南中国海形成演化的动力学模式分析

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.033

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

南中国海位于三大板块的汇聚地带,分布范围广、地球动力学背景复杂,因此其成因及动力学模式仍然存在争议。根据南中国海的地质和重磁资料对南中国海进行平面和剖面构造特征分析,在此基础上进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明较弱的下地壳使得壳幔脱耦,裂谷向一侧迁移,由于后续岩浆热供给不足,上涌地幔冷却而停滞;新的岩浆供给跃迁至相反方向,形成新的扩张中心,流变性弱的下地壳和区域高伸展速率共同控制了洋脊的向西迁移。结合构造解译和数值模拟结果分析,认为南中国海的形成主要受印澳板块与欧亚板块的碰撞、古南海的俯冲拖曳和深部地幔上涌3个因素的影响,印澳板块与欧亚板块的碰撞及古南海的俯冲拖曳控制了南中国海的构造应力场,深部地幔上涌控制岩浆迁移。

关键词: 南中国海, 构造特征, 地球动力学, 成因模式, 数值模拟

Abstract:

The South China Sea is located in the convergence zone of three tectonic plates. Due to the wide distribution and complex geodynamic background, its genesis and dynamic model are still controversial. Based on geological data, gravity, and magnetic data from the South China Sea, the structural characteristics of the South China Sea are analyzed in plane and profile. Accordingly, numerical simulation shows that the weaker lower crust has decoupled from the crust-mantle, and the rift has migrated to one side. Due to the insufficient magmatic heat supply, the upwelled mantle has cooled and stagnated. The new magma supply may have jumped to the opposite direction and formed a new spreading center. The weak rheological lower crust and high spreading rate may have together controlled the southward ridge migration. We analyze and summarize the existing dynamic models of the South China Sea. Based on tectonic interpretation and numerical simulation, we concluded that the South China Sea formation was mainly affected by three factors: the collision between the India-Australia and Eurasia plates, the subduction drag of the Proto-South China Sea, and the upwelling of the deep mantle. The tectonic stress field in the South China Sea was controlled by the Indo-Australia-Eurasia collision and the subduction and drag of the Proto-South China Sea, and the magma migration was controlled by the deep mantle upwelling.

Key words: South China Sea, tectonic characteristic, geodynamics, genetic model, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

P541

柳晨, 李江海, 王志琛. 南中国海形成演化的动力学模式分析[J]. 现代地质, 2023, 37(02): 259-269.

LIU Chen, LI Jianghai, WANG Zhichen. Dynamic Model Analysis of Formation and Evolution of the South China Sea[J]. Geoscience, 2023, 37(02): 259-269.

图/表 7

图1 研究区位置及其新生代构造背景(底图据GMT6全球地形起伏数据[27], 墨卡托投影)

Fig.1 Location of the study area and its Cenozoic tectonic background

图2 由卫星测高得到的南中国海海洋重力异常(a)、磁异常图(b)和南中国海及邻区沉积盆地分布及构造纲要图(c)(据文献[19]补充修改)

Fig.2 Marine gravity anomalies from satellite altimetry (a), magnetic anomaly map (b), and distribution and tectonic outline of sedimentary basins in the South China Sea and adjacent regions (c) (modified from ref.[19])

图3 南中国海及其周边新生代区域构造事件(据文献[26]修改)

Fig.3 Cenozoic tectonic events in the South China Sea and adjacent regions (modified from ref.[26])

图4 华南块体—苏禄块体剖面图(aa'剖面,据文献[46]修改)

Fig.4 South China block-Sulu block section (profile aa', modified from ref.[46])

表1 数值模型参数设定(据文献[56,58-59])

Table 1 Numerical model parameter setting[56,58-59]

地壳分层	密度 (kg/m³)	幂律指数	活化能 (kJ/mol)	热膨胀 (1/K)	指数因子 (1·s^-1·MPa^-ⁿ)	放射热 (μW·m^-3)	伸展速率 (mm/a)
空气层	1	1	0	2×10^-5	1.0×10^-12	0	6
上地壳	2800	4	223	2×10^-5	1.1×10^-15	0.7
下地壳	2800	3	356	2×10^-5	5.6×10^-17	0.7
岩石圈地幔	3300	3.5	540	2×10^-5	2.4×10^-8	0.2×10^-6
地幔	3300	3.5	520	2×10^-5	1.9×10^-9	0.2×10^-6

图5 裂谷跃迁数值模拟结果

Fig.5 Numerical simulation results of the rift transition

图6 南中国海成因演化模式(据文献[10,14,24,38]补充修改)

Fig.6 Schematic map for the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea (modified from refs.[10,14,24,38])

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