我国沿海不同气候带山溪性河流沉积物输运特征

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.162

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来许多研究发现山溪性小河流具有瞬时大通量、受极端气候事件控制、沉积物快速输运等特性,但是由于缺乏充足的监测数据和系统总结,其对全球沉积物输运的影响被低估,导致对于这个不同于大河流域的河海交互和风化传输系统的研究是不充分的。揭示不同气候带山溪性河流在自然变化与人类活动共同影响下的沉积物输运特征有助于深入理解地球表生过程和全球海陆相互作用机制。总结了全球土壤有机碳含量,中国南北方温带和热带的山溪性河流的泥沙等气象水文数据和黏土矿物等矿物学数据,结果表明:(1)全球山溪性河流流域的土壤有机碳含量较高。在中国,热带山溪性河流流域初级生产力高于温带流域,所以其土壤有机碳含量高于温带流域;在热带各流域中,台湾岛上的河流地形坡降比最高,所以其是中国土壤有机碳高含量地区。山溪性河流将沉积物快速输运到河口和海岸带地区,大大提高了有机碳的埋藏效率,因此其是研究全球有机碳源汇过程不容忽视的组分。(2)在中国,无论温带还是热带,山溪性河流均对极端气候事件响应强烈,而且流域面积越小、地形越陡峭的河流对极端气候事件的响应越强烈。(3)无论构造活动是否强烈,中国山溪性河流沉积物的矿物学特征都可以精确地指示物源信息,构造稳定带和流域坡降比较低的山溪性河流,其沉积物能够更精确地记录古气候特征。(4)山溪性河流沉积物对人类活动非常敏感,现有的人类活动对其改造要远低于大河流域。

关键词: 山溪性河流, 土壤有机碳含量, 沉积物输运, 极端气候

Abstract:

In recent years, many studies have found that small mountainous rivers have instantaneous enormous flux, strong response to extreme climate events, and rapid sediment transport. However, the effects of mountainous rivers on global sediment transport have been underestimated due to the lack of adequate monitoring data and system summary. There are still inadequate studies on the mountainous rivers with different river-ocean and weathering-transportation from the mega-river systems. Revealing the sediment transport characteristics of different climates in the common natural and anthropogenic influence would help to understand the Earth’s surface processes and the global land-sea interactions. This paper summarizes the global soil carbon content, as well as meteorological, hydrologic, and mineralogical data of mountainous rivers of the different climatic zone in the coastal China region. We summarized that: (1) Soil organic carbon content of the mountainous river basins is high in China, and the primary productivity of the tropical mountainous river basins is higher than that in the temperate basins, thus the soil organic carbon content of the former is also higher. Among the tropical basins, the river relief in Taiwan, China is the highest, hence its soil organic carbon content is very high in China. In addition, the rapid sediment transport to the estuary and coastal zone by mountainous rivers has greatly improved the burial efficiency of organic carbon, therefore it represents a significant component of the global organic carbon source and sink; (2) Regardless temperate or tropical climatic zone, the mountainous rivers have strong response to extreme climate. Furthermore, the smaller the watershed area and the steeper the river terrain, the stronger the river responds to extreme climatic events; (3) Regardless of the tectonic activity intensity, the mineralogical characteristics of the mountainous rivers can accurately indicate the source information in sediments. Moreover, sediments from the rivers in low-relief and tectonic stable zone can record more detailed climatic characteristics; (4) Sediments in mountainous rivers are very sensitive to human activities, while the sedimentary environment influence from existing human activities is far lower than in the mega-river basins.

Key words: mountainous rivers, soil organic carbon content, sediment transport, extreme climate event

中图分类号:

孙爽, 胡克, 李琰, 杨俊鹏. 我国沿海不同气候带山溪性河流沉积物输运特征[J]. 现代地质, 2022, 36(01): 68-76.

SUN Shuang, HU Ke, LI Yan, YANG Junpeng. Sediment Transport Characteristics of Mountainous Rivers in Different Climatic Zones of Coastal China[J]. Geoscience, 2022, 36(01): 68-76.

图/表 6

参考文献 69

[1]	LI Y. Denudation of Taiwan Island since the Pliocene epoch[J]. Geology, 1976, 4(2):105-107. DOI URL
[2]	KAO S J, MILLIMAN J D. Water and sediment discharge from small mountainous rivers, Taiwan: the roles of lithology, episodic events, and human activities[J]. The Journal of Geology, 2008, 116(5):431-448. DOI URL
[3]	MILLIMAN J D, MEADE R H. World-wide delivery of river se-diment to the oceans[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1983, 91(1):1-21. DOI URL
[4]	MILLIMAN J D. Sediment discharge to the ocean from small mountainous rivers: The New Guinea example[J]. Geo-Marine Letters, 1995, 15:127-133. DOI URL
[5]	LYONS W B, NEZAT C A, CAREY A E, et al. Organic carbon fluxes to the ocean from high-standing islands[J]. Geology, 2002, 30(5):443-446. DOI URL
[6]	MILLIMAN J D, SYVITSKI J P M. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1992, 100(5):525-544. DOI URL
[7]	MILLIMAN J D, FARNSWORTH K L. River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean: A Global Synthesis[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011: 1-393.
[8]	ROMANS B W, CASTELLTORT S, COVAULT J A, et al. Environmental signal propagation in sedimentary systems across timescales[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2016, 153:7-29. DOI URL
[9]	XU K, MILLIMAN J D, YANG Z, et al. Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts on Water and Sediment Discharges from the Yangtze River (Changjiang), 1950-2005, Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management[M]. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2008: 609-626.
[10]	QIAO S, SHI X, SAITO Y, et al. Sedimentary records of natural and artificial Huanghe (Yellow River) channel shifts during the Holocene in the southern Bohai Sea[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2011, 31(13):1336-1342. DOI URL
[11]	WANG S, FU B, PIAO S, et al. Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9(1):38-41. DOI URL
[12]	MUNOZ S E, GIOSAN L, THERRELL M D, et al. Climatic control of Mississippi River flood hazard amplified by river engineering[J]. Nature, 2018, 556:95-98. DOI URL
[13]	ZHANG J, WAN S, CLIFT P D, et al. History of Yellow River and Yangtze River delivering sediment to the Yellow Sea since 3.5 Ma: Tectonic or climate forcing?[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2019, 216:74-88. DOI URL
[14]	WU Z, ZHAO D, SYVITSKI J P M, et al. Anthropogenic impacts on the decreasing sediment loads of nine major rivers in China, 1954-2015 [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 739:1-21.
[15]	杨守业, 印萍. 自然环境变化与人类活动影响下的中小河流沉积物源汇过程[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2018, 38(1):1-10.
[16]	WHEATCROFT R A, GOÑI M A, HATTEN J A, et al. The role of effective discharge in the ocean delivery of particulate organic carbon by small, mountainous river systems[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2010, 55(1):161-171. DOI URL
[17]	吕永岩, 白煜章. 惊涛托举的永恒--大凌河“7·13”水难记实[J]. 青年文学, 1994, 11(26):14-39.
[18]	刘和平, 王秀颖, 梁凤国. 大凌河流域径流演变驱动因素研究[R]. 沈阳: 辽宁省水利学会, 2014.
[19]	SMITH L C A, DOUGLAS E. Control on sediment and organic carbon delivery to the Arctic Ocean revealed with space-borne synthetic aperture radar: Ob' River, Siberia[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1998, 26(5):395-398.
[20]	BI L, YANG S, LI C, et al. Geochemistry of river-borne clays entering the East China Sea indicates two contrasting types of weathering and sediment transport processes[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2015, 16(9):3034-3052. DOI URL
[21]	吴俊秀, 张晓红, 车延路. 综合治理对大凌河流域泥沙影响分析[J]. 东北水利水电, 2005, 23(2):31-32.
[22]	HENGL T, DE JESUS J M, MACMILLAN R A, et al. SoilGrids1km-global soil information based on automated mapping[J]. PLOS ONE, 2014, 9(8):1-17.
[23]	BERNER R A. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean: its geochemical and environmental significance[J]. American Journal of Science, 1982, 282:451-473. DOI URL
[24]	李克让, 王绍强, 曹明奎. 中国植被和土壤碳贮量[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 2003, 33(1):72-80.
[25]	姜伟, 侯青叶, 杨忠芳, 等. 黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域有机碳迁移与沉积通量[J]. 现代地质, 2011, 25(2):384-392.
[26]	郭月峰, 姚云峰, 秦富仓, 等. 地形因子对老哈河流域土壤有机碳的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2014(2):156-161.
[27]	ROBINSON N, REGETZ J, GURALNICK R P. EarthEnv-DEM90: A nearly-global, void-free, multi-scale smoothed, 90m digital elevation model from fused ASTER and SRTM data[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2014, 87:57-67. DOI URL
[28]	周莉, 李保国, 周广胜. 土壤有机碳的主导影响因子及其研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20(1):99-105.
[29]	MILLIMAN J D, LIN S W, KAO S J, et al. Short-term changes in seafloor character due to flood-derived hyperpycnal discharge: Typhoon Mindulle, Taiwan, July 2004 [J]. Geology, 2007, 35(9):779-782. DOI URL
[30]	LIU J P, LIU C S, XU K H, et al. Flux and fate of small mountainous rivers derived sediments into the Taiwan Strait[J]. Marine Geology, 2008, 256(1):65-76. DOI URL
[31]	LEAH MAY B VER, MACKENZTE F T, ABRAHAM LERMAN. Carbon cycle in the coastal zone: effects of global perturbations and change in the past three centuries[J]. Chemical Geo-logy, 1999, 159(1/4):283-304.
[32]	HERNES P J, DYDA R Y, MCDOWELL W H. Connecting tropical river DOM and POM to the landscape with lignin[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2017, 219:143-159. DOI URL
[33]	COYNEL A, ETCHEBER H, ABRIL G, et al. Contribution of small mountainous rivers to particulate organic carbon input in the Bay of Biscay[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2005, 74(2):151-171. DOI URL
[34]	LI C, YANG S, ZHAO J, et al. The time scale of river sediment source-to-sink processes in East Asia[J]. Chemical Geology, 2016, 446:138-146. DOI URL
[35]	SYVITSKI J P M, MILLIMAN J D. Geology, geography, and humans battle for dominance over the delivery of fluvial sediment to the coastal ocean[J]. The Journal of Geology, 2007, 115:1-19. DOI URL
[36]	ZHOU Y, LI D, LU J, et al. Distinguishing the multiple controls on the decreased sediment flux in the Jialing River basin of the Yangtze River, Southwestern China[J]. Catena, 2020, 193:1-11.
[37]	VE N D, DAIDU F, VAN VUONG B, et al. Sediment budget and morphological change in the Red River Delta under increasing human interferences[J]. Marine Geology, 2021, 431:1-19.
[38]	KUEHL S, YANG S, YU F, et al. Asia’s mega rivers: common source, diverse fates[J]. Eos, 2020, 101:1-8.
[39]	SYVITSKI J P M, VÖRÖSMARTY C J, GREEN A J K P. Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean[J]. Science, 2005, 308:376-380. DOI URL
[40]	郭晓英, 陈兴伟, 陈莹, 等. 气候变化与人类活动对闽江流域径流变化的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2016, 14(2):88-94.
[41]	JIAN X, ZHANG W, YANG S, et al. Climate-dependent sediment composition and transport of mountainous rivers in tectonically stable, Subtropical East Asia[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2020, 47(3):1-11.
[42]	PHILLIPS J D, SLATTERY M C. Sediment storage, sea level, and sediment delivery to the ocean by coastal plain rivers[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 2006, 30(4):513-530.
[43]	LU X X, RAN L S, LIU S, et al. Sediment loads response to climate change: A preliminary study of eight large Chinese rivers[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2013, 28(1):1-14. DOI URL
[44]	WU X, WANG H, BI N, et al. Climate and human battle for dominance over the Yellow River's sediment discharge: From the Mid-Holocene to the Anthropocene[J]. Marine Geology, 2020, 425:1-9.
[45]	ZHANG Z, CHEN X, XU C Y, et al. Evaluating the non-stationary relationship between precipitation and streamflow in nine major basins of China during the past 50 years[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2011, 409(1):81-93. DOI URL
[46]	LI D, LU X X, YANG X, et al. Sediment load responses to climate variation and cascade reservoirs in the Yangtze River: A case study of the Jinsha River[J]. Geomorphology, 2018, 322:41-52. DOI URL
[47]	MILLIMAN J D, FARNSWORTH K L. Runoff, Erosion, and Delivery to the Coastal Ocean,River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2011: 13-69.
[48]	印萍. 海陆沧桑一带连--我国海岸带探索[J]. 国土资源科普与文化, 2015, 2(10):14-23.
[49]	DOU Y, LI J, ZHAO J, et al. Clay mineral distributions in surface sediments of the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea and surrounding river sediments: Sources and transport patterns[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2014, 73:72-82. DOI URL
[50]	符文侠, 李光天, 何宝林, 等. 辽东湾潮滩及滨下动力地貌特征[J]. 海洋学报, 1993, 15(1):71-83.
[51]	何磊, 薛春汀, 叶思源, 等. 大凌河河口地区晚更新世晚期以来的沉积环境演化[J]. 海洋学报, 2016, 38(5):108-123.
[52]	刘大为. 辽河-大凌河三角洲四百年来的演化研究.[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2019.
[53]	梁小龙, 杨守业, 印萍, 等. 黄海与东海周边河流及泥质区沉积物黏土矿物的分布特征和控制因素[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2015, 35(6):1-15.
[54]	刘大为, 刘兴宝, 胡克, 等. 大凌河与辽河入海口沉积物黏土矿物组成研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2019, 41(2):75-84.
[55]	黎刚, 殷勇. 滦河下游河道及三角洲地貌的近期演化[J]. 地理研究, 2010, 29(9):1606-1615. DOI
[56]	黄霄. 北方典型多沙大凌河水沙演变特征及其影响因素分析[J]. 水电能源科学, 2019, 27(1):40-44.
[57]	王利波, 李军, 赵京涛, 等. 辽东湾周边河流沉积物碎屑矿物组成及其物源意义[J]. 沉积学报, 2013, 31(4):663-671.
[58]	郭若舜, 何磊, 叶思源, 等. 辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地沉积物晚更新世以来的矿物特征及其物源、气候意义[J]. 现代地质, 2020, 34(1):154-165.
[59]	曹珂, 李梅娜, 刘金庆. 滦河三角洲表层沉积物黏土矿物特征[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2016, 36(6):7-11.
[60]	ALIZAI A, HILLIER S, CLIFT P D, et al. Clay mineral variations in Holocene terrestrial sediments from the Indus Basin[J]. Quaternary Research, 2017, 77(3):368-381. DOI URL
[61]	于国宝. 大凌河流域水沙特性及变化趋势分析[J]. 水利规划与设计, 2017, 2(3):41-43.
[62]	WANG H, YANG Z, SAITO Y, et al. Interannual and seasonal variation of the Huanghe (Yellow River) water discharge over the past 50 years: Connections to impacts from ENSO events and dams[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2006, 50(3):212-225. DOI URL
[63]	MILLIMAN J D, LEE T Y, HUANG J C, et al. Impact of catastrophic events on small mountainous rivers: Temporal and spatial variations in suspended-and dissolved-solid fluxes along the Choshui River, central western Taiwan, during typhoon Mindulle, July 2-6, 2004[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2017, 205:272-294. DOI URL
[64]	陈静生, 王忠. 海南岛雨水、河水、地下水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其关系[J]. 地理科学, 1993, 13(3):273-278.
[65]	刘金庆, 印萍, 高飞, 等. 南渡江河口水体氢氧同位素特征及对台风“海鸥”的响应[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2017, 38(1):170-177.
[66]	DENG J, WOODROFFE C D, ROGERS K, et al. Morphogenetic modelling of coastal and estuarine evolution[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2017, 171:254-271. DOI URL
[67]	LI C, SHI X, KAO S, et al. Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 57(6):673-681. DOI URL
[68]	程捷, 唐德翔, 张绪教, 等. 粘土矿物在黄河源区古气候研究中的应用[J]. 现代地质, 2003, 17(1):47-51.
[69]	《中国河湖大典》编纂委员会. 中国河湖大典黑龙江、辽河卷[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2014: 1-399.

河流	国家	流域面积/km²	海拔梯度/m	输沙量/Mt		径流量/(m³·s^-1)		沉积物浓度/ (g·L^-1)		事件	参考文献
河流	国家	流域面积/km²	海拔梯度/m	A	B	A	B	A	B	事件	参考文献
Cowlitz	美国	—	—	10	140	—	—	—	—	火山爆发	[6]
Alsea	美国	00 865	—	—	—	42	00 800	—	—	洪水	[16]
大凌河	中国	23 200	1 097	21	96	145	12 000	—	—	洪水	[18,21]
台湾岛河流	中国	03 076	3 997	0.5~40	>200	10~50	1 000~10 000	10	200	台风/地震	[16]

河流	国家	流域面积/km²	海拔梯度/m	输沙量/Mt		径流量/(m³·s^-1)		沉积物浓度/ (g·L^-1)		事件	参考文献
河流	国家	流域面积/km²	海拔梯度/m	A	B	A	B	A	B	事件	参考文献
Cowlitz	美国	—	—	10	140	—	—	—	—	火山爆发	[6]
Alsea	美国	00 865	—	—	—	42	00 800	—	—	洪水	[16]
大凌河	中国	23 200	1 097	21	96	145	12 000	—	—	洪水	[18,21]
台湾岛河流	中国	03 076	3 997	0.5~40	>200	10~50	1 000~10 000	10	200	台风/地震	[16]

河流	汇入海区	长度/km	面积/ 10⁴ km²		最高海拔/m	径流量/ (10⁸m³·a^-1)	输沙量/ (10⁶t·a^-1)	沉积物浓度/ (g·L^-1)	温度/℃	降水/ (mm·a^-1)	岩性	气候带
辽河	渤海	1 345^[69]	22.96^[69]	1 490^[69]		31.9^[49]	15.4^[49]	4.8	4~9	300~950^[69]	Cen S/M^[7]	TCM
大凌河	渤海	435^[49]	2.32^[69]	1 097		20.6^[49]	17.7^[49]	17.0^[7]	7.2~8.9^[69]	450~610^[69]	PreMes^[7]
小凌河	渤海	206^[49]	0.55^[49]	454.2^[69]		4.0^[49]	2.24	5.6	8.4^[69]	543^[69]	—
滦河	渤海	877^[49]	4.49^[49]		1 000.0	19.8^[49]	10.8^[49]	5.5	1~11	400~800	PreMes^[7]	WTCM
复州河	渤海	134^[49]	0.16^[49]	848^[69]		1.4^[49]	0.17^[49]	1.2	8.3~10.3^[69]	675.4^[69]	—	TCM
大清河	渤海	98.9^[69]	0.15^[69]	1 033.6^[69]		3.5^[69]	—	—	—	670~760^[69]	—
六股河	渤海	163^[69]	0.31^[69]	1 092^[69]		6.8^[49]	0.98^[49]	1.4	8~9^[69]	587^[69]	—
黄河	渤海	5 465^[49]	75.20^[49]	4 852		289.0^[14]	659.1^[14]	19.0^[7]	5.3~14.5^[53]	477.8^[53]	PreMes^[7]
大洋河	黄海	179.7^[69]	0.62^[69]	928.9^[69]		31.0^[69]	—	—	7.5~8.0^[69]	—	—
长江	东海	6 300^[7]	1 800^[7]		5 042	8 912.0^[14]	369.7^[14]	0.5^[7]	15.2~17^[53]	1 100^[53]	PreMes	STM
钱塘江	东海	490^[7]	4.20^[7]		1 000^[7]	310.0^[7]	4.4^[7]	0.1	16.2~17.3^[53]	1 200~ 2 200^[53]	—
瓯江	东海	338^[53]	1.78^[53]		—	150.0^[53]	2.7^[53]	0.2	18^[53]	1 100~ 2 200^[53]	—	STMM
闽江	东海	580^[7]	6.10^[7]		1 016.9	580.0^[7]	7.7^[7]	0.1	19.6^[53]	1 498^[53]	Mes I^[7]
九龙江	东海	263^[53]	1.36^[53]		—	620.0^[53]	—	—	21^[53]	1 700^[53]	—
浊水溪	东海	190^[7]	0.31^[7]		3 400^[7]	61.0^[7]	38^[7]	6.2^[7]	22^[53]	2 200^[53]	PreMes- Cen S/M^[7]
双溪	冲绳海槽	26.81	132		—	—	1.2^[53]	—	22^[53]	3 000^[53]
兰阳溪	太平洋	73^[7]	0.098^[7]		3 500^[7]	28.0^[7]	6.5^[7]	2.3	22^[53]	3 200^[53]
全球	0.5^[7]

河流	汇入海区	长度/km	面积/ 10⁴ km²		最高海拔/m	径流量/ (10⁸m³·a^-1)	输沙量/ (10⁶t·a^-1)	沉积物浓度/ (g·L^-1)	温度/℃	降水/ (mm·a^-1)	岩性	气候带
辽河	渤海	1 345^[69]	22.96^[69]	1 490^[69]		31.9^[49]	15.4^[49]	4.8	4~9	300~950^[69]	Cen S/M^[7]	TCM
大凌河	渤海	435^[49]	2.32^[69]	1 097		20.6^[49]	17.7^[49]	17.0^[7]	7.2~8.9^[69]	450~610^[69]	PreMes^[7]
小凌河	渤海	206^[49]	0.55^[49]	454.2^[69]		4.0^[49]	2.24	5.6	8.4^[69]	543^[69]	—
滦河	渤海	877^[49]	4.49^[49]		1 000.0	19.8^[49]	10.8^[49]	5.5	1~11	400~800	PreMes^[7]	WTCM
复州河	渤海	134^[49]	0.16^[49]	848^[69]		1.4^[49]	0.17^[49]	1.2	8.3~10.3^[69]	675.4^[69]	—	TCM
大清河	渤海	98.9^[69]	0.15^[69]	1 033.6^[69]		3.5^[69]	—	—	—	670~760^[69]	—
六股河	渤海	163^[69]	0.31^[69]	1 092^[69]		6.8^[49]	0.98^[49]	1.4	8~9^[69]	587^[69]	—
黄河	渤海	5 465^[49]	75.20^[49]	4 852		289.0^[14]	659.1^[14]	19.0^[7]	5.3~14.5^[53]	477.8^[53]	PreMes^[7]
大洋河	黄海	179.7^[69]	0.62^[69]	928.9^[69]		31.0^[69]	—	—	7.5~8.0^[69]	—	—
长江	东海	6 300^[7]	1 800^[7]		5 042	8 912.0^[14]	369.7^[14]	0.5^[7]	15.2~17^[53]	1 100^[53]	PreMes	STM
钱塘江	东海	490^[7]	4.20^[7]		1 000^[7]	310.0^[7]	4.4^[7]	0.1	16.2~17.3^[53]	1 200~ 2 200^[53]	—
瓯江	东海	338^[53]	1.78^[53]		—	150.0^[53]	2.7^[53]	0.2	18^[53]	1 100~ 2 200^[53]	—	STMM
闽江	东海	580^[7]	6.10^[7]		1 016.9	580.0^[7]	7.7^[7]	0.1	19.6^[53]	1 498^[53]	Mes I^[7]
九龙江	东海	263^[53]	1.36^[53]		—	620.0^[53]	—	—	21^[53]	1 700^[53]	—
浊水溪	东海	190^[7]	0.31^[7]		3 400^[7]	61.0^[7]	38^[7]	6.2^[7]	22^[53]	2 200^[53]	PreMes- Cen S/M^[7]
双溪	冲绳海槽	26.81	132		—	—	1.2^[53]	—	22^[53]	3 000^[53]
兰阳溪	太平洋	73^[7]	0.098^[7]		3 500^[7]	28.0^[7]	6.5^[7]	2.3	22^[53]	3 200^[53]
全球	0.5^[7]