陆相裂谷盆地构造沉积学特征:以松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷为例

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2019.06.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构造沉积学不仅强调大地构造背景条件对盆地演化的控制作用,同时还注重盆地内部的构造特征与沉积充填特征之间的控制及响应关系研究。陆相裂谷盆地发育过程中,构造作用强烈,盆地沉积充填过程复杂,进行构造沉积学研究对揭示盆地构造沉积演化过程具有重要意义。以大量地震、钻测井资料为基础,结合大地构造背景资料,研究松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷发育过程中的构造、沉积演化特征,分析构造活动与沉积作用之间的响应及控制关系,并由此讨论半地堑陆相湖盆的沉积充填演化规律及其控制因素。研究表明,在伏龙泉断陷盆地演化过程中,早期的火山岩隆起对盆地初始裂陷期形态具有明显的影响作用;边界断层的分布及其生长速率特征则对盆地结构演化过程起着首要的控制作用。盆地裂陷期,研究区古气候环境比较稳定,构造因素是控制该陆相裂谷盆地地层序列与沉积特征的首要因素;断裂发育特征决定了盆地的古地貌特征,而盆地的古地貌特征直接影响着盆地内部的沉积充填类型与沉积体系展布格局;区域构造抬升与断块掀斜是该半地堑盆地内部发育不整合面的主要因素。在陆相裂陷盆地的构造沉积特征研究中,构造沉积学显示出了其必要性与适用性,有利于在揭示构造沉积现象的同时,合理解释其地质成因。

关键词: 构造沉积学, 陆相裂谷盆地, 同沉积断层, 沉积体系, 松辽盆地, 伏龙泉断陷

Abstract:

Tectonic sedimentology not only concerns with the controlling effects of tectonic background conditions on the basin’s formation and evolution, but also the feedback relationship between tectonism and sedimentation in the basins. Evolution of continental rift basin is often accompanied by frequent tectonic activities and complex sedimentation processes. Tectonic sedimentology can reveal the characteristics of complex tectonic-sedimentary evolution of continental rift basins. Based on seismic, logging and regional geotectonic data, this work studied the structural and sedimentary evolution of the Fulongquan fault depression in the Songliao Basin. We also analyzed the feedback relationship between tectonism and sedimentation. Consequently, the sedimentary evolution regularities in the half-graben lacustrine basin and its controlling factors were discussed. The study shows that during the evolution of Fulongquan fault depression, volcanism had likely significant effects on the basin shape in the initial rifting phase. Distribution features and growth rate of the boundary faults played a primary role in the evolution of the basin configuration. With the stable paleoclimate environment during the rifting period, tectonics is the primary controlling factor of the stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary characteristics of the lacustrine rift basin development. The fault development features determined the ancient basin landform, which further affected the types and distribution patterns of basin sedimentary system. The regional tectonic uplift and fault block tilting are the main factors of the unconformity development in the half-graben basin.

Key words: tectonic sedimentology, continental rift basin, syn-sedimentary fault, sedimentary system, Songliao Basin, Fulongquan fault depression

中图分类号:

TE121.3

王宏语, 李瑞磊, 朱建峰, 徐文. 陆相裂谷盆地构造沉积学特征:以松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷为例[J]. 现代地质, 2019, 33(06): 1151-1162.

WANG Hongyu, LI Ruilei, ZHU Jianfeng, XU Wen. Tectonic Sedimentology Characteristics of Continental Rift Basin: Case Study from Fulongquan Fault Depression of Songliao Basin[J]. Geoscience, 2019, 33(06): 1151-1162.

图/表 9

图1 研究区位置、剖面特征与资料分布情况

Fig.1 Index map showing the location and cross-section features of the study area, as well as the seismic data and major well distributions

图2 研究区地层-构造单元划分图(白垩系地层年代据参考文献[15,16])

Fig.2 Stratigraphic-structural unit division of the study area (stratigraphic age data from references[15,16]])

图3 地震剖面上的断层与地层特征(剖面位置见图1的m-n)

Fig.3 Fault and stratigraphic features of the seismic profile (profile m-n location shown in Fig.1)

图4 盆地同沉积断裂与地层充填演化

Fig.4 Syn-sedimentary faults and stratigraphic filling evolution in the basin

图5 主干边界断裂最大生长速率

Fig.5 Diagram of maximum activity rate of the main fault

图6 盆地结构演化剖面模式(剖面位置见图4)

Fig.6 Structural evolution model of the basin (profile location shown in Fig.4)

图7 地震相剖面特征与测井响应特征(位置见图4(a)中的c-d)

Fig.7 Model based on the structural evolution of the basin (profile location shown in Fig.4)

图8 地震相剖面特征与测井响应特征(地震剖面对应于图3)

Fig.8 Seismic facies, sedimentary facies interpretation profile and well log response (seismic profile corresponds to Fig.3)

图9 沉积相平面分布与演化特征

Fig.9 Distribution and evolution of the sedimentary facies

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