堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度特征分析:以岷江上游叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖为例

现代地质 ›› 2017, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (06): 1261-1268.

堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度特征分析:以岷江上游叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖为例

马俊学¹(), 陈剑¹(), 崔之久², 刘超¹, 陈松³

1.中国地质大学(北京) 工程技术学院,北京 100083
2.北京大学城市与环境学院,北京 100871
3.北京交通大学土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044

收稿日期:2017-05-07 修回日期:2017-10-26 出版日期:2017-12-10 发布日期:2017-12-25
通讯作者: 陈剑,男,副教授,1975年出生,地质工程专业,主要从事灾害地貌学、工程地质和地质灾害防治研究。Email: jianchen@cugb.edu.cn。
作者简介:马俊学,男,博士研究生,助理工程师,1987年出生,地质工程专业,主要从事工程地质与地质灾害防治研究。Email:sdnj2mjx@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41230743);国家自然科学基金面上项目(41571012);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2652015060)

Analysis of the Grain-size Characteristics of Dammed Lake’s Outburst Deposits: An Example from Diexi Paleolandslide-dammed Lake in the Upper Minjiang River

MA Junxue¹(), CHEN Jian¹(), CUI Zhijiu², LIU Chao¹, CHEN Song³

1. School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
3. School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China

Received:2017-05-07 Revised:2017-10-26 Online:2017-12-10 Published:2017-12-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

岷江上游叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖在地质历史时期(20~30 ka BP之间)发生了多次溃决,并在其下游岷江两岸形成一套规模罕见(长约5 km)的溃坝堆积物。通过现场调查、测量取样和室内筛分试验,分析了溃坝堆积物的物质组成、粒度分布及粒度参数等特征。结果表明:(1)堆积物主要由砾石、卵石、砂及少量粉/黏土组成;(2)从上段至下段,溃坝堆积物的平均粒径和分选系数逐渐变小,偏度值逐渐变大,且包含了所有的峰态类型;(3)溃坝堆积物各段的粒度频率曲线均为双峰型,概率累积曲线均表现为上凸型,且从上段至下段逐渐变紧凑。这些特征反映了溃坝堆积物物源区以粗砾石/块石为主,且从上段至下段,粗砾石逐渐减少,细粒成分逐渐增加,沉积物的分选性逐渐变好,溃决洪水的水动力强度逐渐减弱。本研究结果对于认识堰塞湖溃坝堆积物沉积特征及沉积环境具有重要指导意义。

关键词: 堰塞湖, 古滑坡, 溃坝堆积物, 粒度参数, 岷江

Abstract:

Several burst events of Diexi paleo-lanslide-dammed lake occurred during a prehistory period (between 20 and 30 ka BP) in the upper Minjiang River, which formed an abundance of outburst deposits (appropriately 5 km in length). Based on field investigation and measurement and sampling, and laboratory sieving test, the material composition, and the grain-size distribution and parameters were analyzed. The results showed the following aspects: (1) the deposits were mainly composed of gravel, cobble, sand, and a small amount of silt and clay; (2) from the upper segment to the lower segment, the mean particle size and sorting of the deposits gradually decreased; the skewness became larger, and the kurtosis of the sediment was distributed in all the types; and (3) the grain-size frequency curves were all found to be bimodal; the granularity accumulated curves were all convex, and gradually became compact from the upper to the lower segments. These characteristics indicated that the subpopulations reflected the detrital characteristics of the source area, which was characterized by gravels as the main component. Moreover, from the upper segment to the lower segment, the gravel sediment gradually became lessened while the fine-grained sediment was found to be increased. Also, the hydrodynamic intensity of outburst floods displayed a gradually weakening, and the sorting of sediments was improved. The study results had important guiding significance for the understanding of the sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary environment of outburst deposits induced by dammed lake.

Key words: dammed lake, paleolandslide, outburst deposit, grain-size parameter, Minjiang River

中图分类号:

P642.2

马俊学, 陈剑, 崔之久, 刘超, 陈松. 堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度特征分析:以岷江上游叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖为例[J]. 现代地质, 2017, 31(06): 1261-1268.

MA Junxue, CHEN Jian, CUI Zhijiu, LIU Chao, CHEN Song. Analysis of the Grain-size Characteristics of Dammed Lake’s Outburst Deposits: An Example from Diexi Paleolandslide-dammed Lake in the Upper Minjiang River[J]. Geoscience, 2017, 31(06): 1261-1268.

图/表 10

图1 青藏高原东缘构造活动分布及研究区位置图[19]

Fig.1 Outline of the active tectonics in the east Tibetan Plateau and the location of the study area[19]

图2 叠溪古堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的分布范围

Fig.2 Distribution of the outburst deposits of the Diexi paleolandslide-dammed lake

表1 溃坝堆积物上段粒度筛分试验结果统计(各土层平均值)

Table 1 Original sample statistics (average percentage of mass per layer) for the outburst deposits in the upper segment

粒径/mm	粒径 /?	组分	质量百分比/%
			U1							U2
			U1-01	U1-02	U1-03	U1-04	U1-05	U1-06		U2-01		U2-02		U2-03		U2-04		U2-05		U2-07		U2-08		U2-09		U2-10
4~ 64	-2	砾石	69.59	51.49	53.86	46.01	46.9	48	71.83		53.04		66.74		40.59		53.66		50.13		29.95		57.53		52.15
2~ 4	-1	砂	11.57	18.82	18.88	21.92	15.57	21.92	8.03		21.92		14.48		4.35		16.47		15.09		8.73		16.59		11.19
1~ 2	0	砂	5.81	10.45	10.67	13.68	11.98	13.06	6.1		9.79		7.14		6.66		10.3		10.01		10.41		9.81		7.61
0.5~ 1	1	砂	4.47	8.31	7.07	8.7	11.5	8.37	5.4		6.08		4.36		13.04		7.78		10.33		17.48		7.79		9.41
0.25~ 0.5	2	砂	2.77	4.77	3.5	3.95	6.72	3.9	4.09		3.91		3.01		16		5.64		7.97		19.93		4.75		9.19
0.125~ 0.25	3	砂	1.94	2.63	2.13	2.27	3.66	2.1	2.7		2.67		2.38		11.88		3.29		3.41		8.86		2		5.79
0.062 5~ 0.125	4	砂	1.93	1.94	2.01	1.9	2.18	1.43	1.24		1.57		1.25		5.16		1.88		1.66		2.89		0.91		2.69
<0.062 5	8	粉/黏土	1.91	1.59	1.88	1.58	1.49	1.24	0.6		1.03		0.64		2.32		0.98		1.38		1.75		0.62		1.99

表2 溃坝堆积物中段粒度筛分试验结果统计(各土层平均值)

Table 2 Original sample statistics (average percentage of mass per layer) for the outburst deposits in the middle segment

粒径/mm	粒径/?	组分	质量百分比/%
			M1							M2
			M1-01	M1-02	M1-03	M1-04	M1-05	M1-06		M2-01		M2-02		M2-03		M2-05		M2-06		M2-07
4~ 64	-2	砾石	52.93	56.63	37.86	58.87	60.46	49.24	67.01		54.55		50.61		33.27		49.37		62.2
2~ 4	-1	砂	20.72	10.98	24.42	11.79	16.63	31.82	13.9		15.88		15.88		23.63		8.19		12.76
1~ 2	0	砂	11.68	7.7	15.88	8.14	9.49	12.08	6.4		9.45		11.06		17.62		6.82		7.73
0.5~ 1	1	砂	7.88	6.9	12.29	7.79	5.22	3.87	4.69		7.93		10.01		12.97		10.41		6.86
0.25~ 0.5	2	砂	3.71	5.96	5.59	6.04	2.34	1.5	2.95		5.03		5.69		7.61		11.85		4.36
0.125~ 0.25	3	砂	1.53	5.11	2.17	3.47	1.5	0.72	1.95		2.9		2.94		2.94		8.04		2.68
0.062 5~ 0.125	4	砂	0.9	3.8	1.22	2.2	1.81	0.48	1.59		2.16		1.97		1.25		3.56		1.75
< 0.062 5	8	粉/黏土	0.65	2.91	0.58	1.71	2.55	0.3	1.5		2.1		1.85		0.72		1.75		1.67

表3 溃坝堆积物下段粒度筛分试验结果统计(各土层平均值)

Table 3 Original sample statistics (average percentage of mass per layer) for the outburst deposits in the lower segment

粒径/mm	粒径/?	组分	质量百分比/%
			L1							L2
			L1-01	L1-02	L1-03	L1-05	L1-06	L1-07		L2-01		L2-03		L2-04		L2-05		L2-06
4~ 64	-2	砾石	54.8	45.16	36.61	26.9	53.57	57.27	55.8		47.31		41.21		62.53		46.87
2~ 4	-1	砂	14.07	23.75	25.01	29.05	14.32	22.1	16.18		21.1		24.67		11.5		15.19
1~ 2	0	砂	9.92	12.23	18.96	22.21	10.55	7.45	10.63		13.85		15.34		9.78		15.97
0.5~ 1	1	砂	8.96	8.26	10.96	10.87	8.84	2.89	8.21		9.81		9.07		8.18		14.27
0.25~ 0.5	2	砂	7.61	6.03	4.92	6.32	6.34	3.54	4.15		4.71		4.55		4.41		5.22
0.125~ 0.25	3	砂	2.78	2.53	1.85	2.65	3.44	3.24	2.22		1.85		2.43		1.89		1.42
0.062 5~ 0.125	4	砂	1.12	1.21	1.03	1.25	1.68	1.95	1.5		0.82		1.47		1.02		0.66
<0.062 5	8	粉/黏土	0.73	0.84	0.67	0.75	1.26	1.57	1.31		0.56		1.25		0.69		0.4

表4 图解法计算公式和评判标准[23-24]

Table 4 Interpretations of graphical measurements (Refs. of [23-24])

粒度参数	计算公式	评判标准
平均粒径M_z	M_z= $? 16 + ? 50 + ? 84 3$	/
分选系数S_d	S_d= $? 84 - ? 16 4$ + $? 95 - ? 5 6.6$	<1.27	分选性极好
		1.27~1.41	分选性好
		1.41~1.62	分选较好
		1.62~2.00	分选中等
		2.00~4.00	分选较差
		4.00~16.0	分选差
		>16.00	分选极差
偏度S_k	S_k= $? 16 + ? 84 - 2 ? 50 2 (? 84 - ? 16)$ + $? 5 + ? 95 - 2 ? 50 2 (? 95 - ? 5)$	0.3~1.0	极负偏
		0.1~0.3	负偏
		-0.1~0.1	近对称
		-0.3~-0.1	正偏
		-1.0~-0.3	极正偏
峰度K_u	K_u= $? 95 - ? 5 2.44 (? 75 - ? 25)$	<0.67	很平坦
		0.67~0.90	平坦
		0.90~1.11	中等(正态)
		1.11~1.50	尖锐
		1.50~3.00	很尖锐
		>3.00	极尖锐

表4 图解法计算公式和评判标准[23-24]

Table 4 Interpretations of graphical measurements (Refs. of [23-24])

粒度参数	计算公式	评判标准
平均粒径M_z	M_z= $? 16 + ? 50 + ? 84 3$	/
分选系数S_d	S_d= $? 84 - ? 16 4$ + $? 95 - ? 5 6.6$	<1.27	分选性极好
		1.27~1.41	分选性好
		1.41~1.62	分选较好
		1.62~2.00	分选中等
		2.00~4.00	分选较差
		4.00~16.0	分选差
		>16.00	分选极差
偏度S_k	S_k= $? 16 + ? 84 - 2 ? 50 2 (? 84 - ? 16)$ + $? 5 + ? 95 - 2 ? 50 2 (? 95 - ? 5)$	0.3~1.0	极负偏
		0.1~0.3	负偏
		-0.1~0.1	近对称
		-0.3~-0.1	正偏
		-1.0~-0.3	极正偏
峰度K_u	K_u= $? 95 - ? 5 2.44 (? 75 - ? 25)$	<0.67	很平坦
		0.67~0.90	平坦
		0.90~1.11	中等(正态)
		1.11~1.50	尖锐
		1.50~3.00	很尖锐
		>3.00	极尖锐

表5 溃坝堆积物图解法粒度参数计算结果

Table 5 Sample statistics of the logarithmic graphical measurements of the outburst deposits

分段	平均粒径M_z/mm		分选系数S_d		偏度S_k		峰度K_u
分段	变化范围	平均值	变化范围	平均值	变化范围	平均值	变化范围	平均值
上段	11.07~24.73	18.98	16.08~21.35	20.17	0.21~0.96	0.65	0.61~0.78	0.70
中段	12.79~23.47	18.33	16.92~21.02	19.82	0.31~0.90	0.67	0.63~1.25	0.75
下段	10.48~21.89	16.86	14.86~20.83	19.16	0.42~0.90	0.75	0.63~3.04	0.97

图3 溃坝堆积物的图解法粒度参数曲线(a)平均粒径(Mz);(b)分选系数(Sd);(c)偏度(Sk);(d)峰态(Ku)

Fig.3 Grain-size distribution curves of the outburst deposits obtained using a graphic method

图4 溃坝堆积物的粒度频率曲线 (a)上段粒度频率曲线;(b)中段粒度频率曲线;(c)下段粒度频率曲线

Fig.4 Frequency curves of the grain-size samples from the outburst deposits

图5 溃坝堆积物的粒度概率累积曲线 (a)上段概率累积曲线;(b)中段概率累积曲线;(c)下段概率累积曲线

Fig.5 Accumulated probability curves of the grain-size samples from the outburst deposits

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