川中地区二叠系走滑断裂特征及成藏意义

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2025.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近期研究发现四川克拉通盆地川中地区内存在大型走滑断裂,是断控油气藏勘探开发的有利新区域。钻井结果显示川中高磨地区二叠系一系列高产井位与走滑断裂展布位置具有一定时空关系,证实走滑断裂与气藏密切相关,但走滑断裂特征及与气藏的作用关系尚不明确,制约了川中地区气藏勘探开发。以川中高磨地区7066 km²连片三维地震资料和典型井资料为基础,解析二叠系弱走滑断裂基本特征及其对气藏的控制作用,为微弱走滑断裂活动下的断裂-成藏研究提供案例。结果表明:高磨地区二叠系发育8条一级走滑断裂,走向分别为NEE向、EW向、NW向,长度在30~160 km之间,一级走滑断裂间距介于10~30 km,二叠系走滑断裂基本继承寒武系断层发育;统计8条主干走滑断裂落差认为活动性较弱,川中地区二叠系走滑断裂活动强度具有分区差异性,具有北强南弱、东强西弱的整体特点;下二叠统底界走滑断裂展布情况与强度均强于上二叠统底界。二叠系走滑断裂可能受控于峨眉地裂而发生左行张扭活动;川中高磨地区二叠系走滑断裂分段性明显,构造样式以斜列、线性、斜交等简单样式为主,走滑断裂的分段性造成断裂构造特征与断裂带岩石物理的差异性,并对断裂的渗流性与油气运聚具有重要的影响;测井结果显示单井距走滑断裂核部2 km范围内,孔隙度、渗透率具有明显提升的趋势,可能受到了走滑断层裂缝网络的控制作用,一系列钻井显示距离走滑断裂越近油气产量越高,证实了走滑断裂对油气的控制作用;单井气藏解剖证实走滑断裂具有三类有利成藏作用和两类破坏成藏作用,断裂-岩性二元成藏是二叠系气藏的主要发育模式,断裂垂直沟通储层与烃源岩、断裂垂向运聚-上倾疏导、两侧断裂夹持-双向疏导是有利的走滑断裂相关成藏模式,但走滑断裂的多期断层活动可能直接破坏油气而走滑断裂深部断距小,浅部断距大的构造特征对于油气成藏也具有破坏作用。

关键词: 走滑断裂, 二叠系, 构造特征, 成藏模式, 高磨地区, 四川盆地

Abstract:

Recent studies have revealed the presence of large-scale strike-slip faults in the central Sichuan area within the Sichuan Cratonic Basin, which makes it a promising new region for the exploration and development of fault-controlled oil and gas reservoirs. Drilling results indicate that a series of high-yield wells in the Permian of the Gaomo area in central Sichuan bear a certain spatiotemporal correlation with the distribution of strike-slip faults, confirming a close relationship between strike-slip faults and gas reservoirs. However, the characteristics of strike-slip faults and their interaction with gas reservoirs remain unclear, hindering the exploration and development of gas reservoirs in the central Sichuan area.Based on 7,066 km² of contiguous 3D seismic data and typical well data from the Gaomo area, this study analyzes the basic characteristics of weak strike-slip faults in the Permian and their controlling effect on gas reservoirs, providing a case study for research on fault-related hydrocarbon accumulation under weak strike-slip fault activity.The results show that there are eight first-order strike-slip faults developed in the Permian of the Gaomo area, with strikes of NEE, EW, and NW, and lengths ranging from 30 to 160 km. The spacing between first-order strike-slip faults is 10 to 30 km, and the Permian strike-slip faults are basically inherited from the Cambrian faults. Statistical analysis of the throw of the 8 major strike-slip faults suggests weak activity. The activity intensity of the Permian strike-slip faults in central Sichuan exhibits regional differences, with an overall pattern of being stronger in the north than in the south and stronger in the east than in the west. Both the distribution and intensity of strike-slip faults at the base of the Lower Permian are greater than those at the base of the Upper Permian.The Permian strike-slip faults may have undergone left-lateral extensional-tensional activity controlled by the Emei Taphrogenesis. The Permian strike-slip faults in the Gaomo area display obvious segmentation, with structural styles mainly being simple ones such as en echelon, linear, and oblique. The segmentation of strike-slip faults leads to differences in fault structural characteristics and petrophysical properties of fault zones, exerting a significant impact on fault permeability and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Logging results show that within 2 km of the core of a single well’s strike-slip fault, porosity and permeability tend to improve significantly, which may be controlled by the fracture network of the strike-slip fault. A series of drilling data indicates that the closer to the strike-slip fault, the higher the hydrocarbon production, confirming the controlling effect of strike-slip faults on hydrocarbons.Anatomical analysis of single-well gas reservoirs confirms that strike-slip faults have three types of favorable hydrocarbon accumulation effects and two types of destructive effects on accumulation. Fault-lithology binary hydrocarbon accumulation is the main development model of Permian gas reservoirs. The favorable strike-slip fault-related accumulation models include vertical connection between faults and source rocks, vertical migration and accumulation through faults with upward migration pathways, and bilateral clamping by faults with bidirectional migration pathways. However, multi-stage faulting activities of strike-slip faults may directly damage oil and gas, and the structural characteristics of strike-slip faults-small throws in the deep part and large throws in the shallow part-also have a destructive effect on hydrocarbon accumulation.

Key words: strike-slip faults, Permian System, structural characteristics, hydrocarbon accumulation model, Gaomo Area, Sichuan Basin

中图分类号:

P542
P618.1

唐浩, 邬光辉, 马兵山, 黄天俊, 邹禺, 兰雪梅, 苏琛, 王家木. 川中地区二叠系走滑断裂特征及成藏意义[J]. 现代地质, 2025, 39(04): 884-897.

TANG Hao, WU Guanghui, MA Bingshan, HUANG Tianjun, ZOU Yu, LAN Xuemei, SU Chen, WANG Jiamu. Characteristics of Permian Strike-slip Faults in Central Sichuan Basin and Their Significance for Hydrocarbon Accumulation[J]. Geoscience, 2025, 39(04): 884-897.

图/表 10

图1 四川盆地及邻区下二叠统栖霞组岩相古地理图(a)与地层柱状图(b)?

Fig.1 Lithofacies paleogeographic map of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation (a) and srtigraphie column (b) in the Sichuan Basin and its ajacnt areas

图2 川中地区二叠系典型地震剖面

Fig.2 Typical seismic profile of the Permian in the central Sichuan Basin

图3 川中地区二叠系底界平面相干属性图(a)和对称性属性图(b)

Fig.3 Planar coherence attribute (a) and symmetry attribute (b) at the base of the Permian in the central Sichuan Basin

图4 川中地区二叠系底界走滑断裂分布图

Fig.4 Distribution map of strike-slip faults at the base of the Permian in the central Sichuan Basin

图5 川中地区寒武系底界(a)和上二叠统底界(b)走滑断裂分布图

Fig.5 Distribution maps of strike-slip faults at the base of the Cambrian (a) and Upper Permian (b) in the central Sichuan Basin

图6 川中地区典型走滑断裂FⅠ6分段综合图

Fig.6 Comprehensive segmentation map of the typical strike-slip fault FⅠ6 in the central Sichuan Basin

图7 川中地区寒武系底界(a)和二叠系底界(b)走滑断裂叠加断裂高差图

Fig.7 Fault throw diagram of superimposed strike-slip faults at the base of the Cambrian (a) and Permian (b) in the central Sichuan Basin

图8 储层孔隙度(a)、储层渗透率(b)、日产气量(c)与距走滑断裂距离关系图

Fig 8 Relationship diagram of reservoir porosity (a), permeability (b), daily gas production (c) with distance from strike-slip faults

图9 GS045-H2典型井断裂破碎带模型

Fig 9 Fault damage zone model of the typical well GS045-H2

图10 川中地区二叠系走滑断裂控藏模式

Fig.10 Hydrocarbon accumulation control model of Permian strike-slip faults in the central Sichuan area

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