Geoscience

Key Issues and Reflections on the Systematic Observations and Research System for Natural Resources

LIU Xiaohuang, XIONG Maoqiu, MIN Jie, YUAN Jianglong, CHEN Wudi, YAN Yuxiang, LI Zhiheng

2024, 38(03): 549-558. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.020

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Natural resources are the material basis of industrial production and citizen living, hence appropriate exploitation and protection of natural resources have been a long-standing task. Inappropriate exploitation and utilization of natural resources will lead to deterioration of the ecological environment and will affect the econo-mic development. To construct a systematic observations and studies towards an unified management of natural resources, we investigated the relationship between observations and studies of the natural resources and ecosystems, and the relationship between investigation and monitoring. We also selected some sites for systematic field observation and determined the operation mechanism and the issues of concerns to the industries. We also summarized a framework of constructing an observation system and received the results of the pilot observations and investigations. Consequently, we put forward the opinions and suggestions on solving the issues of the construction of the proposed system. The study results provide inspirations and recommendations on constructing an integrated observation and research system for natural resources.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Carbon Stocks in Different Land-use Types in the Yiluo River Basin in the Middle Section of the Yellow River from 1990 to 2050

YUAN Jianglong, LIU Xiaohuang, LI Hongyu, XING Liyuan, LUO Xinping, WANG Ran, WANG Chao, ZHAO Honghui

2024, 38(03): 559-573. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.035

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The change of land-use type is the key influence factor of regional carbon stocks, which significantly affects the whole terrestrial ecosystem. Taking the Yiluo River Basin in the middle section of the Yellow River as an study case, we assessed the spatial and temporal variations and influence factors of carbon stocks based on the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model during 1990—2020. We predicted the land-use types and carbon stock using the coupled PLUS model for the period of 2025-2050. A geoprobe was used to explore the regional carbon stock driving factor. The results show that (1) the land-use types in the Yiluo River Basin shifted to transferring-out with cropland and grassland, and transferring-in with forest land, water-body, and construction land. The regional carbon stock increased by 1.0×10⁷ t from 1990 to 2020, with a continuous drop of carbon stock in the east and a continuous increase in the central and western areas. (2) The predicted overall regional carbon sequestration capacity decreases from 2025 to 2050. Comparing with the historical period, the carbon sequestration capacity in the east continues to decline and the carbon sequestration capacity in the central and western areas changes from a continuous increasing to a trend of overall increasing. the environmental restoration scenario is the most favorable to regional carbon sequestration, while the cultivated land protection scenario is the most unfavorable. (3) The geoprobe results indicate that the q-value (explanatory power) of Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the one-way analysis is 0.561, which has the strongest explanatory power. The q-value of Digital Elevation Model interacting with NDVI in the analysis is 0.592, showing a stronger explanatory power. It is recommended that the economic and agricultural development in the regions with a better economy and flat region (IV12-1) should emphasize the protection of nature. The regions with a better ecology and high altitude (VI22-1 and VI22-3) is recommended to mainly implement the ecological restoration strategy.

Analysis and Predictions of the Spatiotemporal Variations of Ecosystem Carbon Storages in the Xin’an River Basin Based on PLUS and InVEST Models

MIN Jie, LIU Xiaohuang, XIAO Yuexin, LI Hongyu, LUO Xinping, WANG Ran, XING Liyuan, WANG Chao, ZHAO Honghui

2024, 38(03): 574-588. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.050

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The study on the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon storage in the Xin’an River Basin has demonstrated positive feedback on the ecological environmental protection and land-use optimization.We utilize the land-use data from 2000 to 2020 and the InVEST model to scrutinize the historical changes of land-use and alterations of carbon storage in Xin’an River Basin.Meanwhile, the PLUS model was utilized to forecast the distribution of carbon storage in the same basin in 2040 under multiple development scenarios.The results indicate that (1) the change of land-use has a direct impact on the carbon storage in the study area.From 2000 to 2020, the construction land in Xin’an River Basin expanded by 602.707 km², while the forest land, cultivated land, grassland, and shrub land decreased by 615.225 km², 42.640 km², 3.021 km², and 0.296 km², respectively.This resulted in a reduction in carbon storage of 4.937×10⁶ t.Carbon storage is intrinsically related to the spatial distribution of land-use, with an area of higher carbon storage having a less construction land but more clustered and distributed ecological land.(2) The multi-scenario simulation for the year of 2040 reveals that the local changes are pronounced, while the overall land-use pattern remains consistent.The carbon storage under urban development, natural development, and farmland protection scenarios decreased by 7.540×10⁶ t, 7.544×10⁶ t, and 11.302×10⁶ t, respectively.The eco-protection scenario predicted the smallest decrease in carbon storage, up to 7.130×10⁶ t.(3) The spatial differentiation of carbon storage was influenced by topography, ecology, and anthropogenic factors.Geodetector revealed that the explanatory power of NDVI (0.561) and NPP (0.398) was significantly higher than other factors, making them the primary drivers of the spatial differentiation of carbon storages in Xin’an River Basin.The interactions between different influencing factors were stronger than a single factor, with the synergistic influence between NDVI and slope (0.652) being the most potent one.We conclude that the implementation of urban development and ecological protection strategy can mitigate the reduction of carbon storage.Future plans should prioritize the protection of ecological land and controlling the expansion of construction land in order to enhance the carbon storage.

Spatial and Temporal Changes of Vegetations and Its Topographic Effects on the Arid Valley Area of the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River from 2000 to 2020

ZHOU Xueni, XIAO Chengzhi, LIU Lei, JI Yang, CAO Yating, LI Xiaohong, BA Renji

2024, 38(03): 589-598. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.034

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Considering the extremely fragile ecological characteristics in the arid valley area of Upper Reaches of Minjiang River (URMR), we inverted the Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) of the arid valley area of URMR from 2000 to 2020, using the NDVI data and the approach of image element dichotomy. We further qua.pngied the spatial and temporal variations of the FVC index using the linear analysis and F significance test. The relationship between FVC and altitude, slope, and aspect were analyzed in the arid valley area of URMR. The results showed that (1) the FVC index showed a fluctuating increasing trend from 2000 to 2020, and the annual average FVC increased from 0.62 in 2000 to 0.67 in 2020. (2) Spatially, FVC showed an increasing trend from the low altitude area to the high altitude one. FVC in the low and medium-low-grade was mainly distributed on the banks of the main stream and tributaries of the Minjiang River, while FVC in the medium and medium-high grade was distributed on both banks of Minjiang River, and FVC in the medium and medium-high grade was distributed in the URMR valley. FVC in the medium and high grade was distributed in the low and medium altitude mountains on both sides of the river valley, and FVC in the high grade was mainly distributed in the high and medium altitude mountains away from the river valley. (3) The area with a high vegetation coverage decreases and then increases with the increasing altitude, and the high vegetation coverage reaches to its peak in the altitude of 1,100-1,400 m and 3,200-3,500 m. The area with a high vegetation coverage increases with the slope, while the area with a high vegetation coverage shows an increasing and then decreasing trend with the increasing slope gradients. The areas with slopes of 10°-20° and 30°-40° were the peak of high and medium-high to high vegetation coverage. Overall, the vegetation coverage on the sunny slope was higher than that on shady side, and FVC index is greatly affected by the factors of altitude, slope, and aspect. Therefore, the effects of topography and local conditions should be considered in the ecological protection in the arid valley area of URMR.

Evolution of the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Habitat Quality and Analysis of the Driving Forces in Yellow River Basin (Henan Section) from 2000 to 2040

GUO Fuyin, LIU Xiaohuang, ZHANG Wenbo, XING Liyuan, WANG Ran, MAMAT Zulpiya, LUO Xinping, WANG Chao, ZHAO Honghui

2024, 38(03): 599-611. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.040

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Practicing a win-win strategy between economic development and ecological protection is a challenging issue worldwide. With the development of economy and social civilization, the intensity of human activities that affects the quality of regional habitats show in different degrees. Particularly, in the developing areas, this effect is often negative, so it is of great significance to practice the combination of economic development and habitat protection in the densely populated and developing areas. Taking the Yellow River Basin (Henan section) as a study example, the spatial and temporal evolution of habitat quality in this region from 2000 to 2021 (historical period) were analyzed based on the habitat quality module of InVEST and the PLUS models. Furthermore, the habitat quality in 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 was predicted with an interval of 5 years. The results of the study showed that: (1) the mean value of habitat quality during the historical period decreased by 0.05, showing a decreasing trend. The areas of high habitat quality were concentrated in the southwestern and northwestern mountainous areas, showing a distribution pattern of high in the west and low in the east. (2) During the historical period, 44.74% of the study area experienced a significant decline in habitat quality, mainly occurring in urban and rural construction and road expansion areas. This trend was the most prominent in the western mountainous areas. 33.81% of the study area experienced a significant increase in habitat quality, mainly occurring in the eastern cropland areas and western forested areas. The trend of habitat fragmentation in the study area enhances during the period, and the natural elements such as elevation and vegetation have significant impacts on the regional habitat quality, which is positively correlated with the habitat quality. (3) The future habitat quality patterns under different land use scenarios from 2025 to 2040 differ significantly, with an upward trend in the ecological protection scenario and a slight increase in the mean value of habitat quality in the arable land protection scenario. It also shows a significant downward trend in the mean value of habitat qua-lity in the urban development scenario and a significant impact of human activities on the quality of regional habitats under different development scenarios. This study provides further understandings on the development trend of regional habitat quality and its response to land use changes.

Dynamic Evolution of the Vegetation and Its Response to Climate Changes from 1982 to 2020 in the Yellow River Basin (Henan Section)

YAO Ruichen, HAO Shilong, LI Xiuping, HOU Jiacheng, CHEN Haoyuan, ZHANG Yan

2024, 38(03): 612-623. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.026

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We constructed the GIMMS-MODIS NDVI dataset of the Yellow River Basin (Henan section) from 1982 to 2020 using a monadic linear regression model with the GIMMS NDVI3g and MODIS NDVI data. In this study, we also investigated the temporal and spatial evolution of NDVI and its response to climate factors in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin by using Sen trend, Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, and partial correlation analysis. The results show that (1) the reconstructed GIMMS MODIS NDVI and GIMMS NDVI have a better fitting index with the R² of 0.879,9(P<0.01). The discrepancy of the monthly mean difference between GIMMS MODIS NDVI and GIMMS NDVI is ±0.02, between 81.47%. (2) From 1982 to 2020, the NDVI values in the Yellow River Basin (Henan section) showed an increasing trend in the annual and each season from spring to winter, and the increase rates were 0.001,8 a^-1 (P<0.01), 0.002,7 a^-1 (P<0.01), 0.000,6 a^-1 (P<0.1), 0.001,3 a^-1 (P<0.01) and 0.002,4 a^-1 (P<0.01), respectively. Spatially, the proportions of proparea with significant increase of NDVI in the interannual and each season were 76.62%, 76.62%, 33.64%, 57.19% and 77.16%, respectively. The area with significant decrease was mainly distributed in the central and southern part of the basin. (3) From 1982 to 2020, the average annual temperature in the Yellow River Basin (Henan Section) showed a significant increasing trend (Trend=0.037,7 ℃·a^-1, P<0.01). In terms of seasonal changes, the average temperature in spring and autumn increased at the fastest rate and the precipitation change was not pronounced along the year. (4) The annual, spring and winter NDVI changes in the Yellow River Basin from 1982 to 2020 were mainly controlled by temperature, and the summer NDVI changes were mainly affected by precipitation. In terms of spatial distribution, 82.14%, 50% and 75% of stations showed significant correlations between NDVI and temperature in annual, spring and winter, respectively. Moreover, 3.57%, 14.29% and 3.57% of stations showed significant positive correlations between NDVI and precipitation in spring, summer and autumn, respectively, which mainly are distributed in the central part of the basin.

Spatiotemporal Variations of Water Yields in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Based on InVEST and PLUS Models

GUO Jiahui, LIU Xiaohuang, ZHANG Wenbo, YANG Chaolei, WANG Ran, LUO Xinping, XING Liyuan, WANG Chao, ZHAO Honghui

2024, 38(03): 624-635. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.038

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Quantitative assessment on the water production in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is essential to investigate the dynamic changes of water resources and to maintain the ecological security and balance in this region.This is of great practical significance for maintaining urban water conservation as well.In this study, PLUS model was used to predict the land-use types in the region from the year of 2025 to 2030, and InVEST model was used to qua.pngy the water yields from the year of 2000 to 2030 (every five years), with analyzing it in spatio-temporal perspective.We therefore analyzed the changes in the water yield of different land-use types and the changes in the water yields under different slope classes.Meanwhile, a geographical detector were used to analyze the driving forces of water yields of different land-use types.The results show that (1) the total amount of water produced in the region from 2000 to 2030 shows a trend of “decreasing-raising-decreasing-raising” with the total amount of water produced as 7.818×10⁷ m³, 5.750×10⁷ m³, 4.700×10⁷ m³, 9.162×10⁷ m³, 7.498×10⁷ m³, 7.820×10⁷ m³, and 8.999×10⁷ m³, respectively.The spatial distribution of water production shows the characteristics of high in the southeast and the north, and low in the middle areas.(2) Unutilized land is the land type with the highest water production in the region.(3) Changes in the meteorological factors are the main reason causing the changes in the annual water production in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.The analysis of geographical detector shows that the precipitation and evapotranspiration have a strong explanatory power for water yields, and the interactions between precipitation and land-use has the strongest explanatory power for the changes of water yield.The water yield is mainly concentrated in the area with slope gradient of ~0°-5°, which accounts for 43.80% of the total water yield.The results of this study provide scie.pngic references for the dynamic assessment, effective management, and sustainable development of water resources in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Factors of Water Yield Service Based on InVEST Model in Xinjiang from 1990 to 2018

CHEN Wudi, LIU Xiaohuang, LI Hongyu, LUO Xinping, WANG Ran, XING Liyuan, BAI Yanan, WANG Chao, ZHAO Honghui

2024, 38(03): 636-647. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.033

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Water yield is one of the important ecosystem services. It is a key to maintain ecological safety and sustainable development in Xinjiang, to evaluate the spatial differentiation of water yield service, and to clarify the key driving factors of different natural resource partitions. In this study, we simulated the spatial and temporal changes of water yield service in Xinjiang from 1990 to 2018 using the InVEST model. The climate, soil, topography, land-use, and other factors were selected, and the geographical detector was used, to carry out the attribution analysis of spatial heterogeneity of water yield services. The results show that (1) the variation range of total water yield in Xinjiang from 1990 to 2018 is 524.39×10⁸- 683.42×10⁸ m³, and the high value areas were mainly located in Altay Mountains, Western Junggar Basin, and Tianshan Mountains. (2) The water yield capacity of different land types differs, among which the water yield capacities of desert and forest land are in the highest level, followed by grassland, water-body, and wetland. The water yield capacities of cultivated land and construction land are in the worst level. (3) In the whole Xinjiang region, the explanatory power of climatic factors is the strongest, especially the annual total precipitation, which can accounts for >0.9 of the whole. There are pronounced differences in the main driving factors of spatial differentiation of water yield services in different natural resource divisions, but the total annual precipitation is the dominant factor. (4) The explanatory power of the interaction factors on the spatial distribution of water yield services is greater than that of individual factors. The interaction between climatic factors and topographic factors has the strongest explanatory power, followed by the interaction between climatic factors and land-use factors. Therefore, in terms of the maintenance and protection of the water yield services in Xinjiang, the factors such as climate, topography, and land-use should be fully considered in to formulate appropriate water resources management and protection measures.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Assessment of Ecological and Geological Environment Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River from 1995 to 2020

JI Yang, BA Renji, XIAO Chengzhi, LIU Lei, ZHOU Xueni, CAO Yating

2024, 38(03): 648-659. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.037

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The upper reaches of the Minjiang river are key barriers of ecological safety in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river. Since the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, the underground rock masses, surface matrix, and aboveground ecology were severely damaged. To investigate the status of ecological and geological safety in the upper reaches of the Minjiang river before and after the earthquake, we selected 16 evaluation indicators from the two dimensions of “geological environment-ecological environment”. We also evaluated the ecological and geological environment safety of the upper reaches of the Minjiang river basin in 1995, 2001, 2009, and 2020 based on the AHP-PCA entropy-combination weight method, and furthermore analyzed its evolution trend. The results indicate that the overall ecological and geological environments in the upper reaches of the Minjiang river basin are generally safe. Specifically, the ecological and geological environments are relatively safer in the central and eastern regions of the basin, while the relatively less safe or unsafe regions are mainly distributed in the western and northern high mountain areas and deep valley areas. This presents a general pattern of high safety in the central and eastern regions and low safety in the western and northern regions. From 1995 to 2020, the overall ecological and geological environment safety in the upper reaches of the Minjiang river showed a trend of decreasing at the beginning and then gradually increasing. The ecological and geological environment safety in the northern and deep valley areas of the watershed fluctuates greatly, showing an increasing-decreasing-increasing trend and unstable ecological and geological environments. The overall safety of the ecological and geological environments in the southwest is reduced after the earthquake. Although the reduced area gradually decreases, the overall ecological and geological environments continue deteriorating. The overall safety of the ecological and geological environments in the central part of the basin is generally increasing and the area is gradually increa-sing. The results of this study provide theoretical basis for the ecological protection and restoration in the upper reaches of the Minjiang river.

Soil Characteristics and Spatial and Temporal Changes of Vegetations in the Lower Part of the Arid Valley Area of the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River Based on Geological Formation

ZHOU Xueni, BA Renji, XIAO Chengzhi, CAO Yating, JI Yang

2024, 38(03): 660-673. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.029

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This study aims to explore the controls of geological formation on soil properties and constraints on vegetation distribution in the arid valley of the upper reaches of Minjiang River, in order to support the ecological protection and restoration of sub-area management. Taking the lower part of the upper reaches of Minjiang River arid river valley as an example, this study employed the geological formation survey, elemental analysis, remote sensing, and combining with the land-use data, to analyze the influence of geological formation on soils and vegetations, specifically regarding soil characteristics, land-use, and vegetation coverage. The results show that the Quaternary loose accumulation formation area has thick and nutrient-enriched soils, but with strong anthropogenic modifications, and the plant species in the area are dominated by cash crops. The soil layer in the Triassic complex marble formation is relatively thicker and more enriched in nutrients. The structural fractures in the bedrock are more developed with enriched water, which is suitable for the growth of shrubs and a small amount of trees, and this area has a high vegetation coverage. The Devonian mud shale-carbonate formation has a thick soil layer, with high concentration of calcium element and other nutrients. Silurian silty sandy-carbonate formation develops abundant non-penetrating fractures caused by structural activities. The shallow surface layer of the rock shows high degree of fragmentation due to weathering, and soil-wate loss is very easy to be dominated by the growth of low shrubs and grasslands. The soil layer in the intermediate-acidic magma rocks is thin, but with fissure development, and high content of phosphorus and other nutrients in the soil. This soil layer has the lowest water content and is dominated by the growth of scrub plants. The Middle Paleozoic volcanic-lava formation area develops closed fractures with poor water content, which is only suitable for the growth of shrubs and grasses.

Analysis of Vegetation Cover Spatio-temporal Evolution of Mu Us Sand Land of Ordos Region from 1987 to 2022

YIN Yonghui, KONG Xiangsheng, WU Haoran, LIU Jiufen, WANG Kai, CHEN Xizhuo, WANG Hanbing, ZHANG Jing, WANG Xiaotian

2024, 38(03): 674-682. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.066

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The Mu Us Sand land, as one of the four major sandy areas in China, is a key region for the study and control of dese.pngication. Remote sensing has become an important tool for the analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics on the Earth’s surface. However, the Mu Us region currently lacks long-term time series and medium to high-resolution studies on the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation cover. Based on the Google Earth Engine cloud platform and using long-term NDVI remote sensing data from Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Landsat-8 OLI, the Sen+Mann-Kendall method was employed to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation coverage in the Mu Us sand land in Ordos from 1987 to 2022, spanning nearly 35 years, and combined it with meteorological data for driving force analysis. The results indicate: (1) Vegetation has continuously improved with an overall increasing trend in vegetation cover. The NDVI change rate is +0.0028 per year, and the trend of NDVI increase shows a phased change characteristic of initially slow growth, followed by rapid growth, and then stabilization. (2) The proportion of areas with improved vegetation cover exceeds 98%, while the proportion of degraded areas is less than 0.5%. Spatially, vegetation cover improvement is better in the eastern regions compared to the western regions, and in the northern and southern regions compared to the central region. (3) There is no significant correlation between vegetation cover change in the study area and natural hydrothermal conditions.

Spatial-temporal Variations of Soil Erosion and Quantitative Attribution Analysis in the Dry-hot Valleys of the Jinsha River: A Case Study of Yuanmou County, Yunnan

WEI Zong, YANG Chaolei, TIAN Yufeng, YANG Jinjiang, HUANG Yong, HE Feng, ZHU Zhiping

2024, 38(03): 683-693. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.031

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The temporal and spatial evolution of soil erosion in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River is of great significance for ecological safety and safe operations of downstream water conservancy and hydropower. We analyzed the spatial and temporal changes of soil erosion using GIS technology and RUSLE model in Yuanmou County, Yunnan, from 2015 to 2021. The main factors affecting the distribution pattern of soil erosion in Yuanmou County were ide.pngied by using the geographical detector model. The results showed that (1) the average annual soil erosion modulus and total soil erosion show decreasing trends from 2015 to 2021, and the soil erosion modulus was decreased by 16.53% during the period. (2) The spatial variation of soil erosion was pronounced, with being high erosion in the north and low in the south along the Jinsha River. In terms of erosion intensity, the area of slight and mild erosion accounts for more than 95% and other erosion areas are relatively smaller. (3) During the study period, the areas with high soil erosion intensity in Yuanmou County shows a trend of slight erosion transformation, indicating that the implementation of regional farmland conversion to forest and grassland and soil erosion control projects in small watershed have alleviated the soil erosion intensity. (4) Slope was the dominant factor affecting the distribution pattern of soil erosion in Yuanmou County, with the strongest explanation of 25.66%. Along the Jinsha river, the regions at the elevation of 1,200-1,800 m with the slope >25°, 30%-40% vegetation coverage zone are in high risk of soil erosion, therefore ecological restoration and protection of soil and water should be strengthened in those areas.

Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Soils Along a National Highway Using Spatial Interpolation and PMF Model: A Case Study of the Yueyang Section of National Highway 107

YANG Pengzhi, ZHAO Yuan, XIAO Yuexin, MIN Yingzi, DENG Zhao, GUO Jun, WEI Xiaokun

2024, 38(03): 694-705. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.064

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To assess the impacts of national highway traffic on adjacent soil properties, this study examines the characteristics and sources of heavy metal contamination along a section of National Highway 107 in Yueyang County. A total of 246 surface soil samples were collected from a 1-km range on both sides of the highway, and the concentrations of eight heavy metals (i.e.Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Hg) were measured. By comparing the differences in heavy metal contamination and elemental contents between the soils on each side of the highway, and by integrating Kriging spatial interpolation with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) mo-del, we revealed the potential sources of these heavy metals. The study results show that: (1) The soils along the Yueyang County section of National Highway 107 are strongly acidic, and the differences in heavy metal concentrations reflect the significant impacts of land use types and human activities. (2) Single-factor pollution indices indicate no pollution from Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cd, but slight pollution from Cu, As, Hg, and Pb. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index indicates that the soil in the study area is overall slightly polluted. (3) Spatial interpolation analysis reveals high overlaps in spatial distribution of As, Cr, Cu, and Ni, while Pb and Zn are distributed across agricultural fields. Cd exhibits an anomalous spatial distribution mainly around the town of Xinkai. The spatial distribution characteristics of Hg show low values in forested areas, indicating a complex interplay between natural geological backgrounds and land use types. (4) PMF source analysis ide.pngied four pollution sources, i.e.traffic, agriculture, natural sources, and atmospheric sources. Traffic and agriculture sources account for 80.3% of the influence on heavy metal content in the soil, indicating a significant impact of transportation and human activities along National Highway 107. In conclusion, the results from spatial interpolation and the PMF model closely corroborate each other, making this integrated method ideal for ide.pngying source components.

Geomorphology-based Classification of Ground Substrate Texture in Xinjiang

LI Hongyu, LIU Xiaohuang, LIU Jiufen, ZHAO Xiaofeng, ZHANG Wenbo, LI Fujie

2024, 38(03): 706-717. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.053

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Ground substrate survey is novel in the survey and monitoring of natural resources, representing a new field in modern geological survey, where classification serves as the prerequisite for this survey. To quickly understand the spatial pattern of the ground substrate at the national or provincial scale, it is essential to investigate classification schemes that incorporate concepts from related disciplines and existing survey data. Texture is the combination of different particles within the ground substrate. Characterizing ground substrate classification through texture helps clarify its ecological function in supporting forests, grasslands, and other ecosystems. In the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, with its vast territory and complex landforms, geomorphological type is the primary factor controlling the spatial differentiation of ground substrate. This study utilized multi-source information, including Digital Elevation Model, Land Use/Cover Change data, high-resolution soil maps, and vegetation index data. Consequently, we established a three-level geomorphologic regionalization and a validated geomorphology-based classification scheme for characterizing ground substrate texture. This approach helped to obtain the spatial heterogeneity of ground substrate textures in Xinjiang. There are 47 geomorphological types based on differences in slope, relief, elevation, and geological genesis in Xinjiang. These types consist of 6 first-level regions, 27 second-level regions, and 1,056 third-level regions. The number of third-level regions in mountainous areas is higher than that in basin areas, with medium-altitude hills being the most widely distributed third-level regions. Notably, medium-undulating mountains are the most extensive third-level geomorphological types in mountainous areas, while medium-altitude wind-accumulated landforms are the most extensive in basin areas. For most of the geomorphological types, the average vegetation rooting depth was less than 100 cm, hence soil information within the 0-200 cm depth range was sufficient to describe the ground substrate structure. The mean value of the number of major soil texture types within 0-200 cm depth range for different geomorphologic types was 70.9%, indicating the reliability of using geomorphology-based ground substrate texture classification. Silty loam, sandy, and gravel are the main ground substrate textures, accounting for 49.6%, 27.1%, and 10.3% of the total area of Xinjiang, respectively. Silty loam is the texture classification with the highest quantity and quality of forest, grassland, and arable land resources in Xinjiang. This scheme considers both hydrothermal conditions and physical properties, making it helpful for evaluating the suitability of natural resources and territorial spatial planning in Xinjiang.

Suitability Assessment on the Croplands in Xinjiang Based on Multi-environmental Factors

ZHAO Xiaofeng, LIU Xiaohuang, LIU Jiufen, LI Hongyu, ZHANG Wenbo

2024, 38(03): 718-733. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.049

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Croplands are natural resources which are essential to human survival and economic development.A comprehensive assessment on the impacts of various environmental factors on the suitability and distribution of croplands is able to more efficiently assist the utilization and development of the land.Xinjiang possesses a large area with the complex climatic, topographic, soil, and geological conditions that affect the patterns of soil use.In this study, a Maxent model and spatial statistics were used to analyze the distribution of suitable areas for croplands (drylands and paddy fields) in the mountainous and plain regions in Xinjiang.A total of 35 environmental variables related to climate (e.g., temperature, precipitation), topography, hydrology, soils, and geo-logy were used in the assessment.The main findings are as follows: (1) In the plains, soils’ total nitrogen, distance to the water system, and winter precipitation are the main factors affecting the suitability of drylands.In the mountains, >0 ℃ annual accumulation temperature, winter precipitation, slope, and distance to the water system are the primary factors affecting the suitability of drylands.For paddy fields in the plains, distance to the water system, soil pH, soil surface moisture, and >10 ℃ annual accumulation temperature are the main factors affecting the suitability of paddy fields.(2) The high suitability area for drylands in Xinjiang is about 78,221 km² in total, mainly located in Altai Mountains in Northwestern Xinjiang, the middle and low altitude areas (<2,000 m above sea level) in western and middle Tianshan Mountains, and the near-mountain plains at the edge of Tarim Basin.The high suitability area for paddy fields in Xinjiang is about 2,834 km² in total, a little smaller in area comparing to the drylands, which is mainly located in middle and western Tianshan Mountains.They are generally scattered in the middle and western Tianshan regions.The 35 environmental variables selected in this study are currently the latest accessible dataset, and the data are relatively comprehensive, integrated, systematic, and accurate.Based on the output of this model, it is possible to comprehensively evaluate the influence of climatic, topographic, hydrological, soil and geological factors on the distribution of Xinjiang’s cropland (drylands and paddy fields), and screen out the environmental variables that affect the suitability of croplands the most. At the end, the distribution of Xinjiang’s croplands suitability zones are obtained.This study provides a scie.pngic support for the utilization of land resources in Xinjiang, as well as providing a reference and valuable suggestions for the development and upgrading of Xinjiang’s croplands.

Quantitative Ecological Risk Assessment on the Groundwater in Landfills at Regional Scale Based on Multivariate Analysis Methods

GONG Li, SHI Zheming, ZHANG Zongwen, DING Zhenyu, HAN Linlin, XIE Zixuan, CHENG Tianwei, ZHANG Yuan

2024, 38(03): 734-743. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.039

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The produced municipal wastes have been increasing with the urbanization process and many cities currently have formed a large number of informal landfills at the early stage.Those landfills produced leachate that poses a potential risk of contamination to the groundwater and soils due to lacking impermeable processing devices.A scie.pngic assessment on their environmental risks of those landfills is urgent for the classification and management of landfills as well as prevention of groundwater pollution.In this study, DRASTIC model, hierarchical analysis, cluster analysis, and other methods are used to construct an index system of assessment on ecological environment risks.Totally, 14 landfills in the study area were investigated as the research object to eva-luate the ecological environment risk of groundwater.Four aspects, the current status of the landfill, the danger of the landfill, the a.pngouling capacity of the unsaturated zone, and the vulnerability of the aquifer, were included in the assessment.Twenty-one indicators, such as the selected size of the landfill, actual amount of landfill, and thickness of the clay layer in the unsaturated zone, were evaluated and graded.The results show that landfill No.2 has the lowest risk score of 4.13, and landfill No.5 has the highest risk score of 7.95.After the categorization of evaluation scores of the landfills, we reached that the risk index of three landfills is in low risk, the risk index of six landfills is in medium risk, and the risk index of five landfills is in high risk.The results are generally consistent with the previous evaluation results by expert scoring, and the method proposed in this study has significant implications in managing the risk of groundwater contamination.The results of this study is also of important reference for the quantitative evaluation on the risk of key sources of contamination.

An Investigation on the Conversion Between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Mingcui Lake, Ningxia Plain

SUN Yufang, JIN Xiaomei, XUE Yanhong, ZHANG Bo, ZHU Wei, XU Zhaoxiang

2024, 38(03): 744-754. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.025

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In order to understand the conversion processes between the surface water and groundwater in a.pngicially recharge lakes in Ningxia Plain, a monitoring profile of the Mingcui Lake shore zone was established to analyze its hydrodynamic, hydrochemistry, and stable isotopes, and to further investigate the source and depth of the groundwater recharge in the lake shore zone. The results of hydrodynamic analysis show that the Mingcui Lake is a typical saturated flow-recharge wetland and the high-water head is the direct driving force for the transformation of lake water to shallow groundwater. Under the influence of regional hydrodynamics, the dynamic response of lake water is close to that of groundwater in the west bank, but relatively weaker than that of groundwater in the east bank. The hydrochemistry results show that the chemical compositions of the shallow groundwater in the flood season is different from that in the dry season in the west bank, while the east bank is relatively stable. The Piper diagram shows that the chemical type of the shallow groundwater is consistent with the surface water during the flood period due to that abundant surface water recharges groundwater. With the decrease of recharge of surface water in dry season, the distribution of groundwater samples is discrete, particularly the difference of chemical compositions between surface water and groundwater at the depth of 30 m. The δD and δ¹⁸O isotopic analysis show that the surface water has clear recharge effect on the groundwater buried less than 10 m in the nearshore area, and the groundwater below 30 m in depth is enhanced by direction-finding runoff. The shallow groundwater above 10 m in the shore zone of the Mingcui Lake is supplied by the lake water and irrigation water accounting for more than 80%. Through comparing the local flow field and stable isotopes at different depths (5m, 10m, and 30m) within various lakeshore zones across the southern, central, and northern regions of Ningxia Plain, we conclude that the exchange depth between the surface water and groundwater in the lakeshore zone of the a.pngicial recharge lake is less than 10 m. Additionally, under a.pngicial recharge conditions, there is a unidirectional and fixed relationship between the groundwater and surface water.

Mechanism of Molybdenum Migration and Transformation in the Tailings and Soils in the Luanchuan Mining Area

PAN Feifei, CHEN Hongwei, CHEN Danli, ZHAO Lü, LI Zhengzui, CHEN Hui, PENG Xiangxun, LIU Jing

2024, 38(03): 755-763. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2023.096

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To investigate the controls of the molybdenum (Mo) pollution sources in the Luhun Reservoir, we conducted a field survey with collecting six Mo tailing ponds.Molybdenum speciation analysis and leaching experiments were performed to study the mechanism of Mo migration and transformation in the tailings and soils.The average Mo content in the six samples of tailings and soils are 238.24 and 125.88 mg/kg, respectively, and the Mo content in the leached solution is 0.26 mg/L.Tessier extracting result shows that the Mo residual in the tailing was 97.71%, while together with that, the exchangeable and carbonate bound Mo in the soil are 63.66%, 22.35%, and 11.80%, respectively.After the leaching experiments with acid to alkaline rainfalls, the Mo residual in the tailing decreased.The neutral and alkaline rainfall favor the transformation of Mo residual to carbonate Mo bound, leading to the carbonate Mo bound increasing from 1.19% to 18.85%, and then to 24.14%.This indicates that the neutral and alkaline rainfall can enhance the transporting capability of Mo.In the soils, the iron-manganese oxidation state and the organic Mo bound increased largely, and all the other Mo species decreased by different degree with the acid rainfall leaching.The residual and the organic Mo bound increased and the carbonate Mo bound and the iron-manganese oxidation state decreased largely with the lea-ching of neutral-alkaline rainfall.It suggested that the acid rainfall can increase the formation of the molybdate of iron and manganese, while the neutral and alkaline rainfall likely favor the formation of the iron and manganese hydroxide and carbonate, which prevents the formation of the iron and manganese molybdate, enhancing the transporting capability of Mo by an order of magnitude.Although the differences of the ore and the physicochemical properties of the tailings and the soils can cause different Mo transportation and transformation, the acid to alkaline rainfall can enhance the transportation and transformation of Mo in the two media, and hence affect the soil and aqueous environments.

A Study on the Availability of Topsoil Nutrient Elements of the Cultivated Land in Tongzi County, Guizhou Province

PAN Youliang, WANG Xiaohong, FEI Guangchun, YANG Enlin, XIAO Yu, ZHANG Zhonghua

2024, 38(03): 764-774. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.046

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The study on the availability and influencing factors of nutrient elements in topsoil in Tongzi County, Guizhou Province provides a scie.pngic basis for managing the cultivated land resources and development of modern agriculture.The nutrient elements were analyzed using available topsoil state samples from the geochemical survey of land quality in Tongzi County.We further discussed the content, spatial distribution, grade status, and influencing factors of these nutrient elements.The study results show that the total content of the topsoil nutrient elements in the cultivated land is generally rich.Total boron, molybdenum, and zinc are relatively ri-cher, accounting for 56.34%, 65.49%, and 77.96% of the total sample, respectively.Total nitrogen is gene-rally rich, accounting for 41.16%, and total phosphorus is generally low, accounting for 32.23%.However, the available content of topsoil nutrient elements is relatively lower.The available phosphorus and molybdenum are relatively lower, accounting for 46.05% and 30.14%, respectively.The available boron and potassium are generally low, accounting for 64.66% and 50.94%, respectively, and the available zinc is generally rich, accounting for 50.83%.The total nutrient elements are the primary impacting factor for the available content in the topsoil of the study area, and the available nutrient elements can be influenced by the surficial geochemical properties and soil physicochemical properties, of which the variability of the topsoil nutrient elements in different geological units, soil types, and utilization types is significant.Moreover, increasing the cation exchange capacity can promote the conversion of available nutrient elements, and increasing the organic matters in topsoil can increase the availability of nutrient elements.

Migration of Cr Between Soil and Rice Grains and Its Influencing Factors in Zhuzhou, Hunan

LI Siyuan, HOU Qingye, TANG Qifeng, YU Tao, YANG Zhongfang

2024, 38(03): 775-783. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.014

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The biogeochemical behaviors of Cr in soil-plant system and their impacts that high concentration of Cr in ecological environment have received a wide attention. This study takes Zhuzhou City in Hunan Province as the study area. Totally, 490 surface soil samples and 60 pairs of rice grains and rhizosphere soil samples were collected. The concentrations of Cr in the soil and rice grains were analyzed and thereafter the pollution degree of Cr in the soil was evaluated. At the end, we ide.pngied the influencing factors of Cr bio-concentration factor (BCF) of rice grains and established the prediction model BCF of Cr in rice grains. The Cr concentrations of the surface soils range from 48.50 to 240.60 mg/kg, with an average value of 91.45 mg/kg. Comparing with the background values in soil of nationwide and Hunan Province, the concentration of Cr in the study area significantly exceeded the background, indicating mainly being affected by parent materials and anthropogenic activities. The Cr concentrations in rice grains vary from 0.09 to 0.11 mg/kg, with an average of 0.10 mg/kg. The Cr concentration doesn’t exceed the critical limit of Cr in food. The BCF of Cr in the rice grains is closely related to the concentration of Cu and TFe₂O₃, and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ in the rhizosphere soils, and was affected by the weathering degree, iron oxides and antagonism between elements in the rhizosphere soil. The prediction model for BCF of Cr in the rice grains is established by using multiple linear regression analysis and the prediction results are convincing. The predicted Cr concentration in the rice grains in the study area is below its critical limit.

Enrichment Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Heavy Metal Elements in Crops from the Primary Cultivated Areas of Tian’e County, Guangxi

HU Xugang, TAN Jiyong, QIN Xingtao, MA Wenfu, QIN Xiang, LUO Huan, HUANG Zhiwei, LI Zhicai

2024, 38(03): 784-792. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2023.123

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Heavy metal pollution poses a significant challenge to the safety of agricultural product. This study focuses on Tian’e County, Guangxi, as a study entry to reveal the ecological risks associated with heavy metal contamination in crops. In this study, sixty sets of rice and corn samples and their corresponding rhizosphere soils were collected for analysis. The contents of five heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, and Pb, were measured. Data analysis was performed using multiple approaches, including the geo-accumulation index, bioconcentration factor, and correlation analysis. The results indicate that except of Hg, levels of Cd, Cr, As and Pb fall within acceptable limits of food safety, with Cr being the most prevalent at an average concentration of 0.094 mg/kg. Notably, Cd exhibits a high variation coefficient of 103%. In general, rice seeds contain higher concentrations of Cd, Hg, and As than the corn seeds. The soil was detected to have an acidic environment with a high organic nutrient content, and shows a moderate Cd contamination. Most heavy metals in the soil were in residual forms, but Cd ions demonstrated increased activity. Moreover, the crops display a pronounced ability to accumulate Cd and Hg, and the bioconcentration factor of heavy metals in clastic rock areas was higher than in the carbonate areas. Correlation analysis demonstrates that a strong positive correlation existing between the Hg content in rice and the Cd concentration in rhizosphere soil. Additionally, the soil pH and organic content considerably influence the heavy metal levels in crops. Therefore, adjusting soil acidity appropriately and reasonably utilizing organic fertilizers can effectively mitigate heavy metal pollution risks, which was crucial for ensuring the safety of agricultural products.

Topography and Fractal Characteristics and Their Genesis of the Wudalianchi Volcanic Group in Heilongjiang

WANG Jinyu, LIU Yongshun, PAN Meihui, NIE Baofeng, ZOU Wang, LU Zhi, ZHANG Xinyi

2024, 38(03): 793-806. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.001

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Volcanic topography is essential to study the formation of volcanoes and evolution of planetary morphology.Based on the remote sensing images and DEM data of the Wudalianchi volcanic area, we analyzed fractal characteristics and performed the comprehensive interpretation in its formation, and discussed the complex genetic mechanisms of the geomorphic system in this volcanic area.The results show that (1) volcanic cones and lava topography constitute the surface morphology with low undulation frequency in the area, and the number of composite volcanic cones distributed along the fractures affects the topographic complexity in this direction.(2) The topography of this area shows a fractal structure of multiscale domains and a small fractal dimension (D≈2), which was presumably influenced by the extensive lava topography and low volcanic cones.The fractal dimensions of the topographic profiles in the directions of fractures show that the geomorphic anisotropy of the three fracture directions in the Wudalianchi volcanic area is relatively small (D=1.142-1.275), and the difference between D_max and D_min is only 0.133.However, the fractal dimensions in the NE direction are large (D_NE=1.223-1.275), which is the principal fracture direction affecting the volcanic topography.(3) The topographic characteristics of the volcanic group are determined by internal and external agents, and two sets of fractural structures (deep and shallow fractures) and magmatic systems are the main factors affecting its topographic features at the present stage.The role of external agent in stochastic coarsening at the meso-to-micro scale is intensifying, but synergistic antagonism has not yet prevailed at the macro scale, and the complex regional topography of the volcanic group has not yet changed.Remote sensing spectral features and topographic analyses are effective to investigate the volcanic topography, and the quantitative fractal characteristics can interpret the topographic characteristics at different scales and becoming a novel approach to study volcanic topography and their genesis.

Formation Mechanism of Rock-block Field Landscape and Earth-science Tourism in the Beidashan Forest Park, Chengde, Hebei

LI Chengxiang, ZHANG Xujiao, YIN Zhiqiang, CAO Jing, SHAO Hai, TIAN Yuchen, PENG Chao

2024, 38(03): 807-817. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.047

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Rock-block field is a special geomorphic type mainly developed in bedrock slope zones, formed under diverse geodynamics and complex geologic processes, and its formation has been controversial for a long time.The spectacular rock-block field in Beidashan, Chengde County, Hebei not only is the main landscape and tourism resources of the forest park, but also provides unique conditions for studying the origin of the rock-block field.We conducted a systematic investigation on the rock-block field geomorphology in the Beidashan Forest Park, mainly using the field geological survey, gravel statistics, and UAV aerial modeling methods.The study results show that the gravel source of rock-block field came from the collapsed granite which is fractured and broken due to the joints at the top of gully; the huge gravel composed of the rock-block field has the characteristics of gravity collapse and short distance water transportation, which is not consistent with the characteristics of glacier or debris flow transport.The freezing and thawing separation is the main driving force causing the huge stones to emerge from the surface and then forming the rock-block field.In this study, we proposed a new interpretation on the origin of freeze-thaw sorting of the rock-block field landform in Beidashan, Chengde for the first time.This study not only promotes the theoretical studies of rock-block field origin, but also provides an important reference for the formation of rock-block field landform in other places.

Research on the Location of Palaeo Channel of the Yellow River and the Linrong Ancient City in Han Dynasty in Bayannur National Geopark

LI Chenglu, ZHANG Xujiao, WU Fadong, YE Peisheng, ZHANG Haoyue

2024, 38(03): 818-831. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.048

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The influence of the changes of ancient river channel on the cultural sites in the Yellow River Basin is one of the important scientific issues in the study of the Yellow River culture.Bayannur National Geopark in Inner Mongolia is located in the Hetao Plain in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.The location of the Linrong ancient city in the park has been debated for decades.The relative position of the ancient Yellow River channel to the Linrong ancient city is a key to locate the ancient city.The grid groove drilling was carried out within 10 km around the Linrong ancient city in Bayannur National Geopark.Three-dimensional grain size model and sedimentary structure model were constructed to visualize the hidden ancient channel based on the borehole data.Then the structure and age of the ancient channel are verified through analyzing the sedimentary facies of the drilled cores and by the chronology data.The results show that the ancient Yellow River channel which flow from south to north from 2.39±0.24 ka to 1.36±0.05 Cal ka BP is located 3 km to the west of Linrong ancient city in Bayannur National Geopark.The relative position of ancient Yellow River and the towns in Shuofang County are consistent with the historical documentation.This study provides geological evidence for locating the Linrong ancient city in Bayannur National Geopark based on the study of sedimentology.

Can the Zr/TiO₂-Nb/Y Diagram Be Used for the Classification and Series Division of Altered Volcanic Rocks?

ZHANG Zhaochong

2024, 38(03): 832-836. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.054

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