巴丹东、西湖地貌演化及其对湖泊水体特征的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

巴丹湖区位于巴丹吉林沙漠的东南缘,发育很多被纵向沙垄一分为二、水体化学特征悬殊的双湖系统。前人对此类湖泊成因及风成地貌过程如何影响湖泊水文特征缺乏系统的研究。通过对沙漠东南缘局部风向和巴丹东、西湖湖盆形态的分析反演湖区的地貌演化,从而对湖泊水化学等特征的差异进行解释。水化学测试结果显示:巴丹东湖湖水的TDS为1.5 g/L左右,为微咸水;西湖的TDS是东湖的上百倍,为盐水。Google Earth遥感影像和DEM反映出巴丹吉林沙漠盛行NW风,东南缘风向及风力多变;巴丹东湖湖盆深于西湖湖盆。反演了巴丹湖地貌演化的3个阶段:(1)月牙湖形成阶段,即巴丹湖的形成阶段;(2)双湖系统形成阶段,气候干旱使湖泊水位降低、湖盆出露,在NW定向风作用下,新的新月形沙丘形成于湖盆上,将其分割从而导致巴丹东湖湖盆遭受风蚀;(3)纵向沙垄形成阶段,由于局部风向的改变,新月形沙丘在SW向风力作用下往NE向不断延伸,并转变成纵向沙垄。综合分析认为:气候变化是风成地貌演化的驱动力,多次风向的改变产生了湖盆地形西高东低的差异,导致东湖接受的浅层地下水补给大于西湖;当气候变得暖湿时,水位上升致两湖水体连通,由于东湖水位高于西湖,使东湖盐分释放、西湖盐分积累。因此,受地貌演化的影响,巴丹东、西湖形成了悬殊的盐度特征。

关键词: 水化学, TDS, 湖盆形态, 地貌演化, 巴丹湖, 巴丹吉林沙漠

Abstract:

Badain Lake area lies in the southeastern edge of Badain Jaran Desert, and there has a two-lake system with different water properties which are divided by longitudinal dunes, known as East Badain Lake and West Badain Lake. There is relatively little research about the cause of these lakes, especially the systematical research about the impact on hydrochemical and salty features in the process of weathering landform. By analyzing the wind direction and the basin shape of Badain Lake area, the geomorphologic evolution of this area is discussed and the difference of hydrochemical features between the two lakes is identified.The hydrochemical testing result shows that the TDS of water in East Badain Lake is about 1.5 g/L, which is defined as brackish water, while that in West Badain Lake is 100 times as much as that in East Badain Lake, which is defined as salt water.The remote sensing image of Google Earth and DEM indicate that the northwest-direction wind prevails in Badain Jaran Desert and the direction and force of winds in the southeastern edge are more complex and changeable than those of the interior of the desert. In addition, the basin depth of East Badain Lake is deeper than that of West Badain Lake. The geomorphologic evolution of Badain Lake can be divided into three stages: (1) the formation of the crescent lake which is integral; (2) the formation of two-lake system,when the water level of the integral lake decreases and the basin exposes under dry condition, a new barchan dune forms on the basin by northwest-direction wind and divides the lake into two parts(East Lake and West Lake), leading to the east of the basin suffering erosion; (3) the formation of the longitudinal dune,due to the change of local wind direction, the barchan dune extends to northeast by southwest-direction wind and gradually becomes a longitudinal dune. The result of comprehensive analysis comes to the conclusion that the changeable climate is the force of eolian landform’s evolution, and several changes of wind direction cause the difference of two-lake basin pattern, resulting more recharging of phreatic water in the east than that in the west; when the climate turns to be warm and humid, the water level rising of lakes makes the east and the west connect each other, while the water level of the east is 1 m higher than that of the west, so the east exists seasonal salt release and the west exists seasonal salt accumulation. As a result, the two-lake system varies greatly in salt content by the influence of geomorphologic evolution.

Key words: hydrochemistry, TDS, lake basin pattern, geomorphologic evolution, Badain Lake, Badain Jaran Desert

中图分类号:

P66
X141

张皓月, 胡晓农, 王旭升. 巴丹东、西湖地貌演化及其对湖泊水体特征的影响[J]. 现代地质, 2017, 31(02): 406-414.

ZHANG Haoyue, HU Xiaonong, WANG Xusheng. Research on Geomorphologic Evolution of East and West Badain Lake and the Impact on Water Body Features[J]. Geoscience, 2017, 31(02): 406-414.

图/表 14

图1 巴丹吉林沙漠及研究区位置图

Fig.1 Location of Badain Jaran Desert and the study area

图2 沙漠腹地湖泊形态特征(a)沙漠东南缘湖泊形态特征(b)

Fig.2 Features of lakes in the hinterland of desert (a) and features of lakes in the southeastern desert (b)

表1 巴丹东、西湖湖泊及附近地下水水化学特征

Table 1 Hydrochemical characteristics of Badain Lake and surrounding groundwater

地区	年份	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	Cl^-	S $O 4 2 -$	C $O 3 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	pH	TDS
巴丹东湖	1999	0.59	0.03	0.08	0.01	0.46	0.28	0.11	0.63	1.80	8.68
	2006	0.55	0.03	0.07	0.02	0.48	0.17	0.01	0.83	1.68	8.65
	2007	0.35	0.02	0.048	0.042	0.26	0.18	0.10	0.44	1.00	7.75
	2014	0.43	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.32	0.20	0.61		1.80	8.52
巴丹西湖	1999	147.00	7.62	0.003	0.01	112.00	42.90	63.10	4.39	398.20	10.63
	2006	63.68	3.08	0	0.08	163.71	106.42				11.00
	2007	60.29	5.58	0.557	0.066	57.88	17.43	1.92	3.34	182.50	9.47
	2014	25.01	1.77			17.26	11.95	7.03		65.93	9.9
附近地下水	2013	0.155	0.008	0.008	0.028	0.144	0.151	0.034	0.599

表1 巴丹东、西湖湖泊及附近地下水水化学特征

Table 1 Hydrochemical characteristics of Badain Lake and surrounding groundwater

地区	年份	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	Cl^-	S $O 4 2 -$	C $O 3 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	pH	TDS
巴丹东湖	1999	0.59	0.03	0.08	0.01	0.46	0.28	0.11	0.63	1.80	8.68
	2006	0.55	0.03	0.07	0.02	0.48	0.17	0.01	0.83	1.68	8.65
	2007	0.35	0.02	0.048	0.042	0.26	0.18	0.10	0.44	1.00	7.75
	2014	0.43	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.32	0.20	0.61		1.80	8.52
巴丹西湖	1999	147.00	7.62	0.003	0.01	112.00	42.90	63.10	4.39	398.20	10.63
	2006	63.68	3.08	0	0.08	163.71	106.42				11.00
	2007	60.29	5.58	0.557	0.066	57.88	17.43	1.92	3.34	182.50	9.47
	2014	25.01	1.77			17.26	11.95	7.03		65.93	9.9
附近地下水	2013	0.155	0.008	0.008	0.028	0.144	0.151	0.034	0.599

图3 巴丹东、西湖水体Piper三线图(单位:%)

Fig.3 Piper trilinear diagram of East and West Badain Lake

图4 巴丹东、西湖阴阳离子比例变化趋势

Fig.4 Change trends of cationic and anionic proportion of East and West Badain Lake

图5 巴丹吉林沙漠大规模横向沙垄遥感影像图

Fig.5 Remote sensing image of large-scale transversal dunes in Badain Jaran Desert

图6 沙漠东南缘沙丘斜层理构造

Fig.6 Oblique bedding structure of dunes in the southeastern desert

图7 沙漠南缘金字塔形沙丘遥感影像图

Fig.7 Remote sensing image of pyramid dune in the southern desert

图8 沙丘局部风速等值线图(据吴正[2]修改)

Fig.8 Contour map of the wind speed of dune

图9 巴丹东、西湖形态特征

Fig.9 Morphological features of East and West Badain Lake

表2 巴丹东、西湖特征参数

Table 2 Characteristic parameters of East and West Badain Lake

地点		面积/m²		岸线长度/m		水位/m		最大长度线走向/(°)		沙脊走向/(°)
巴丹东湖	19 140		876		1 215		172			37
巴丹西湖	51 900		1 063		1 214		80			37

图10 巴丹东、西湖横向剖面图

Fig.10 Cross section of East and West Badain Lake

图11 巴丹湖地貌演化模式及其对应湖盆形态剖面图

Fig.11 Model of geomorphic evolution of Badain Lake and sectional features of the basin

图12 巴丹东、西湖水文地质剖面图

Fig.12 Hydrogeological sections of east and west Badain Lake

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