汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.20

现代地质 ›› 2018, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (03): 623-630.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.20

• 水文地质与环境地质学 • 上一篇

汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征

常鸣(), 窦向阳(), 范宣梅, 姚成

成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川成都 610059

收稿日期:2017-06-20 修回日期:2017-12-20 出版日期:2018-06-10 发布日期:2023-09-22
通讯作者: 窦向阳
作者简介:窦向阳,男,硕士,1994年出生,地质工程专业,主要从事遥感与GIS在地灾中的应用。Email:d-bean@foxmail.com。
常鸣,男,博士,1985年出生,环境地质专业,主要从事地质灾害防治及遥感与GIS应用。Email:changmxq@126.com。
基金资助:
四川省教育厅高校人文社科重点研究基地气象灾害预测预警与应急管理研究中心项目“汶川震区暴雨泥石流雨型响应及临界降雨阈值研究”(ZHYJ17-YB07);国家自然科学基金项目(41702312);四川省安全监管局安全生产科技项目(aj20180412134819);四川省教育厅科研项目“强震区典型城镇泥石流定量风险评价研究”(17ZB0054)

Critical Rainfall Patterns for Rainfall-induced Debris Flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake Area

CHANG Ming(), DOU Xiangyang(), FAN Xuanmei, YAO Cheng

State Key Laboratory for Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu,Sichuan 610059, China

Received:2017-06-20 Revised:2017-12-20 Online:2018-06-10 Published:2023-09-22
Contact: DOU Xiangyang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

汶川地震后暴雨诱发的泥石流不断增加,通过收集整理降雨资料,分析汶川震区不同地域泥石流暴发的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量变化过程,揭示震区暴雨泥石流的激发雨型特征,为暴雨泥石流的预报提供科学依据。研究结果表明,汶川震区的暴雨泥石流激发雨型可分为短期突然降雨型、中期持续降雨型和长期间断降雨型3种类型,主要表现为引发泥石流的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量的不同。暴雨泥石流的形成机制体现为降雨导致流域内松散土体渗透、饱和及侵蚀移动的过程。激发雨型与激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量存在相关关系,短期突然降雨型的激发雨强最大,前期有效累计降雨量最少;中期持续降雨型的激发雨强居中,前期有效累计降雨量最多;长期间断降雨型的激发雨强最小,前期有效累计降雨量居中。对四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发山体高位垮塌碎屑流进行验证,初步判定是由长期间断降雨型引发岩体抗剪强度降低而引起的。对不同激发雨型特征的研究能够为汶川震区泥石流监测预警提供科学依据。

关键词: 暴雨泥石流, 激发雨型, 激发雨强, 前期有效累计降雨量

Abstract:

To obtain the rainfall characteristics and enhance the early warning system for rainfall-induced debris flows, the post-debris flow rainfall data in the Wenchuan earthquake area are collected, and the rainfall intensity and early-stage effective accumulative rainfall are analyzed. The results show that the rainfall-induced debris flows in the study area can be classified into three types, i.e., short-term rainfall, persistent rainfall and intermittent rainfall. The main differences among the three rainfall types occur in the rainfall intensity, duration and effective accumulation, which can result in different soil percolation, saturation, and erosion mechanisms in provenance for debris flow initiation. Critical rainfall intensities and effective accumulative rainfall could be related to critical rainfall types. The short-term rainfall type may be associated with the highest rainfall intensity and the least effective accumulation;persistent rainfall type is associated with medium rainfall intensity and the most effective accumulation, whilst the intermittent rainfall type can be related to the lowest rainfall intensity and the medium effective accumulation. After a verification for the sudden collapse induced by the high-mountain-formation debris flows in Xinmo Village of the study area, the result showed that the prime reason was the decrease of rock shear strength caused by long-term intermittent rainfall.This work provides scientific basis for the early warning system for debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake area.

Key words: rainfall-induced debris flow, critical rainfall pattern, critical rainfall intensity, effective accumulative rainfall

中图分类号:

P642.2

常鸣, 窦向阳, 范宣梅, 姚成. 汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征[J]. 现代地质, 2018, 32(03): 623-630.

CHANG Ming, DOU Xiangyang, FAN Xuanmei, YAO Cheng. Critical Rainfall Patterns for Rainfall-induced Debris Flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake Area[J]. Geoscience, 2018, 32(03): 623-630.

图/表 6

图1 汶川震区典型暴雨泥石流分布图

Fig.1 Map showing the distribution of rainfall-induced debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake area

表1 汶川震区典型流域群发泥石流降雨资料统计

Table 1 Rainfall data of typical debris flow events in the Wenchuan earthquake area

编号	泥石流暴发地点	降雨时间	前期降雨有效持续时间/h	激发雨强/ (mm/h)	前期有效累计雨量/mm	激发雨型
1	汶川县映秀镇岷江流域	2010-08-14	13	16.6	111.2	长期间断降雨型
		2011-08-21	7	56.5	125.8	中期持续降雨型
		2013-07-11	76	6.4	111.4	长期间断降雨型
2	绵竹市清平乡绵远河流域	2010-07-31	1	50.4	89.5	短期突然降雨型
		2010-08-13	6	37.4	82.6	中期持续降雨型
		2010-08-19	6	31.9	121.6	中期持续降雨型
		2013-07-10	34	19.2	123.5	长期间断降雨型
3	北川县擂鼓镇苏宝河流域	2008-09-23	3	33.5	82.7	短期突然降雨型
3	北川县擂鼓镇苏宝河流域	2008-09-24	10	41.8	163.1	长期间断降雨型
4	都江堰龙池镇龙溪河流域	2010-08-13	2	75.0	97.0	短期突然降雨型
4	都江堰龙池镇龙溪河流域	2010-08-18	8	69.0	183.8	中期持续降雨型
5	彭州市龙门山镇白水河流域	2012-08-18	2	72.0	112.0	短期突然降雨型

图2 汶川震区短期突然降雨型泥石流事件

Fig.2 Short-term rainfall-induced debris flow events in the Wenchuan earthquake area

图3 汶川震区中期持续降雨型泥石流事件

Fig.3 Persistent rainfall-induced debris flow events for the Wenchuan earthquake area

图4 汶川震区长期间断降雨型泥石流事件

Fig.4 Long-term intermittent rainfall-induced debris flow events in the Wenchuan earthquake area

图5 “6·24”叠溪镇新磨村垮塌碎屑流及诱发雨量特征

Fig.5 Characteristics of the “6·24” landslide and its causative rainfall data in Xinmo Village in the Wenchuan earthquake area

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汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征

Critical Rainfall Patterns for Rainfall-induced Debris Flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake Area

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