北极斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区天然气水合物分解对气候、海洋环境和生物的影响

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.05.14

现代地质 ›› 2018, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (05): 1012-1024.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.05.14

北极斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区天然气水合物分解对气候、海洋环境和生物的影响

聂云峰¹^,²(), 于晶¹^,², 陈宏文³, 万玲³, 范广慧³, 房强¹^,², 吴怀春²()

1.中国地质大学(北京) 生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京) 海洋学院, 北京 100083
3.广州海洋地质调查局, 广东广州 510075

收稿日期:2018-04-21 修回日期:2018-09-07 出版日期:2018-10-10 发布日期:2018-11-04
通讯作者: 吴怀春,男,教授/博导,1977年出生,海洋地质学专业,主要从事旋回地层学、海洋地质学和古地磁学的教学和科研工作。Email:whcgeo@cugb.edu.cn。
作者简介:聂云峰,男,硕士研究生,1994年出生,海洋地质学专业,主要从事磁性地层学和环境磁学的科研工作。Email:610838038@qq.com。
基金资助:
中国地质调查局“天然气水合物数据库”项目(DD20160227);国家自然科学基金项目(41576062);国家自然科学基金项目(41790451)

Climatic, Environmental and Biological Impacts of Gas Hydrate Decomposition in Arctic Svalbard and its Surrounding Areas

NIE Yunfeng¹^,²(), YU Jing¹^,², CHEN Hongwen³, WAN Ling³, FAN Guanghui³, FANG Qiang¹^,², WU Huaichun²()

1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
3. Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510075, China

Received:2018-04-21 Revised:2018-09-07 Online:2018-10-10 Published:2018-11-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

天然气水合物是一种潜在的巨量能源,但其分解释放的甲烷可能对全球气候与海洋环境产生巨大影响。然而,人们目前对天然气水合物分解产生的环境和生物效应的了解还不够全面。北极地区的斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区的海底和冻土层中蕴含大量甲烷,对气候变化十分敏感,是人们研究天然气水合物对气候变化的响应机制和其分解对生态环境影响的绝佳场所。系统总结了斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区水合物分解的气候与环境效应,发现目前研究区水合物分解产生的甲烷进入大气的年际通量不大,对全球气候的影响可能有限;水合物分解对海底滑坡起到催化剂的作用,但不是首要因素;海底水合物分解释放的甲烷能打破原有的化学平衡、生产力分布规律与输送机制、生物耦合关系甚至不同栖息地间的连通性,进而影响底栖生物群落。这些认识对研究天然气水合物开采对生态环境可能造成的影响和采取相应防治措施具有一定的借鉴意义。

关键词: 北极, 甲烷排放, 气候变暖, 斜坡稳定性, 冷泉, 底栖生物群落

Abstract:

As a potential huge energy reservoir, natural gas hydrate has a significant impact on climate and marine environment due to its decomposition and release of methane. However, the influence of gas hydrates on environment and biological community has not been thoroughly known. There are a huge amount of methane reservoirs in the seafloor and permafrost in Svalbard and its adjacent areas in Arctic,which is very sensitive to the climate changes, well known as one of the best natural laboratories to study climatic, environmental and biological effects of the gas hydrate decomposition. This paper systematically summarized the relationship between the hydrate decomposition process in Svalbard and its adjacent areas and its effects on climate, marine environment and biology. The results are shown as follows: (1) The current annual emissions of CH₄ linked to the decomposition of gas hydrates in the study area cannot reach a level which is detectable against the background emissions, so the effects of CH₄ on climate might be limited; (2) Gas hydrate dissociation is often considered as a precursor or triggering factor for submarine slope failures, but not a main cause; (3) The emissions of CH₄ can break existing chemical equilibrium, the distributions and transfer pathways of productivity, biological coupling, the connectivity among habitats and the final benthic community. These results might provide references for studying the possible impacts of natural gas hydrate exploration and production on ecological environment and its prevention and control measures.

Key words: Arctic, methane emission, climate warming, slope stability, cold seep, benthic community

中图分类号:

P618.13

聂云峰, 于晶, 陈宏文, 万玲, 范广慧, 房强, 吴怀春. 北极斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区天然气水合物分解对气候、海洋环境和生物的影响[J]. 现代地质, 2018, 32(05): 1012-1024.

NIE Yunfeng, YU Jing, CHEN Hongwen, WAN Ling, FAN Guanghui, FANG Qiang, WU Huaichun. Climatic, Environmental and Biological Impacts of Gas Hydrate Decomposition in Arctic Svalbard and its Surrounding Areas[J]. Geoscience, 2018, 32(05): 1012-1024.

图/表 8

图1 斯瓦尔巴特群岛地区位置图(据?str?m等[25]) PKF.卡尔王子岛,斯图尔峡湾海槽与贝尔艾兰海槽记录了末次冰期的冰川活动

Fig.1 Location of Svalbard archipelago (after ?str?m et al.[25])

图2 斯瓦尔巴特群岛附近已知的和模拟得到潜在的甲烷泄漏区(据Myhre等[52])

Fig.2 Measured and simulated leaking locations of CH4 near Svalbard (after Myhre et al.[52])

图3 斯图尔峡湾海槽地区冰盖演化及GHSZ变化过程(修改自Serov等[55]) GHP.水合物丘状体;GHSZ.天然气水合物稳定带;下文同

Fig.3 Evolution of ice sheet and GHSZ in Storfjordrenna (modified from Serov et al.[55])

图4 斯图尔峡湾海槽地区不同年份底层水温变化(据Serov等[55]) (a)2015年水温变化情况;(b)历史水温数据;灰色区域为满足水合物稳定的条件范围;GHP.水合物丘状体

Fig.4 Change of bottom water temperature in different years in Storfjordrenna (after Serov et al.[55])

图5 海洋沉积物和海水中的甲烷微生物汇(公式(1)、(2)分别代表AOM和MOx过程;修改自James等[27])

Fig.5 Microbial methane sink in marine sediments and seawater (modified from James et al.[27])

图6 水合物发生分解导致海底滑塌(修改自Crutchley等[23])

Fig.6 Decomposition of natural gas hydrates leading to seabed landslides (modified from Crutchley et al.[23])

图7 对斯瓦尔巴特群岛西部斜坡稳定性模拟结果(据Yang等[103];红色区域表示在水合物分解作用的影响下,由地震引发的失稳区)

Fig.7 Simulation results of slope stability in the western Svalbard (after Yang et al.[103])

图8 甲烷冷泉生态系统及其生产力的输送随时间推移发生变化(修改自Levin等[111]) (a)活跃冷泉系统;(b)非活跃冷泉系统;DOC代表溶解有机碳

Fig.8 Cold seep ecosystem and the change of productivity transfer over time (modified from Levin et al.[111])

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北极斯瓦尔巴特群岛及邻区天然气水合物分解对气候、海洋环境和生物的影响

Climatic, Environmental and Biological Impacts of Gas Hydrate Decomposition in Arctic Svalbard and its Surrounding Areas

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