柴达木盆地新生代湖相叠层石沉积序列及古环境意义

现代地质 ›› 2017, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (06): 1251-1260.

柴达木盆地新生代湖相叠层石沉积序列及古环境意义

曾令旗¹^,²(), 伊海生¹^,³(), 夏国清¹, 袁桃⁴

1.成都理工大学沉积地质研究院,四川成都 610059
2.Georg-August-Universität of Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Göttingen, Niedersachsen D-37077
3.成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程重点实验室,四川成都 610059
4.成都理工大学地球科学学院,四川成都 610059

收稿日期:2016-05-22 修回日期:2016-12-19 出版日期:2017-12-10 发布日期:2017-12-25
通讯作者: 伊海生,男,教授,博士生导师,1959年出生,沉积学专业,主要从事沉积学研究和教学工作。Email:yhs@cdut.edu.cn。
作者简介:曾令旗,男,硕士研究生,1993年出生,地质工程专业,主要从事沉积学研究。Email: zenglq14@gmail.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目“东昆仑山新生代构造隆升的碎屑矿物裂变径迹记录”(41402099)

Sedimentary Sequences and Implications for Paleoenvironment of Cenozoic Lacustrine Stromatolites, Qaidam Basin

ZENG Lingqi¹^,²(), YI Haisheng¹^,³(), XIA Guoqing¹, YUAN Tao⁴

1. Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu,Sichuan 610059, China
2. Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Georg-August-Universität of Göttingen, Göttingen,Niedersachsen D-37077,Germany
3. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu,Sichuan 610059, China
4. College of Earth Science,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu,Sichuan 610059, China

Received:2016-05-22 Revised:2016-12-19 Online:2017-12-10 Published:2017-12-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候、沉积环境和湖平面的演变直接或间接地影响湖相叠层石的生长,因而叠层石的出现可以作为此三者变化的判别标志。通过对比研究柴达木盆地西部地区西岔沟、长尾台两条新生代陆相地层剖面中近10个湖相叠层石的发育层位、垂向沉积序列,表明叠层石主要发育于新生代两个气候温暖湿润的高湖面时期,而且叠层石沉积亦同时出现在青藏高原其他邻近陆相新生代盆地,显示区域性的大规模异常湿润性气候,以强蒸发和强降水的交替为特征;划分出的4种含叠层石基本沉积序列中,叠层石可在泥岩或砂砾岩硬底上生长,含叠层石灰岩层之上通常是细粒碎屑沉积或间断面,这暗示了叠层石的生长出现在滨湖、浅湖相次级湖泛面附近,或指示湖水的突然加深。

关键词: 湖相叠层石, 沉积序列, 中新世, 高原湖泛事件, 柴达木盆地

Abstract:

Climate, sedimentary environment and lake level are the major factors that intervene the growth of stromatolites directly or indirectly. Correspondingly, stromatolites are certain qualitative indicators for the controlling factors. Comparisons of vertical bedding position and basic sedimentary sequences are made between the two Cenozoic lacustrine stratigraphic sections, Changweitai and Xichagou section in western Qaidam Basin. We identified two Cenozoic high lake-level periods in Qaidam Basin when these stromatolites were thriving, even in adjacent Cenozoic basins in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This might indicate large-scale regional humid climate in Miocene, when strong precipitation and evaporation went simultaneously or alternatively. Four types of basic sedimentary sequences containing stromatolites are proposed, and the stromatolites can develop on the surface of the clay stone or sandstone and conglomerate hard ground. On the top of stromatolitic layer are the fine siliciclastic sediments or sedimentary gap, indicating that the growth of stromatolites follow the minor flooding surface and the sudden rise of relative lake surface.

Key words: lacustrine stromatolite, sedimentary sequence, Miocene, high-level lake period, Qaidam Basin

中图分类号:

曾令旗, 伊海生, 夏国清, 袁桃. 柴达木盆地新生代湖相叠层石沉积序列及古环境意义[J]. 现代地质, 2017, 31(06): 1251-1260.

ZENG Lingqi, YI Haisheng, XIA Guoqing, YUAN Tao. Sedimentary Sequences and Implications for Paleoenvironment of Cenozoic Lacustrine Stromatolites, Qaidam Basin[J]. Geoscience, 2017, 31(06): 1251-1260.

图/表 5

图1 青藏高原含叠层石盆地遥感影像及西岔沟地区和长尾台地区地质图(A据SRTM卫星数据修改,1-4分别示西岔沟、长尾台、五道梁和沱沱河发现的湖相叠层石; B 据高平军等[19],2009,有修改)

Fig.1 Remote sensing image of stromatolite-bearing basins in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

图2 柴达木盆地西部长尾台和西岔沟实测剖面始新世—中新世沉积环境演化及叠层石层位综合对比图(地层年龄据宋春晖[18])

Fig.2 Eocene-Miocene sedimentary environment and stromatolitic sequences position contrast between Xichagou and Changweitai sections, western Qaidam Basin (the stratigraphic age after Song[18])

图3 柴西地区新生代湖相叠层石显微特征 A. 暗层中保存的类似丝体迹微晶(单偏光);B. 致密层与疏松层,过渡接触(单偏光);C. 微晶层与亮晶层(正交偏光); D. 呈微波状或微指状的致密层,与碎屑矿物界线明显(单偏光)

Fig.3 Micro-characteristics of Cenozoic lacustrine stromatolites in Western Qaidam Basin

图4 长尾台剖面湖相叠层石标本横切面示意 A.样品采集于上干柴沟组中部地层。肉眼识别填充在叠层石分支间的胶结物可以分为两期(浅灰色和深灰色),与叠层石的微晶组分(淡黄色或褐色)相区别;B、C示意纹层与胶结物的阴极发光特征,可以区分出两期不同的胶结作用;D为叠层石正交偏光图像

Fig.4 Horizontal section of stromatolite sample from Upper Ganchaigou Group, Changweitai area

图5 柴达木盆地西部4种典型湖相叠层石垂向沉积序列图注:A、D位于西岔沟实测剖面,B、C位于长尾台剖面，其中D据宋华颖[25]改编。在实际露头图示的沉积旋回中，一个旋回往往由几个更小的旋回组成，但从大的尺度上来看，整个旋回反应了沉积粒度变细，湖平面升高的特点。 A、C中的叠层石灰岩侧向延伸十分稳定，形成层礁;B(1)中的叠层石呈菜花状,(2)中示意的是多边形叠层石[16],又称塔柱状叠层石[20]。

Fig.5 Four kinds of typical sedimentary sequence columns of lacustrine stromatolites, Qaidam Basin

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