准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭系火山岩地球化学特征及其成因机制

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2025.039

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文选取准噶尔盆地西北缘哈拉阿拉特山(哈山)地区石炭系火山熔岩(玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩)来说明其成因机制及构造背景。研究结果表明,三类岩石的MgO含量中等(3.21%~6.82%),Al₂O₃含量中等偏高(11.30%~17.78%),全碱K₂O+Na₂O含量较高(4.24%~7.24%)。其中,玄武岩样品整体K₂O含量较低,体现 Na 相对于K 富集的特点,判断其为低钾拉斑系列玄武岩;玄武安山岩、安山岩的钙碱元素含量高,具有弧火山岩特征。三类火山岩整体呈现⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值中等偏低(0.702877~0.706620)、ε_Nd(t)同位素值(+4.59~+9.85)高的特征,表明岩浆在深部岩浆房经历了壳-幔混合作用。玄武安山岩、安山岩的稀土元素含量与玄武岩相比,大离子亲石元素Ba富集,高场强元素U、Pb相对富集、Nb亏损,表现出与俯冲消减带相关的岛弧岩浆作用的特点。通过与稀土、微量元素相关的构造环境分析,玄武岩含有源自亏损地幔的组分,低钾拉斑系列产于洋盆俯冲消减的构造背景,中性火山岩则刻度了大洋板块向大陆板块俯冲消减的过程,具体表现为亏损地幔楔受俯冲板块脱水释放的沉积物或洋壳熔体交代后,部分熔融形成玄武安山岩和安山岩。结合区域地质资料分析,准噶尔洋盆的俯冲消减可持续至晚石炭世。

关键词: 准噶尔盆地, 哈山, 石炭系, 火山岩, 岩石成因

Abstract:

This study investigates Carboniferous volcanic rocks (basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite) from the Hara Arat Mountain (Hashan) area on the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin to elucidate their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. Results indicate that these three rock types exhibit moderate MgO content (3.21%-6.82%), moderate to high Al₂O₃ content (11.30%-17.78%), and elevated total alkali content (K₂O+Na₂O=4.24%-7.24%). Basalt samples show relatively low K₂O content, reflecting Na-enrichment relative to K, and are classified as low-K tholeiitic basalts. In contrast, basaltic andesites and andesites display high calc-alkaline element contents, consistent with island arc volcanic rock characteristics. Isotopic analyses reveal medium-low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.702877-0.706620) and high ε_Nd(t) values (+4.59 to+9.85), indicating magma interaction between crustal and mantle components in a deep magma chamber. Compared to basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites show enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Ba), relative enrichment in high field strength elements (e.g., U, Pb), and depletion in Nb, typical of subduction-related island arc magmatism. Trace element and rare earth element patterns suggest that basalts originated from depleted mantle melts under a convergent tectonic regime, while intermediate volcanic rocks record the subduction of oceanic plates beneath continental plates. This process involved the replacement of the depleted mantle wedge by sediments or melts derived from the dehydrating subducting slab, followed by partial melting to form basaltic andesites and andesites. Combined with regional geological data, the subduction of the oceanic plate persisted until the late Carboniferous.

Key words: Junggar Basin, Hashan, Carboniferous, volcanic rock, petrogenesis

中图分类号:

P581

牛花朋, 刘姗, 焦小芹, 张关龙, 王千军, 周健, 赵贤, 于洪洲, 熊峥嵘, 何晓. 准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭系火山岩地球化学特征及其成因机制[J]. 现代地质, 2025, 39(03): 588-597.

NIU Huapeng, LIU Shan, JIAO Xiaoqin, ZHANG Guanlong, WANG Qianjun, ZHOU Jian, ZHAO Xian, YU Hongzhou, XIONG Zhengrong, HE Xiao. Geochemical Characteristics and Petrogenesis of Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks in the Northwestern Margin of the Junggar Basin[J]. Geoscience, 2025, 39(03): 588-597.

图/表 10

参考文献 39

[1]	COLEMAN R G. Continental growth of northwest China[J]. Tectonics, 1989, 8(3): 621-635.
[2]	肖序常. 新疆北部及其邻区大地构造[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1992.
[3]	JAHN B M, WINDLEY B, NATAL’IN B, et al. Phanerozoic continental growth in central Asia[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2004, 23(5): 599-603.
[4]	陈发景, 汪新文, 汪新伟. 准噶尔盆地的原型和构造演化[J]. 地学前缘, 2005, 12(3): 77-89.
[5]	肖文进, 肖剑, 杜斌, 等. 新疆哈密天宇北金钨矿地质特征及找矿预测[J]. 地质与勘探, 2023, 59(5): 921-931.
[6]	潘杰, 赵留升, 张杰, 等. 新疆哈密大青山金矿床成矿期构造特征及找矿方向[J]. 地质与勘探, 2023, 59(5): 932-945.
[7]	FENG Y, COLEMAN R G, TILTON G, et al. Tectonic evolution of the west Junggar Region, Xinjiang, China[J]. Tectonics, 1989, 8(4): 729-752.
[8]	梁云海, 李文铅, 李卫东. 新疆准噶尔造山带多旋回开合构造特征[J]. 地质通报, 2004, 23(3): 279-285.
[9]	CAI Q R, SONG Z H, ZHANG G L, et al. Geochronological and geochemical study of the Late Carboniferous volcanic drilling cores from the Piedmont of the Hala’alate Mountain in West Junggar: Implications for stratigraphic division and tectonic evolution[J]. Lithos, 2023, 456: 107305.
[10]	肖文交, 韩春明, 袁超, 等. 新疆北部石炭纪—二叠纪独特的构造-成矿作用: 对古亚洲洋构造域南部大地构造演化的制约[J]. 岩石学报, 2006, 22(5): 1062-1076.
[11]	毛治国, 邹才能, 朱如凯, 等. 准噶尔盆地石炭纪火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造环境意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2010, 26(1): 207-216.
[12]	焦小芹, 张关龙, 牛花朋, 等. 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系火山岩形成机制: 对准噶尔洋盆闭合时限的新启示[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 385-402. DOI
[13]	GENG H Y, SUN M, YUAN C, et al. Geochemical, Sr-Nd and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic studies of Late Carboniferous magmatism in the West Junggar, Xinjiang: Implications for ridge subduction?[J]. Chemical Geology, 2009, 266(3/4): 364-389.
[14]	YIN J Y, CHEN W, YUAN C, et al. Petrogenesis of Early Carboniferous adakitic dikes, Sawur region, northern West Junggar, NW China: Implications for geodynamic evolution[J]. Gondwana Research, 2015, 27(4): 1630-1645.
[15]	DING W C, LI T D, CHEN X H, et al. Intra-continental deformation and tectonic evolution of the West Junggar Orogenic Belt, Central Asia: Evidence from remote sensing and structural geological analyses[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2020, 11(2): 651-663.
[16]	YIN J Y, YUAN C, SUN M, et al. Late Carboniferous high-Mg dioritic dikes in Western Junggar, NW China: Geochemical features, petrogenesis and tectonic implications[J]. Gondwana Research, 2010, 17(1): 145-152.
[17]	李永军, 徐倩, 杨高学, 等. 陆内“滞后” 弧岩浆岩特征及其地质意义: 来自西准噶尔乌尔禾北早二叠世岩浆作用的证据[J]. 地学前缘, 2016, 23(4): 190-199. DOI
[18]	张韶琛. 准噶尔盆地西北缘哈山构造样式及对成藏影响作用研究[D]. 东营: 中国石油大学(华东), 2015.
[19]	LE BAS M J, LE MAITRE R W, STRECKEISEN A, et al. A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram[J]. Journal of Petrology, 1986, 27(3): 745-750.
[20]	RICKWOOD P C. Boundary lines within petrologic diagrams which use oxides of major and minor elements[J]. Lithos, 1989, 22(4): 247-263.
[21]	PEARCE J A. Trace Element Characteristics of Lavas from Destructive Plate Boundaries[M]// THORPE, R.S. Andesites:Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982: 252-548.
[22]	SUN S S, MCDONOUGH W F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1989, 42(1): 313-345.
[23]	CULLERS R L, GRAF J L. Chapter 8 rare earth elements in igneous rocks of the continental crust: Intermediate and silicic rocks-ore petrogenesis[J]. Developments in Geochemistry, 1984, 2: 275-316.
[24]	HOFFMAN P F. Did the breakout of laurentia turn Gondwanaland inside-out?[J]. Science, 1991, 252(5011): 1409-1412. PMID
[25]	TAYLOR S.R., MCLENNAN S.M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution[D]. Blackwell: Oxford, 1985.
[26]	张继恩, 肖文交, 韩春明, 等. 西准噶尔石炭纪洋中脊俯冲岩浆活动: 以玛里雅蛇绿岩为例[J]. 岩石学报, 2010, 26(11): 3272-3282.
[27]	DOSSO L, MURTHY V R. A Nd isotopic study of the Kerguelen Islands: Inferences on enriched oceanic mantle sources[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1980, 48(2): 268-276.
[28]	GENG H Y, SUN M, YUAN C, et al. Geochemical and geochronological study of early Carboniferous volcanic rocks from the West Junggar: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011, 42(5): 854-866.
[29]	STRACKE A, BIZIMIS M, SALTERS V J M. Recycling oceanic crust: Quantitative constraints[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2003, 4(3): 8003.
[30]	TANG G J, WANG Q, WYMAN D A, et al. Ridge subduction and crustal growth in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Evidence from late Carboniferous adakites and high-Mg diorites in the western Junggar Region, northern Xinjiang (west China)[J]. Chemical Geology, 2010, 277(3/4): 281-300.
[31]	向坤鹏. 新疆西准噶尔包古图—哈拉阿拉特山一带石炭纪沉积盆地分析及构造意义[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2015.
[32]	王福同. 新疆维吾尔自治区古地理及地质生态图集[M]. 北京: 中国地图出版社, 2006.
[33]	PEARCE J A, CANN J R. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1973, 19(2): 290-300.
[34]	PEARCE J. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23: 251-285.
[35]	LI D, HE D F, MA D L, et al. Carboniferous-Permian tectonic framework and its later modifications to the area from eastern Kazakhstan to southern Altai: Insights from the Zaysan-Jimunai Basin evolution[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 113: 16-35.
[36]	SHEN P, PAN H D, XIAO W J, et al. Early Carboniferous intra-oceanic arc and back-arc basin system in the West Junggar, NW China[J]. International Geology Review, 2013, 55(16): 1991-2007.
[37]	DUAN F H, LI Y J, ZHI Q, et al. Petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of Late Carboniferous sanukitic dikes from the Bieluagaxi area of West Junggar, NW China[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2019, 175: 158-177.
[38]	徐新, 周可法, 王煜. 西准噶尔晚古生代残余洋盆消亡时间与构造背景研究[J]. 岩石学报, 2010, 26(11): 3206-3214.
[39]	杨高学, 李永军, 佟丽莉, 等. 西准噶尔海山俯冲的地质效应: 来自泥盆纪—石炭纪火山岩地球化学证据[J]. 地学前缘, 2017, 24(6): 60-67. DOI

样品号	HS-2	HS-7	HS-1	HS-3	HS-4	HS-5	HS-6
岩性	安山岩		玄武安山岩		玄武岩
SiO₂	60.59	60.35	56.54	54.80	47.24	47.60	45.61
Al₂O₃	11.30	14.55	17.49	17.35	17.55	17.78	16.74
Fe₂O₃	4.73	7.99	9.25	7.33	13.00	12.53	12.42
CaO	12.31	5.76	6.05	6.35	9.17	6.30	11.97
MgO	3.23	3.21	4.57	5.57	6.07	6.82	5.81
K₂O	2.72	1.28	1.07	1.02	0.26	0.19	0.27
Na₂O	4.32	5.26	3.58	6.22	3.98	6.38	5.24
TiO₂	0.57	1.23	1.02	0.96	2.24	1.93	1.54
P₂O₅	0.14	0.23	0.35	0.28	0.31	0.25	0.20
MnO	0.09	0.15	0.11	0.16	0.17	0.21	0.19
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Cu	35.40	30.40	51.00	73.20	401.00	50.10	24.80
Pb	9.94	5.89	7.41	4.60	1.55	1.76	1.08
Cr	39.30	43.20	82.10	127.00	37.20	12.60	17.50
Ni	39.80	27.50	49.50	63.70	74.00	70.00	66.80
Co	12.80	19.70	26.50	21.90	41.6	43.30	36.80
Rb	61.00	35.50	29.90	14.00	1.69	2.68	11.50
Sr	596.00	377.00	210.00	460.00	433.00	364.00	380.00
Ba	485.00	494.00	164.00	1040.00	75.20	168.00	182.00
V	99.10	108.00	137.00	131.00	250.00	195.00	187.00
Nb	6.28	5.11	6.07	5.26	4.81	3.52	2.74
Ta	0.78	0.60	0.77	0.75	0.93	0.72	0.65
Zr	113.00	200.00	123.00	83.20	165.00	140.00	105.00
Hf	2.75	4.80	2.68	1.73	3.24	2.79	2.14
Ga	12.50	17.40	18.30	19.00	17.70	16.60	14.20
U	1.89	0.47	0.71	0.53	0.12	0.10	0.13
Th	3.97	3.96	2.69	1.62	0.35	0.32	0.22

样品号	HS-2	HS-7	HS-1	HS-3	HS-4	HS-5	HS-6
岩性	安山岩		玄武安山岩		玄武岩
SiO₂	60.59	60.35	56.54	54.80	47.24	47.60	45.61
Al₂O₃	11.30	14.55	17.49	17.35	17.55	17.78	16.74
Fe₂O₃	4.73	7.99	9.25	7.33	13.00	12.53	12.42
CaO	12.31	5.76	6.05	6.35	9.17	6.30	11.97
MgO	3.23	3.21	4.57	5.57	6.07	6.82	5.81
K₂O	2.72	1.28	1.07	1.02	0.26	0.19	0.27
Na₂O	4.32	5.26	3.58	6.22	3.98	6.38	5.24
TiO₂	0.57	1.23	1.02	0.96	2.24	1.93	1.54
P₂O₅	0.14	0.23	0.35	0.28	0.31	0.25	0.20
MnO	0.09	0.15	0.11	0.16	0.17	0.21	0.19
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Cu	35.40	30.40	51.00	73.20	401.00	50.10	24.80
Pb	9.94	5.89	7.41	4.60	1.55	1.76	1.08
Cr	39.30	43.20	82.10	127.00	37.20	12.60	17.50
Ni	39.80	27.50	49.50	63.70	74.00	70.00	66.80
Co	12.80	19.70	26.50	21.90	41.6	43.30	36.80
Rb	61.00	35.50	29.90	14.00	1.69	2.68	11.50
Sr	596.00	377.00	210.00	460.00	433.00	364.00	380.00
Ba	485.00	494.00	164.00	1040.00	75.20	168.00	182.00
V	99.10	108.00	137.00	131.00	250.00	195.00	187.00
Nb	6.28	5.11	6.07	5.26	4.81	3.52	2.74
Ta	0.78	0.60	0.77	0.75	0.93	0.72	0.65
Zr	113.00	200.00	123.00	83.20	165.00	140.00	105.00
Hf	2.75	4.80	2.68	1.73	3.24	2.79	2.14
Ga	12.50	17.40	18.30	19.00	17.70	16.60	14.20
U	1.89	0.47	0.71	0.53	0.12	0.10	0.13
Th	3.97	3.96	2.69	1.62	0.35	0.32	0.22

样品号	HS-2	HS-7	HS-1	HS-3	HS-4	HS-5	HS-6
岩性	安山岩		玄武安山岩		玄武岩
La	17.60	24.90	16.60	12.80	8.84	7.38	5.67
Ce	39.00	62.4	35.90	29.60	26.90	22.80	16.80
Pr	4.68	8.45	5.12	3.60	4.02	3.48	2.85
Nd	19.10	37.40	21.90	15.20	19.70	17.40	14.90
Sm	4.01	8.05	4.52	3.09	5.31	4.60	4.21
Eu	0.90	2.04	1.25	1.31	1.67	1.51	1.40
Gd	3.72	7.59	3.83	2.99	4.86	4.44	3.99
Tb	0.57	1.31	0.58	0.41	0.92	0.82	0.75
Dy	3.49	8.02	3.40	2.41	5.79	5.18	4.93
Ho	0.68	1.60	0.63	0.46	1.12	1.03	1.01
Er	1.94	4.60	1.68	1.24	3.08	2.84	2.75
Tm	0.29	0.71	0.24	0.16	0.44	0.40	0.38
Yb	1.93	4.73	1.52	1.07	2.86	2.62	2.57
Lu	0.27	0.71	0.20	0.14	0.39	0.36	0.36
Y	18.20	40.90	16.10	11.50	28.40	25.80	24.80
LREE	85.29	143.24	85.29	65.60	66.44	57.17	45.83
HREE	31.09	70.17	28.18	20.38	47.86	43.49	41.54
LREE/ HREE	2.74	2.04	3.03	3.22	1.39	1.31	1.10

样品号	HS-2	HS-7	HS-1	HS-3	HS-4	HS-5	HS-6
岩性	安山岩		玄武安山岩		玄武岩
La	17.60	24.90	16.60	12.80	8.84	7.38	5.67
Ce	39.00	62.4	35.90	29.60	26.90	22.80	16.80
Pr	4.68	8.45	5.12	3.60	4.02	3.48	2.85
Nd	19.10	37.40	21.90	15.20	19.70	17.40	14.90
Sm	4.01	8.05	4.52	3.09	5.31	4.60	4.21
Eu	0.90	2.04	1.25	1.31	1.67	1.51	1.40
Gd	3.72	7.59	3.83	2.99	4.86	4.44	3.99
Tb	0.57	1.31	0.58	0.41	0.92	0.82	0.75
Dy	3.49	8.02	3.40	2.41	5.79	5.18	4.93
Ho	0.68	1.60	0.63	0.46	1.12	1.03	1.01
Er	1.94	4.60	1.68	1.24	3.08	2.84	2.75
Tm	0.29	0.71	0.24	0.16	0.44	0.40	0.38
Yb	1.93	4.73	1.52	1.07	2.86	2.62	2.57
Lu	0.27	0.71	0.20	0.14	0.39	0.36	0.36
Y	18.20	40.90	16.10	11.50	28.40	25.80	24.80
LREE	85.29	143.24	85.29	65.60	66.44	57.17	45.83
HREE	31.09	70.17	28.18	20.38	47.86	43.49	41.54
LREE/ HREE	2.74	2.04	3.03	3.22	1.39	1.31	1.10

岩性	样品号	⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr	SE	Rb (10^-6)	Sr (10^-6)	¹⁴³Nd/ ¹⁴⁴Nd	SE	Sm (ppm)	Nd (ppm)	⁸⁷Rb/ ⁸⁶Sr	¹⁴⁷Sm/ ¹⁴⁴Nd	ε_Nd(t)
安山岩	HS2	0.70662	0.000007	61	596	0.512721	0.000005	4.01	19.1	0.296089423	0.126928268	4.59
安山岩	HS7	0.704834	0.000005	35.5	377	0.512937	0.000002	8.05	37.4	0.272364453	0.130134887	8.67
玄武安山岩	HS1	0.705716	0.000008	29.9	210	0.512866	0.000003	4.52	21.9	0.411863019	0.124783313	7.51
玄武安山岩	HS3	0.704365	0.000004	14	460	0.51286	0.000004	3.09	15.2	0.088026553	0.122906958	7.48
玄武岩	HS4	0.702877	0.000004	1.69	433	0.513067	0.000005	5.31	19.7	0.011287014	0.162971275	9.81
	HS5	0.703324	0.000007	2.68	364	0.513062	0.000004	4.6	17.4	0.021292794	0.159841976	9.85
	HS6	0.703889	0.000009	11.5	380	0.513084	0.000004	4.21	14.9	0.087526085	0.170836371	9.81