豫西何家寨组沉积地球化学特征及古环境意义

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2025.024

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新元古界碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积岩保存的古海洋环境及古沉积环境信息能够响应新元古代氧化事件。本文以豫西何家寨组为研究对象,通过沉积岩石学、地球化学等研究方法,探讨了何家寨组沉积特征及沉积环境,恢复了古海洋条件,以期为华北南缘新元古代古环境研究提供依据。研究表明:何家寨组由泥质灰岩、灰岩和含石英碎屑灰岩等组成,可见叠层石及臼齿构造,为海相碳酸盐岩潮坪沉积。V/Cr、Ni/Co、Sr/Ba指示何家寨组古水深、古海洋氧化还原状态之间具良好相关性,经历了三次水体加深后变浅、古海洋氧含量减少后增加的旋回。通过与同期地层古环境对比,新元古代早期板块周缘海洋环境呈现氧化状态。对何家寨组沉积环境分析可为该地区沉积环境划分和古地理条件恢复提供帮助,为新元古代氧化事件提供证据支撑。

关键词: 新元古代, 何家寨组, 混积岩, 叠层石, 豫西地区

Abstract:

The paleo-marine environment and paleo-sedimentary environment information preserved by the Neoproterozoic clastic and carbonate mixed sedimentary rocks can respond to the Neoproterozoic oxidation events. In this paper, via a combination of sedimentological and geochemical methods, the Hejiazhai Formation in western Henan Province was taken as a case study to discuss the sedimentary characteristics and its depositional environment, to reconstruct the pale-oceanic conditions and finally to provide some basis for the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Neoproterozoic southern margin of the North China Craton. The Hejiazhai Formation is composed of marlstone, limestone and quartz-bearing clastic limestone, and some molar-tooth structures and stromatolites can be seen, which are the characteristics of marine carbonate tidal flat deposits. The ratios of V/Cr、 Ni/Co and Sr/Ba indicate that there is a good correlation between the paleo-water depth and the redox condition of the paleo-ocean in the Hejiazhai Formation. It has experienced three cycles of water deepening and shallowing, and the oxygen content of the paleo-ocean decreases and then increases. By comparing with the paleoenvironment of the strata in the same period, the marine environment around the early Neoproterozoic plate has shown an oxidation state. We can use the conclusion of sedimentary environment analysis of Hejiazhai Formation to analyze the sedimentary environment and paleogeographic conditions of carbonate rocks in the southern margin of North China. The results of the analysis can provide evidence support for the Neoproterozoic oxidation events.Keywords: Neoproterozoic; Hejiazhai Formation; diamictite; stromatolite; Western Henan

Key words: Neoproterozoic, Hejiazhai Formation, diamictite, stromatolite, Western Henan

中图分类号:

P534.3

王欣, 郑德顺, 孙风波, 徐博洋, 李倩倩, 李婷, 石泽远. 豫西何家寨组沉积地球化学特征及古环境意义[J]. 现代地质, 2025, 39(03): 825-838.

WANG Xin, ZHENG Deshun, SUN Fengbo, XU Boyang, LI Qianqian, LI Ting, SHI Zeyuan. Sedimentary-geochemical Characteristics and Paleoenvironmental Significance of the Hejiazhai Formation in Western Henan[J]. Geoscience, 2025, 39(03): 825-838.

图/表 10

图1 研究区地质图及嵩箕地区前寒武纪岩性柱状图 a.华北克拉通前寒武纪地层格架图[28-29];b.华北克拉通南缘中—新元古代地质简图[30,36-37];c.嵩箕地层小区中—新元古代地层柱状图[38-40]

Fig.1 Geological map of the study area and Precambrian lithostratigraphy of Songji area

表1 混积岩分类命名方案[41]

Table 1 Classification of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks[41]

岩石分类	体积分数%	类型	名称示例
以碳酸盐为主	0<LS<25%	含陆源碎屑-碳酸盐岩	如:含泥灰岩
以碳酸盐为主	25<LS<50%	陆源碎屑-碳酸盐岩	如:粉砂质灰岩
以陆源碎屑为主	TS<25%	含碳酸盐-陆源碎屑岩	如:含灰泥岩
以陆源碎屑为主	25<TS<50%	碳酸盐-陆源碎屑岩	如:云质粉砂岩

图2 何家寨组岩石宏观特征 a.层状泥质灰岩宏观特征,层内泥质含量较高,层间夹薄泥层;b.泥质灰岩风化面宏观特征,上部含藻纹层;c.藻纹层宏观特征,黄色箭头指示藻纹层,含少量臼齿构造,红色箭头指示臼齿构造,为图b黄框放大;d.中-薄层灰岩宏观特征,层间夹薄泥层;e.厚层状灰岩宏观特征;f.含石英碎屑灰岩宏观特征;g.揉皱状臼齿构造宏观特征;h.由柱状叠层石组成的叠层石礁,单个叠层石高度5~10 cm,蓝色箭头指示叠层石,黄色虚线为单个叠层石柱体;i.丘状叠层石宏观特征泥质灰岩

Fig.2 Macroscopic characteristics of Hejiazhai Formation

图3 何家寨组岩石微观特征 a.泥质灰岩微观特征,单偏光,4x;b. 泥质灰岩微观特征,粒径5~20 μm,单偏光,50x;c. 泥质灰岩纹层微观特征,单偏光,4x;d.臼齿构造微观特征,单偏光,50x,基质为泥质灰岩,单偏光,4x;e. 臼齿(微亮晶碳酸盐岩)微观特征,粒径4~10 μm,茜素红染色,单偏光,50x;f. 叠层石微观特征,亮色富屑纹层厚度约50 μm,暗色为富藻纹层厚度200~400 μm,下部为柱状,向上弯曲程度减小,茜素红染色,单偏光,4x;g. 叠层石微观特征,下部为柱状,向上柱体弯曲程度增大至锥状,亮色富屑纹层厚度200~500 μm,暗色富藻纹层厚度约50 μm,单偏光,4x;h. 含石英碎屑灰岩微观特征,碎屑成分为石英,含量约20%,碎屑颗粒分选较好,磨圆一般,粒径50~200 μm,基质粒度较细,为微-粉晶方解石颗粒,粒径约10 μm,泥质含量约10%,红色箭头指示石英颗粒,正交偏光,4x;i. 含石英碎屑灰岩微观特征,红色箭头指示石英颗粒,单偏光,4x;j. 泥质灰岩微观特征,粒径约10 μm,颗粒间充填较多泥质;k. 纹层状叠层石,亮色富屑纹层50~100 μm,暗色富藻纹层厚200~400 μm,黄色箭头指示富藻纹层,蓝色箭头指示富屑纹层;l. 灰岩镜下特征,粒度较细,粒径5~10 μm,含少量泥

Fig.3 Microscopic characteristics of Hejiazhai Formation

图4 何家寨组区域地质图及地层柱状图 a.何家寨组区域地质图;b.何家寨组地层柱状图

Fig.4 Study section and stratigraphy of Hejiazhai Formation

图5 何家寨组元素地球化学标准化图 a.微量元素上地壳标准化图;b.稀土元素澳大利亚页岩标准化配分模式图

Fig.5 Element geochemical standardization map of Hejiazhai Formation

表2 何家寨组微量元素含量(单位:μg/g)

Table 2 Content of trace elements in the Hejiazhai Formation (unit : μg/g)

元素	XWG 2-1	XWG 2-3	XWG 2-5	XWG 2-z	XWG 2-8	XWG 2-9	XWG 2-11	XWG 2-13	XWG 2-15	XWG 2-17	XWG 2-18	XWG 2-20	XWG 2-21	XWG 2-22
Sc	4.35	2.80	2.32	3.11	2.05	2.76	8.44	6.78	4.67	2.85	1.34	2.48	1.84	4.74
V	25.51	14.35	13.07	18.48	12.58	15.61	53.71	38.74	27.43	16.91	6.23	13.66	10.84	22.53
Cr	20.15	9.35	7.77	14.16	8.47	9.14	37.23	26.07	17.54	11.85	4.14	10.40	7.85	16.83
Co	4.25	1.95	2.50	2.26	2.44	2.89	6.53	8.00	4.73	1.37	1.14	3.00	2.62	2.68
Ni	6.33	6.67	6.64	7.04	6.32	6.29	14.25	15.04	9.90	7.12	4.69	6.61	5.66	14.63
Cu	8.59	4.50	3.33	5.13	4.92	3.33	16.11	18.71	7.07	4.79	2.34	3.07	5.00	2.78
Rb	72.16	23.37	21.34	34.69	18.79	21.43	107.73	91.70	54.38	32.09	9.36	23.51	15.05	42.45
Sr	162.42	478.54	504.17	405.07	572.01	572.95	240.47	111.73	270.09	395.41	602.87	176.25	382.38	456.79
Y	25.00	10.00	9.74	9.59	7.61	15.63	19.12	22.58	19.49	8.27	8.14	8.42	7.13	18.15
Zr	184.45	31.30	23.11	40.86	30.07	31.53	120.11	144.26	73.43	34.88	13.20	33.07	20.82	38.56
Mo	0.15	0.17	0.15	0.30	0.13	0.07	0.21	0.24	0.23	0.36	0.19	0.04	0.31	0.20
Ba	427.59	91.59	81.25	130.64	81.41	121.37	414.36	392.66	297.53	116.45	103.76	86.47	66.10	170.77
La	21.32	9.39	10.63	8.01	7.96	14.44	19.98	22.89	17.96	8.21	11.02	5.75	8.44	18.91
Ce	45.96	18.99	19.84	16.74	16.16	29.01	41.22	46.32	36.48	16.94	23.54	12.74	16.81	30.51
Pr	6.15	2.08	2.19	1.89	1.79	3.30	4.62	5.74	4.29	1.93	2.53	1.35	1.88	3.93
Nd	22.84	7.72	8.23	7.07	6.73	12.49	17.23	20.02	16.33	7.10	9.50	5.14	7.05	14.91
Sm	5.19	1.63	1.70	1.57	1.39	2.84	3.71	4.33	3.54	1.58	1.90	1.14	1.47	3.18
Eu	0.93	0.30	0.28	0.30	0.30	0.50	0.71	0.79	0.72	0.31	0.41	0.21	0.31	0.64
Gd	4.78	1.52	1.53	1.48	1.31	2.67	3.39	3.91	3.34	1.42	1.59	1.11	1.30	2.92
Tb	0.74	0.24	0.25	0.24	0.21	0.43	0.55	0.64	0.54	0.23	0.26	0.19	0.20	0.46
Dy	4.39	1.56	1.57	1.52	1.25	2.56	3.47	3.94	3.29	1.40	1.47	1.23	1.22	2.73
Ho	0.85	0.32	0.31	0.31	0.25	0.50	0.68	0.79	0.64	0.28	0.27	0.25	0.24	0.52
Er	2.34	0.93	0.89	0.93	0.70	1.36	2.05	2.27	1.80	0.80	0.71	0.76	0.68	1.47
Tm	0.35	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.10	0.19	0.30	0.34	0.26	0.11	0.09	0.11	0.09	0.20
Yb	2.21	0.87	0.84	0.91	0.65	1.20	2.04	2.31	1.73	0.76	0.65	0.72	0.63	1.36
Lu	0.34	0.13	0.12	0.13	0.10	0.17	0.31	0.35	0.26	0.12	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.20
Hf	5.00	0.84	0.66	1.12	0.84	0.84	3.40	3.99	2.03	0.97	0.37	0.90	0.58	1.09
Th	7.33	2.38	1.77	3.22	2.33	2.87	10.50	8.30	4.55	3.03	1.09	2.64	1.94	3.82
U	1.67	1.11	1.12	1.39	1.20	1.24	2.35	1.68	1.36	1.23	0.79	0.35	1.27	0.60

表2 何家寨组微量元素含量(单位:μg/g)

Table 2 Content of trace elements in the Hejiazhai Formation (unit : μg/g)

元素	XWG 2-1	XWG 2-3	XWG 2-5	XWG 2-z	XWG 2-8	XWG 2-9	XWG 2-11	XWG 2-13	XWG 2-15	XWG 2-17	XWG 2-18	XWG 2-20	XWG 2-21	XWG 2-22
Sc	4.35	2.80	2.32	3.11	2.05	2.76	8.44	6.78	4.67	2.85	1.34	2.48	1.84	4.74
V	25.51	14.35	13.07	18.48	12.58	15.61	53.71	38.74	27.43	16.91	6.23	13.66	10.84	22.53
Cr	20.15	9.35	7.77	14.16	8.47	9.14	37.23	26.07	17.54	11.85	4.14	10.40	7.85	16.83
Co	4.25	1.95	2.50	2.26	2.44	2.89	6.53	8.00	4.73	1.37	1.14	3.00	2.62	2.68
Ni	6.33	6.67	6.64	7.04	6.32	6.29	14.25	15.04	9.90	7.12	4.69	6.61	5.66	14.63
Cu	8.59	4.50	3.33	5.13	4.92	3.33	16.11	18.71	7.07	4.79	2.34	3.07	5.00	2.78
Rb	72.16	23.37	21.34	34.69	18.79	21.43	107.73	91.70	54.38	32.09	9.36	23.51	15.05	42.45
Sr	162.42	478.54	504.17	405.07	572.01	572.95	240.47	111.73	270.09	395.41	602.87	176.25	382.38	456.79
Y	25.00	10.00	9.74	9.59	7.61	15.63	19.12	22.58	19.49	8.27	8.14	8.42	7.13	18.15
Zr	184.45	31.30	23.11	40.86	30.07	31.53	120.11	144.26	73.43	34.88	13.20	33.07	20.82	38.56
Mo	0.15	0.17	0.15	0.30	0.13	0.07	0.21	0.24	0.23	0.36	0.19	0.04	0.31	0.20
Ba	427.59	91.59	81.25	130.64	81.41	121.37	414.36	392.66	297.53	116.45	103.76	86.47	66.10	170.77
La	21.32	9.39	10.63	8.01	7.96	14.44	19.98	22.89	17.96	8.21	11.02	5.75	8.44	18.91
Ce	45.96	18.99	19.84	16.74	16.16	29.01	41.22	46.32	36.48	16.94	23.54	12.74	16.81	30.51
Pr	6.15	2.08	2.19	1.89	1.79	3.30	4.62	5.74	4.29	1.93	2.53	1.35	1.88	3.93
Nd	22.84	7.72	8.23	7.07	6.73	12.49	17.23	20.02	16.33	7.10	9.50	5.14	7.05	14.91
Sm	5.19	1.63	1.70	1.57	1.39	2.84	3.71	4.33	3.54	1.58	1.90	1.14	1.47	3.18
Eu	0.93	0.30	0.28	0.30	0.30	0.50	0.71	0.79	0.72	0.31	0.41	0.21	0.31	0.64
Gd	4.78	1.52	1.53	1.48	1.31	2.67	3.39	3.91	3.34	1.42	1.59	1.11	1.30	2.92
Tb	0.74	0.24	0.25	0.24	0.21	0.43	0.55	0.64	0.54	0.23	0.26	0.19	0.20	0.46
Dy	4.39	1.56	1.57	1.52	1.25	2.56	3.47	3.94	3.29	1.40	1.47	1.23	1.22	2.73
Ho	0.85	0.32	0.31	0.31	0.25	0.50	0.68	0.79	0.64	0.28	0.27	0.25	0.24	0.52
Er	2.34	0.93	0.89	0.93	0.70	1.36	2.05	2.27	1.80	0.80	0.71	0.76	0.68	1.47
Tm	0.35	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.10	0.19	0.30	0.34	0.26	0.11	0.09	0.11	0.09	0.20
Yb	2.21	0.87	0.84	0.91	0.65	1.20	2.04	2.31	1.73	0.76	0.65	0.72	0.63	1.36
Lu	0.34	0.13	0.12	0.13	0.10	0.17	0.31	0.35	0.26	0.12	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.20
Hf	5.00	0.84	0.66	1.12	0.84	0.84	3.40	3.99	2.03	0.97	0.37	0.90	0.58	1.09
Th	7.33	2.38	1.77	3.22	2.33	2.87	10.50	8.30	4.55	3.03	1.09	2.64	1.94	3.82
U	1.67	1.11	1.12	1.39	1.20	1.24	2.35	1.68	1.36	1.23	0.79	0.35	1.27	0.60

表3 水体氧化还原环境判别指标

Table 3 Discrimination index of water redox environment

判别指标		V/Cr	Ni/Co	Ce/Ce^*
沉积环境	氧化环境	<2	<5	<0.9
	贫氧环境	2~4.5	5~7	0.9~1.1
	缺氧环境	>4.5	>7	>1.1

图6 何家寨组微量元素判别图 a. Ce/Ce*与Eu/Eu*协变图;b. Ce/Ce*与Dy(N)/Sm(N)协变图;c. 指标V/Cr对古海洋氧化还原状态判别;d.指标Ni/Co对古海洋氧化还原状态判别;e. 指标Ce/Ce*对古海洋氧化还原状态态判别;f.指标Sr对古水深及沉积相判别;g. 指标Sr/Ba对古水深及沉积相判别;h. 指标Sr/Cu对古气候判别

Fig.6 Trace elements discrimination diagram of Hejiazhai Formation

图7 何家寨组沉积环境演化

Fig.7 Sedimentary environment evolution of Hejiazhai Formation

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