青藏高原南部玛不错湖面变化及其对气候环境的指示

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2023.110

现代地质 ›› 2024, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (02): 477-486.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2023.110

• 水文地质、工程地质和环境地质 • 上一篇下一篇

青藏高原南部玛不错湖面变化及其对气候环境的指示

韩建恩¹^,²(), 邵兆刚³, 张雪锋⁴, 余苇³, 孟庆伟³, 余佳¹, 王津¹, 朱大岗¹

1.中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081
2.自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室,北京 100081
3.中国地质科学院,北京 100037
4.黄河水利职业技术学院,河南开封 475004

收稿日期:2022-06-17 修回日期:2023-11-30 出版日期:2024-04-10 发布日期:2024-05-22
作者简介:韩建恩,男,正高级工程师,1980年出生,构造地质学专业,主要从事青藏高原古湖泊、古环境和古气候研究。Email:hanjianen@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41772381);第二次青藏高原科学考察专题“帕米尔—西昆仑及新藏公路沿线断裂活动习性综合考察研究”项目(DZLXJK201710);中国地质科学院地质力学研究所基本科研业务费项目(所科研62)

Lake Level Fluctuations and Indications of Climate Changes of the Mabucuo Lake in the Southern Tibetan Plateau

HAN Jian’en¹^,²(), SHAO Zhaogang³, ZHANG Xuefeng⁴, YU Wei³, MENG Qingwei³, YU Jia¹, WANG Jin¹, ZHU Dagang¹

1. Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2. Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
3. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
4. Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China

Received:2022-06-17 Revised:2023-11-30 Online:2024-04-10 Published:2024-05-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原藏南谷地中部的玛不错湖位于印度夏季风和西风影响区内,对气候变化响应敏感。不同年份相同时相的遥感影像反映了湖面的变化特征,是探究区域气候变化的重要对象。湖岸堤和湖成阶地沉积物记录了湖面水位变化的历史,可帮助认识区域古气候的变化和定量重建湖面波动。本文运用ArcGIS遥感解译、AMS ¹⁴C 测年和DEM等方法确定玛不错北岸湖岸堤的高程和湖岸阶地的年代,结合湖成阶地剖面的沉积序列指示的湖面变化过程,重建晚更新世以来玛不错湖面的变化过程。S₇—S₄湖岸堤阶段,14256~13984 a BP之前,玛不错与其南侧的嘎拉错、多庆错为一体,是一个统一的大湖。S₇→S₄,湖平面总体上呈逐渐下降的趋势,玛不错与多庆错、嘎拉错先后分离形成独立湖泊。S₄→S₃阶段,湖面逐渐上涨,分离的玛不错与嘎拉错重新连为一体,但这个过程持续时间比较短暂。S₃—S₁阶段,14256~13984 a BP之后,玛不错成为一个独立的湖泊。S₃→S₁阶段,湖面整体上呈逐渐下降的趋势。综合来看,晚更新世以来玛不错湖面经历了高→低→高→低的变化过程,湖面升降变化主要受区域大气降水和冰川融水的控制,反映了印度季风的强弱变化和全球气候的变化。近十年来遥感解译的湖面变化显示,玛不错2013—2015年期间呈萎缩状态,2016—2018年期间呈扩张状态,反映近年来青藏高原藏南谷地中部的气候有向暖湿化发展的趋势。该认识对于全球气候变暖背景下青藏高原气候环境变化趋势研究领域提供了新的参考。

关键词: 青藏高原, 玛不错, 遥感影像, 湖岸堤, 湖平面, 古环境变化

Abstract:

The Mabucuo lake, located in the middle of the southern Tibetan valley, is sensitive to climate changes mainly because of that the lake is affected by the Indian summer monsoon and westerlies. Multi-temporal remote sensing images provide the characteristics of lake level fluctuation in recent years, reflecting the regional climate changes. The sediments of lake shorelines and lake terraces provide ideal materials for studying the changes of lake level, which is used to understand the history of regional paleoclimate and the fluctuations of lake level. Remote sensing and image interpretations, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) ¹⁴C dating, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data were applied to investigate the elevation and the chronology of lake shorelines or lake terraces in the north part of the Mabucuo lake. Combining with the lake level changes by the sedimentary sequence of the lake terrace section, the lake level fluctuation of Mabucuo since Late Pleistocene is reconstructed. Period S₇-S₄, before 14,256-13,984 a BP, Mabucuo was a unified great lake with southern Galacuo and Duoqingcuo. The lake level of Mabucuo gradually decreased from S₇ to S₄ stage. Mabucuo, Duoqingcuo and Galacuo have been separated into three independent lakes. The lake level of Mabucuo gradually raised from S₄ to S₃ stage, and the separated lakes reunited to one great lake. This great lake only lasted a short time. Period S₃-S₁, after 14,256-13,984 a BP, Mabucuo had become an independent lake again. The lake level of Mabucuo gradually decreased from S₃ to S₁. In summary, the lake level of Mabucuo has experienced a process from high to low, then to high, and then to low since Late Pleistocene. The lake level was mainly controlled by regional atmospheric precipitation and glacier meltwater, which reflected the strength of Indian monsoon and the global climate change. During the last decade, the lake level of Mabucuo interpreted by the remote sensing evidence shows that Mabucuo has shrunk from 2013 to 2015 and expanded from 2016 to 2018, which reflected the trend of warm and humid climate in the middle of southern Tibetan valley. This study will be great significance to understand the trends of climatic and environmental changes in the Tibetan plateau.

Key words: Tibetan plateau, Mabucuo Lake, remote sensing image, lake shoreline, lake level, climate change

中图分类号:

韩建恩, 邵兆刚, 张雪锋, 余苇, 孟庆伟, 余佳, 王津, 朱大岗. 青藏高原南部玛不错湖面变化及其对气候环境的指示[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(02): 477-486.

HAN Jian’en, SHAO Zhaogang, ZHANG Xuefeng, YU Wei, MENG Qingwei, YU Jia, WANG Jin, ZHU Dagang. Lake Level Fluctuations and Indications of Climate Changes of the Mabucuo Lake in the Southern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Geoscience, 2024, 38(02): 477-486.

图/表 9

图1 玛不错大地构造位置及区域地质简图 (a) 玛不错大地构造位置;(b) 玛不错区域地质简图

Fig.1 Regional geological map of Mabucuo

图2 青藏高原藏南玛不错不同年份遥感影像及湖岸堤剖面图 (a) 2018年遥感影像;(b) 2016年遥感影像;(c) 实测湖岸堤剖面

Fig.2 Remote sensing images and lake shoreline profile of Mabuco, Southern Tibetan Plateau

表1 青藏高原玛不错湖岸堤实测结果

Table 1 Measured results of the lake shoreline in Mabu-cuo, Tibetan Plateau

湖岸堤	平均海拔 (m)	湖拔高度 (m)	距离(m)	面积(km²)
湖面	4432.000	0	0	2.9
S₁	4432.881	0.881	9.00	3.0
S₂	4435.190	3.189	74.00	5.0
S₃	4437.120	5.120	222.00	6.0
S₄	4446.247	14.247	391.00	162.0
S₅₃	4449.700	17.700	598.00	174.0
S₅₂	4449.436	17.436	856.00	174.0
S₅₁	4448.968	16.967	926.00	174.0
S₅₂	4449.047	17.047	1005.50	174.0
S₆	4461.327	29.327	1076.00	196.0
S₇	4465.978	33.977	1592.00	207.0

Fig.3 Remote sensing images and interpretation map of Mapucuo and north lake by Gaofen-1 and Google Earth

表2 玛不错湖及西北、北部小湖遥感影像解译面积

Table 2 Lake area of Mabucuo, northwest lake and north lake by remote sensing image interpretations

遥感时相	玛不错面积 (km²)	西北小湖面积 (km²)	北部小湖面积 (km²)
2013年12月	1.69620	0.086238	0.016876
2014年10月	1.52301	0	0.009449
2015年12月	1.30936	0	0.003226
2016年12月	1.40927	0	0.006339
2018年11月	2.15592	0.132265	0.028934

图4 玛不错及其北部小湖2013—2018年湖面面积

Fig.4 Lake area of Mabucuo and its northern small lake from 2013 to 2018

图5 玛不错不同高程湖岸堤对应古湖泊范围

Fig.5 Range of paleolakes reconstructed by lake shorelines of Mabucuo from different elevations

图6 玛不错湖岸阶地地层柱状图 (a) S4湖岸阶地地层柱状图;(b) S4—S3之间湖岸阶地地层柱状图

Fig.6 Lacustrine strata column of Mabucuo

表3 湖相地层中螺壳AMS 14C测年结果

Table 3 AMS 14C dating result of the shell in lacustrinestrata

样号	实验室编号	测年材料	AMS ¹⁴C年龄 (a BP)	日历校正年龄 (a BP)
2016MBC- 3-1	Beta- 412918	植物	103.2±0.3	pMC
2019XZ17-3	Beta- 546599	植物	12220±40	14256~13984

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青藏高原南部玛不错湖面变化及其对气候环境的指示

Lake Level Fluctuations and Indications of Climate Changes of the Mabucuo Lake in the Southern Tibetan Plateau

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