末次冰期河流下切行为对气候变化的响应模式

现代地质 ›› 2017, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (02): 394-405.

末次冰期河流下切行为对气候变化的响应模式

丁莹莹¹(), 张绪教¹(), 何泽新², 胡道功³, 王超群¹

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
2.北京矿产地质研究院,北京 100012
3.中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081

收稿日期:2016-04-22 修回日期:2017-01-04 出版日期:2017-04-10 发布日期:2017-04-25
通讯作者: 张绪教,男,博士,副教授,1964年出生,第四纪地质学专业,主要从事地貌与第四纪地质、新构造运动的教学及科研工作。Email:zhangxj@cugb.edu.cn。
作者简介:丁莹莹,女,硕士研究生,1992年出生,地理学专业,主要从事构造地貌研究。Email:dingyingying555@sina.com。
基金资助:
内蒙古国土资源厅2014年地质遗迹保护专题“内蒙古巴彦淖尔狼山晚更新世()以来构造运动及其环境效应研究”(BSZFCG2015-HW-00403);中国地质调查局地质调查工作项目“金沙江流域河谷区第四纪地质环境调查”(12120114001501)

River Incision Behavior Response to Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period

DING Yingying¹(), ZHANG Xujiao¹(), HE Zexin², HU Daogong³, WANG Chaoqun¹

1. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources,Beijing 100012,China
3. Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Received:2016-04-22 Revised:2017-01-04 Online:2017-04-10 Published:2017-04-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

末次冰期是距离人类最近的一次冰期,气候异常寒冷且存在高频高幅波动,河流系统如何响应冰期气候的变化值得关注与研究。基于河流系统对气候变化的敏感响应,传统的经典地貌理论认为河流下切在河流阶地形成过程中起着至关重要的作用,河流的下切行为发生在间冰期或者冰期向间冰期的过渡阶段,堆积行为发生于冰期,然而近年来最新的河流地貌研究成果表明,末次冰期河流下切较为普遍。首先对河流阶地形成的传统模式进行总结分析,认为单纯的构造驱动模式存在不合理性,气候也发挥着重要的调节作用;单一的气候变化无法驱动多级且高差较大阶地的形成,地壳抬升往往是必要因素;气候变化是引发河流堆积-下切行为转换形成河流阶地的关键因素。其次通过前人的研究案例总结出末次冰期河流下切行为响应气候变化的三种模式:(1)气候的高度不稳定性引发大规模的洪水事件驱动河流快速下切;(2)快速隆升区气候高频波动叠加构造抬升驱动河流下切;(3)沿海平原地区海平面大幅度下降驱动河流下切。这三种模式对于理解末次冰期河流系统对短尺度高频气候变化的响应以及对河流阶地成因的判断具有十分重要的指导意义。

关键词: 末次冰期, 河流阶地, 河流下切, 气候不稳定性, 侵蚀基准面

Abstract:

The Last Glacial Period, popularly known as the Ice Age, was the most recent glacial period, which is characterized by high frequency and high amplitude climate fluctuations and unusually cold. How the river system responds to the climate change in this period deserves attention? According to classical geomorphology theory, the behavior of the river incision occured during the interglacial period or glacial-interglacial transition, while the fluvial aggradation occurred during the glacial period. However, this paper believed that the river incision occurred during the Last Glacial Period is an indisputable fact based on summarizing the research results of river geomorphology in recent years. To begin with, the traditional models of river terrace formation were summarized. The simple tectonic driving model is not reasonable because the climate change plays a very important role. The single climate change cannot drive the formation of multistage and higher elevation terrace, so crustal uplift is a necessary factor. The climate change is a key factor for the formation of river terraces by driving the river fill-cut behavior transition. Three models of the river system response to climate change during the Last Glacial Period are summarized: (1) massive flooding events caused by high-frequency climate fluctuations drive rapid the river incision; (2)the high-frequency climate fluctuations combining rapid crustal uplift drive the river incision; (3) the coastal plain sea level which drops significantly triggers the river incision. Those models have very important guiding significance of understanding the river system responses to the short-term climate change and the judgment on the origin of river terraces.

Key words: Last Glacial Period, river terrace, river incision, abrupt climate change, base level of erosion

中图分类号:

丁莹莹, 张绪教, 何泽新, 胡道功, 王超群. 末次冰期河流下切行为对气候变化的响应模式[J]. 现代地质, 2017, 31(02): 394-405.

DING Yingying, ZHANG Xujiao, HE Zexin, HU Daogong, WANG Chaoqun. River Incision Behavior Response to Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period[J]. Geoscience, 2017, 31(02): 394-405.

图/表 7

图1 在构造抬升山地地区河流对气候变化旋回的响应模式(据文献[14]修改) (a)构造稳定区域;(b)轻微构造抬升区域;(c)强烈构造上升区域 1.河漫滩相沉积物;2.河流相沉积物;3.基岩;4.构造抬升趋势;5.气候变化曲线;6.沉积物通量变化曲线;7.曲线的放大部分;8.垂直变化比率

Fig.1 Patterns of rivers responding to climate change cycles in a tectonic uplift region

图2 北美洲大西洋大陆边缘的两条大河Susquehanna河和Potomac河下切速率与古里雅冰心气候曲线对应关系(据文献[35]和[67]修改) (a) Susquehanna河下切速率;(b)Potomac河下切速率;(c)古里雅冰心气候曲线(图中阴影部分为气候高度不稳定区间,同时也为Susquehanna河和Potomac河快速下切阶段)

Fig.2 Comparison of climate change and the incision rate of the Susquehanna River and Potomac River

图3 格陵兰冰心风暴频率分布与河流下切的对应关系(据文献[67]修改)

Fig.3 Corresponding relationship between the frequency distribution of Greenland ice storm and river incision

图4 雅砻江下游1.1 Ma以来平均下切速率(据文献[70]修改)

Fig.4 Average incision rate of the lower reaches of the Yalong River since 1.1 Ma

表1 末次冰期气候-构造联合驱动河流下切速率与气候驱动河流下切速率对比

Table 1 Comparison of the rate of the river incision between the climatic-tectonic driving model and simple climatic driving model in the Last Glacial Period

模式	研究地点	末次冰期下切			其他时段参考
模式	研究地点	时间/ka	速率/(m/ka)		时间/ka	速率/(m/ka)
气候-构造联合驱动	金沙江白鹤滩^[69]	23.5~	1.17	1 000~46.5		0.4~0.57
	金沙江雅砻江^[70]	63~	1.83	1 100~63		0.05~0.62
	内蒙古狼山地区^[71]	58~23.22	4.78~1.50	15.57~		0.36~0.4
气候驱动	北大西洋Susquehanna河^[67]	32~16	0.4~0.6	32 ka之前		0.2左右
气候驱动	北大西洋Potomac 河^[67]	37~13	0.8

图5 末次冰盛期南京长江四桥附近长江古河槽地质剖面(据文献[88])

Fig.5 Stratigraphic cross-section of the incised valley near the No.4 Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge since Last Glacial Maximum

图6 末次冰盛期墨西哥湾西北发育的河谷和三角洲分布图(据文献[89,91])

Fig.6 Distribution map of the valleys and deltas of northwestern Gulf of Mexico shelf during Last Glacial Maximum

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