online:2023-02-10 Published:2023-03-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着海底环境的变化以及全球变暖的加剧,天然气水合物分解释放出大量甲烷到海洋中,其中一部分甲烷会穿过海水释放到大气中,导致大气中的温室气体增加,从而加剧了全球暖化。本文从甲烷的释放和运移路径角度梳理和总结了甲烷对海洋生物的直接和间接影响。首先,水合物分解释放甲烷,在海底形成冷泉渗漏区,滋养了一批特殊的生物群落,而甲烷是其形成生命元素中不可或缺的要素,由此繁衍形成了冷泉生态系统。其次,甲烷释放到海水中会引起海水酸化,海水酸化不仅会导致钙化生物合成碳酸钙外壳受阻,还会加速已生成外壳的溶解。最后,甲烷作为强温室气体释放到大气中还会加剧全球变暖;此外,极地冻土层的融化也会使得冻土区天然气水合物分解,导致大量甲烷进入大气中,从而致使海水暖化,海水的暖化又会对海洋生物的生存、代谢、繁殖、发育和免疫应答等多种生命活动造成影响。以上认识为进一步研究甲烷对未来海洋生态系统的影响提供重要参考信息。

关键词: 天然气水合物, 甲烷, 海洋生物, 海洋酸化, 海洋暖化

Abstract:

With changing seabed environment and the intensification of global warming, more natural gas hydrates have decomposed and released large amount of methane into the oceans. Some of the methane would ascend through the seawater and enter the atmosphere, which would increase the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration, and thereby exacerbate global warming. From the perspective of methane release and migration pathways, the direct/indirect effects of methane on marine life are elucidated and summarized: (1) hydrates decompose to release methane, which is an indispensable compound in lifeform formation. This provides energy and material for autotrophic microorganisms, and supplies the food base of cold-spring biota. This maintains cold-spring biota based on a food chain of chemoautotrophic bacteria, which multiply in the cold-spring ecosystem; (2) some of the methane gas would diffuse and dissolve in the seawater, which causes seawater acidification. Seawater acidification would both affect the biosynthesis of calcium carbonate shells (calcification) and accelerate the shell dissolution; (3) as a strong greenhouse gas, the released methane in the atmosphere would exacerbate global warming. In addition, the melting of the polar permafrost would also release large amount of methane into the atmosphere, which generates an adverse cycle. The warming of seawater would affect the survival, metabolism, reproduction, development and immune response of marine life and other biological activities. Our findings provide important reference for future research on the impact of methane on marine ecosystem.

Key words: natural gas hydrate, methane, marine life, ocean acidification, ocean warming

中图分类号:

P745

郭子豪, 李灿苹, 陈凤英, 勾丽敏, 汪洪涛, 曾宪军, 刘一林, 田鑫裕. 天然气水合物分解的甲烷对海洋生物的影响[J]. 现代地质, 2023, 37(01): 138-152.

GUO Zihao, LI Canping, CHEN Fengying, GOU Limin, WANG Hongtao, ZENG Xianjun, LIU Yilin, TIAN Xinyu. Effect of Methane from Natural Gas Hydrate Decomposition on Marine Life[J]. Geoscience, 2023, 37(01): 138-152.

图/表 11

图1 南海某测区测线Line 2的地震剖面[16](BSR,似海底反射面)

Fig.1 Seismic profile of Line 2 in the survey area in the South China Sea [16]

图2 水合物释放模式[4]

Fig.2 Releasing mode of gas hydrate[4]

表1 原位观测水合物释放甲烷气体的特征参数[4,26?-28]

Table 1 Parameters for in-situ observations on gas hydrates dissociation [4,26?-28]

区域	中心区经纬度	水深/m	气泡半径/mm	甲烷通量
墨西哥湾	92°W, 27.5°N	550~600	2.4~6.0	2305 μmol/ (m·d)(平均)
新西兰	178.2°E, 40.1°S	630~1000	3.0~4.5	3746 mmol/ min(单孔)
黑海	32°W, 44.9°N	70~112	5.2	23.91 mmol/ min(单孔)

图3 2008年至2011年期间大气甲烷浓度的变化(修改自Glikson等[29];1 mb=100 Pa) (a)2008年11月1日至10日天然气含量;(b)2011年11月1日至10日天然气含量;图中展示30°N—90°N各经度上大气甲烷浓度变化,其中东半球经度用正数表示,西半球经度用负数表示

Fig.3 Variation in atmospheric methane concentrations from 2008 to 2011(modified from Glikson et al.[29];1 mb=100 Pa)

图4 甲烷的释放和运移路径

Fig.4 Release and migration pathways of methane

图5 全球主要冷泉分布 (绿色正方形代表走滑大陆边缘海底冷泉,蓝色正方形代表主动大陆边缘海底冷泉,橙色正方形代表被动大陆边缘海底冷泉;图中红蓝绿三种颜色的实线表示各大陆板块分界线或大陆板块分界线附近区域海底冷泉渗漏区经常伴随着大量自生碳酸盐岩、生物群落、泥火山、麻坑等较为宏观的地质现象[37];修改自Suess等[35,37])

Fig.5 Distribution of major cold seeps in the world(modified from Suess et al.[35,37])

图6 冷泉化能自养生态系统结构及食物链特征[39]

Fig.6 Structure and food chain characteristics of the cold spring chemical energy autotrophic ecosystem[39]

图7 正常贝壳((a)-(d))与酸化贝壳((e)-(h))对比图(黑色箭头示可见的溶解区)[52]

Fig.7 Comparison photos of normal shells((a)-(d)) and acidified shells((e)-(h))[52]

图8 珊瑚白化[66]

Fig.8 Photo of coral bleaching[66]

图9 pH值及温度对珊瑚养分吸收速率的影响[76]

Fig.9 Effect of pH and temperature on the absorption rate of coral nutrients [76]

图10 不同体长组南极磷虾在温度渐变下的变化对比图[91] (L1-L6组别体长分别为L1, 30±2.50 mm;L2, 35±2.50 mm;L3, 40±2.50 mm;L4, 45±2.50 mm;L5, 50±2.50 mm;L6, 55±2.50 mm)

Fig.10 Variation comparison of Antarctic krill in different body length groups under temperature gradient[91]

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天然气水合物分解的甲烷对海洋生物的影响

Effect of Methane from Natural Gas Hydrate Decomposition on Marine Life

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