鄂西恩施地区中二叠统孤峰组黑色页岩古环境恢复与有机质富集因素

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.071

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

鄂西恩施地区中二叠统孤峰组发育了一套以盆地相为主的黑色岩系,是鄂西恩施地区页岩气勘探开发的新层系,但目前对该套黑色岩系的沉积古环境及有机质富集机制的认识尚且不足。本文以鄂西恩施地区两条孤峰组剖面(田凤坪和渔塘坝)为研究对象,开展了薄片鉴定、总有机碳(TOC)测定、全岩矿物组分分析、元素地球化学分析等测试,旨在对鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩沉积期古环境及有机质富集主控因素进行研究。结果表明:研究区孤峰组页岩主要为硅质页岩相,具有高TOC含量(5.79%~41.59%),矿物组成以石英(平均值为81.53%)和黏土矿物(平均值为12.63%)为主,还含有少量的长石、黄铁矿及碳酸盐矿物;化学蚀变指数(CIA)表明孤峰组页岩沉积期表现为炎热潮湿气候特征;V/(V+Ni)、U/Th等参数表明沉积期底层水体为缺氧-硫化环境;生物硅(Si_bio)、Cu/Al及Ni/Al等指标揭示了沉积期具有较高的初级生产力水平;TOC与U/Th、Al、Ti/Al的弱相关性表明底水缺氧硫化环境和陆源碎屑对孤峰组黑色页岩有机质富集影响较小,而与Ni/Al的正相关性则表明初级生产力水平是影响孤峰组黑色页岩有机质富集的主要因素。孤峰组页岩沉积环境表现为深水缺氧、气候炎热潮湿、初级生产力水平较高,从而建立了一个受氧化还原条件、古生产力以及热湿型气候影响的深水台内盆地沉积环境模式。

关键词: 鄂西恩施地区, 中二叠统孤峰组, 黑色页岩, 岩相, 沉积环境, 有机质富集

Abstract:

A series of black rocks dominated by basin facies developed in the Middle Permian Gufeng Formation in the Enshi area, Western Hubei Province.This formation was recently identified for shale gas development and exploration; however, little is known about the sedimentary paleoenvironment and the mechanisms of orga-nic matter enrichment in the black rock series.In this study, we focus primarily on two sections of the Gufeng Formation, Tianfengping and Yutangba, located in the Enshi area, Western Hubei.Our aim is to elucidate the paleoenvironment during the sedimentary phase of the Gufeng Formation shale and to identify the key factors governing organic matter accumulation in this area.A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques was used in this study, including petrography, mineralogy, total organic carbon (TOC) quantification, and elemental geochemistry.The results reveal that the Gufeng Formation shale predominantly consists of siliceous shale facies, with a notable TOC content ranging from 5.8% to 41.6%.Quartz (81.5% on average) and clay minerals (12.6% on average) constitute the bulk of the mineral assemblages, with minor contributions from feldspar, pyrite, and carbonate minerals.The Chemical Alteration Index (CIA) suggests that the sedimentary environment of the Gufeng Formation shale was primarily characterized by hot and humid climate.The V/(V+Ni) and U/Th ratios indicate anoxic to sulfidic conditions in the bottom waters.The biogenic silicon (Si_bio), Cu/Al,Ni/Al values indicate higher primary productivity during the depositional phase.The weak correlation between TOC and U/Th, Al, Ti/Al suggests that bottom water anoxic sulfidic conditions and terrigenous detrital input have a limited influence on organic matter enrichment in black shales of the Gufeng Formation.Conversely, the positive correlation with Ni/Al suggests the primary productivity is a pivotal factor driving organic matter enrichment.The sedimentary environment of the Gufeng Formation shale is characterized by deep-water anoxia, a hot and humid climate, and high primary productivity.We therefore established a depositional environmental model for deep-water intraplatform basins, constrained by redox conditions, paleo-productivity, and a hot-humid paleoclimate.

Key words: Enshi area of Western Hubei, Gufeng Formation of the Middle Permian, black shale, lithofacies, sedimentary environment, organic matter enrichment

中图分类号:

P618.1

刘备, 高先志, 李峰, 龚志愚, 罗凡, 杜小锋. 鄂西恩施地区中二叠统孤峰组黑色页岩古环境恢复与有机质富集因素[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(06): 1484-1497.

LIU Bei, GAO Xianzhi, LI Feng, GONG Zhiyu, LUO Fan, DU Xiaofeng. Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction and Organic Matter Enrichment of Middle Permian Black Shale: Insights From the Gufeng Formation, Enshi Area, Western Hubei[J]. Geoscience, 2024, 38(06): 1484-1497.

图/表 14

图1 研究区位置图及孤峰组地层柱状图 (a)研究区及剖面位置图;(b)田凤坪剖面孤峰组地层柱状图;(c)渔塘坝剖面孤峰组地层柱状图

Fig.1 Location map of the study area and histogram of the Gufeng Formation

图2 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组地层特征 (a)孤峰组与龙潭组界线,田凤坪剖面;(b)凝灰质黏土岩,田凤坪剖面;(c)含碳凝灰质灰岩透镜体,田凤坪剖面;(d)菊石化石,渔塘坝剖面;(e)含炭腐泥煤硒矿石,渔塘坝剖面;(f)凝灰质黏土岩,渔塘坝剖面

Fig.2 Stratigraphic characteristics of the Gufeng Formation in the Enshi area, Western Hubei

图3 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩全岩矿物含量分布

Fig.3 Whole-rock mineral content of the Gufeng Formation shale in the Enshi area, Western Hubei

表1 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩主量元素组成

Table 1 Main element components of the Gufeng Formation shale in the Enshi area, Western Hubei

样品编号	TOC(%)	SiO₂(%)	Al₂O₃(%)	Fe₂O₃(%)	CaO(%)	MgO(%)	Na₂O(%)	K₂O(%)	TiO₂(%)	P₂O₅(%)
T-7	11.53	73.11	2.23	9.17	0.07	0.14	0.08	0.36	0.16	0.62
T-6	19.55	80.25	1.60	1.38	0.09	0.11	0.06	0.26	0.07	0.12
T-5	24.66	75.41	3.63	0.04	0.08	0.35	0.08	0.79	0.18	0.07
T-4	13.64	74.58	8.03	0.38	0.11	0.69	0.10	1.80	0.42	0.06
T-3	5.79	90.18	2.32	0.55	0.09	0.16	0.07	0.31	0.08	0.12
T-2	10.65	87.58	3.07	0.37	0.12	0.26	0.08	0.51	0.13	0.16
T-1	6.34	87.72	2.79	0.43	0.38	0.29	0.09	0.49	0.11	0.18
Y-6	10.63	84.69	2.42	0.13	0.10	0.18	0.04	0.38	0.14	0.16
Y-5	7.49	80.66	2.70	0.07	0.12	0.32	0.03	0.48	0.14	0.03
Y-4	41.59	78.03	1.59	0.11	0.07	0.24	0.02	0.27	0.05	0.08
Y-3	31.09	76.88	3.15	0.14	0.58	0.40	0.05	0.62	0.12	0.55
Y-2	6.07	87.00	1.80	0.14	0.38	0.13	0.04	0.34	0.06	0.46
Y-1	9.36	85.37	2.55	0.08	0.26	0.29	0.05	0.43	0.09	0.25

图4 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩岩相划分方案(据李卓等[21]和夏鹏等[22]修改) (a)基于TOC含量和矿物组分的页岩岩相划分方案;(b)基于矿物组分的页岩岩相划分方案

Fig.4 Scheme for shale facies classification of the Gufeng Formation in the Enshi area, Western Hubei (modified from Li et al.[21] and Xia et al.[22])

图5 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩薄片、扫描电镜观察特征 (a)生物碎屑呈纹层状分布,主要是海绵骨针(黄色箭头),样品编号Y-4,单偏光;(b)生物碎屑呈纹层状分布,主要是海绵骨针(黄色箭头),样品编号T-4,单偏光;(c)隐晶质结构,炭质渲染玉髓表面显黑色,可见微晶石英(蓝色箭头),样品编号T-3,正交偏光;(d)黏土矿物表面孔洞发育(红色箭头),样品编号Y-4,扫描电镜

Fig.5 Observational characteristics of thin sections and scanning electron microscopy of the Gufeng Formation shale in the Enshi area, Western Hubei

表2 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩微量元素测试结果

Table 2 Trace element analysis results for the Gufeng Formation shale in the Enshi area, Western Hubei

样品编号	Cr (10^-6)	Sr (10^-6)	V (10^-6)	Ni (10^-6)	Co (10^-6)	Ba (10^-6)	Cu (10^-6)	U (10^-6)	Mo (10^-6)	Mn (10^-6)	Rb (10^-6)	Th (10^-6)	Ga (10^-6)
T-1	574	60	204	31	0.65	62	19	13.6	13	18.11	16.31	1.51	2.95
T-2	874	127	1194	32	0.74	64	68	19.6	76	27.86	17.73	1.70	3.42
T-3	607	165	1506	38	0.52	50	42	11.7	120	18.28	11.01	0.85	2.57
T-4	1334	114	2157	64	0.93	161	16	18.2	52	20.72	62.56	5.32	10.90
T-5	1192	217	1546	173	0.65	106	21	9.94	21	23.22	27.30	2.05	5.67
T-6	519	45	1487	108	0.59	37	52	8.7	23	32.68	9.472	0.75	3.15
T-7	433	156	1283	40	1.18	90	74	11.3	108	43.70	12.86	1.65	4.05
Y-1	413	70	413	98	0.74	39	68	18.2	106	16.69	12.60	2.43	2.68
Y-2	366	75	366	126	0.66	40	14	16.4	48	22.39	10.37	0.68	2.00
Y-3	684	133	684	306	1.33	53	88	98.6	219	26.6	22.03	1.57	3.89
Y-4	271	25	271	240	0.19	41	310	17.8	376	16.69	11.28	1.13	2.55
Y-5	146	48	146	128	0.25	80	30	18.9	472	18.70	19.74	1.96	3.81
Y-6	474	125	474	225	0.56	66	57	14.1	283	26.6	15.34	1.54	4.53

表3 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩主微量元素分析计算结果

Table 3 Analysis and calculation results of major and trace elements in the Gufeng Formation shale from the Enshi area, Western Hubei

样品编号	V/ (V+Ni)	U/ Th	Cr_ef	Sr_ef	V_ef	Ni_ef	Ba_ef	Cu_ef	Mo_ef
T-1	0.869	8.97	19.96	0.49	5.5	2.03	0.33	2.19	38.17	22.85	0.42	0.41	0.50	13.01	20.79	0.12	36.37	1.47	0.046
T-2	0.974	11.54	27.62	0.95	29.25	1.91	0.31	7.13	197.2	30.04	0.41	0.42	0.53	41.91	19.39	0.21	35.84	1.62	0.046
T-3	0.975	13.7	19.18	1.64	48.83	3.00	0.32	5.83	414.3	23.65	0.34	0.28	0.52	34.01	31.19	0.10	38.28	1.23	0.041
T-4	0.971	3.43	16.09	0.33	20.18	1.46	0.29	0.64	52.01	10.65	0.56	0.50	0.64	3.69	15.09	0.19	21.62	4.25	0.059
T-5	0.975	4.85	31.83	1.37	32.04	8.72	0.43	1.86	46.92	12.87	0.54	0.42	0.74	10.85	90.32	0.15	29.24	1.92	0.055
T-6	0.974	11.56	31.48	0.65	69.96	12.36	0.34	10.47	117	25.59	0.43	0.35	0.93	61.83	127.30	0.19	34.83	0.85	0.051
T-7	0.869	6.85	18.78	1.60	43.15	3.27	0.59	10.65	387.7	23.73	0.41	0.55	0.86	62.78	33.66	0.51	30.45	1.18	0.079
Y-1	0.823	7.49	15.69	0.63	12.17	7.02	0.22	8.58	282.4	48.34	0.35	0.72	0.50	42.00	72.60	0.12	35.65	1.35	0.038
Y-2	0.799	23.90	19.73	0.96	15.31	12.82	0.33	2.51	214.3	42.74	0.41	0.28	0.53	31.95	132.60	0.15	37.65	0.95	0.040
Y-3	0.896	62.70	21.07	0.97	16.34	17.77	0.25	9.00	557.7	147.20	0.50	0.37	0.58	186.00	183.40	0.35	30.71	1.67	0.042
Y-4	0.921	15.76	16.53	0.36	12.85	27.66	0.38	62.89	1898	52.76	0.51	0.54	0.76	104.20	285.60	0.03	33.81	0.84	0.037
Y-5	0.925	9.65	5.24	0.41	4.06	8.66	0.43	3.57	1399	32.81	0.52	0.55	0.67	10.07	89.27	0.05	33.21	1.43	0.057
Y-6	0.865	9.16	18.97	1.19	14.72	16.99	0.40	7.57	326.5	62.45	0.46	0.48	0.89	53.39	175.60	0.15	35.55	1.28	0.064

图6 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩A-CN-K三角图(A代表Al2O3;CN代表CaO*+Na2O;K代表K2O)

Fig.6 A-CN-K triangle diagram for the Gufeng Formation shale in the Enshi area, Western Hubei

图7 田凤坪剖面孤峰组页岩TOC含量、氧化还原条件指标(V/V+Ni、U/Th)、古生产力指标(Cu/Al、Ni/Al)以及碎屑流输入指标(Al、Ti/Al)的垂向变化

Fig.7 Vertical variations in TOC content, redox condition indicators (V/V+Ni, U/Th), paleo-productivity proxies (Cu/Al, Ni/Al), and detrital flux proxies (Al, Ti/Al) in the Gufeng Formation shales from the Tianfengping section

图8 渔塘坝剖面孤峰组页岩TOC含量、氧化还原条件指标(V/V+Ni、U/Th)、古生产力指标(Cu/Al、Ni/Al)以及碎屑流输入指标(Al、Ti/Al)的垂向变化

Fig.8 Vertical variations in TOC content, redox condition indicators (V/V+Ni, U/Th), paleo-productivity proxies (Cu/Al, Ni/Al), and detrital flux proxies (Al, Ti/Al) in the Gufeng Formation shales from the Yutangba section

图9 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩Mo-U富集协变模式(据Algeo等 [34]修改)

Fig.9 Mo-U enrichment covariant model of the Gufeng Formation shale in Enshi Area, Western Hubei (modified from Algeo et al.[34] )

图10 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组页岩氧化还原条件指标U/Th、古生产力指标Ni/Al、碎屑流输入指标(Al、Ti/Al)与TOC含量的相关性

Fig.10 Correlation between the redox condition index (U/Th), paleo-productivity index (Ni/Al), detrital flux proxies (Al, Ti/Al), and TOC content in the Gufeng Formation shale from the Enshi area, Western Hubei

图11 鄂西恩施地区孤峰组沉积期有机质富集模式图

Fig.11 Organic matter enrichment patterns during the sedimentary period of the Gufeng Formation in the Enshi area, Western Hubei

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