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    10 June 2018, Volume 32 Issue 03
    Mineral Deposits and Petrology
    Study on Evolution of Ore-forming Fluid in the Sadaigoumen Molybdenum Deposit, Hebei Province
    WU Di, JIANG Sihong, LIU Yuan, ZHANG Lili, KANG Huan, LIU Jiajun
    2018, 32(03):  415-428.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.01
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    The Sadaigoumen Mo deposit is a typical porphyry Mo deposit in the Yan-Liao Mo(Cu) metallogenic belt on the northern margin of North China Block. Located in Fengning County, Hebei Province, the Sadaigoumen Mo deposit is the largest molybdenum deposit in this region so far. The Mo mineralization can be divided into three periods, which are pre-ore period (quartz vein stage without mineralization), the syn-ore period (including ①quartz+magnetite+molybdenite+pyrite+K-feldspar stage, ②quartz+molybdenite stage, ③quartz+mica+molybdenite+pyrite stage, and ④quartz+molybdenite+pyrite stage), and the post-ore period (late hydrothermal stage without mineralization). In order to explore the ore-forming mechanism of this Mo deposit, the study on ore fluid was carried out in this paper. There are two types of fluid inclusions in this deposit, which consist of two-phase vapor-liquid inclusions and CO2-bearing three-phase inclusions. The quartz from the pre-ore and post-ore periods are predominantly characterized by the two-phase vapor-liquid inclusions, which have the homogenization temperatures ranging from 248 to 296 ℃, 130 to 197 ℃, and the salinities varying from 6.0% to 10.2% NaCleqv, and 0.2% to 5.9% NaCleqv for the pre-ore and post-ore periods, respectively. During the syn-ore period, the two types of fluid inclusions are both developed in quartz, with the homogenization temperatures and salinities ranging from 200 to 260 ℃, and from 7.0% to 17.5% NaCleqv. Raman spectrum and inclusion groups components studies indicate that ore fluids are mainly composed of CO2, H2O,N2, Na+,Ca2+,NO3- and Cl-. The δD and δ18$O_{H_{2}O}$ values for quartz from ores vary from -88‰ to -102‰, and -1.90‰ to 3.12‰, respectively. Therefore, the ore fluid in the Sadaigoumen Mo deposit is a CO2-H2O-NaCl system dominated by the magmatic water in a medium-low temperature and medium-low salinity.

    Fluid Inclusions and Ore Genesis Analysis of the Uchkulach Lead-Zinc Ore Deposit in Nuratau Region, Uzbekistan
    GAO Zhenzhen, ZHANG Zhaochong, CHENG Zhiguo, MIRZAEV A U, NURTAEV B S, KODIROV O
    2018, 32(03):  429-437.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.02
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    The Uchkulach large lead-zinc deposit is located in the north margin of the South Tianshan orogenic belt, Uzbekistan. The orebodies are concordantly imbedded in the Middle-Upper Devonian carbonate successions. Because the lead-zinc ores are hosted over acid volcanic rocks, it still remains controversial if the formation of the Uchkulach lead-zinc deposit is correlated to magmatic activity. On the basis of the geological characteristics, we determined fluid inclusions in barite and sphalerite from the ores and chemical compositions of the major minerals by EPMA. Our results show that the homogenization temperatures of the liquid-rich inclusions range from 71 ℃ to 153 ℃, with the peak temperature of 93 ℃ to 133 ℃. The calculated salinities range from 11.0 to 20.2 NaCl wt% according to their determined ice temperatures of -7.4 to -16.9 ℃. Such low temperature and middle salinity fluids suggest that they were possibly derived mainly from the basin brine or evaporated seawater. The election microprobe analyses of sphalerite, galena and barite suggest that the sphalerites are characterized low Fe contents (<6%), which also indicates low-temperature fluids. Concludingly, the Uchkulach lead-zinc deposit belongs to Mississippi Valley-type, and cannot be classified into the one genetically related to underlying volcano-sedimentary rocks.

    LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Geochemistry Characteristics of the Lianhuashan Alkaline-rich Porphyry Intrusion in Western Yunnan Province
    WANG Tao, ZHANG Jing, TONG Zida, LI Tengjian
    2018, 32(03):  438-452.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.03
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    The Lianhuashan alkalic porphyry in the eastern Lanping basin is an important part of the alkalic porphyry belt in Western Yunnan. The porphyry is mainly composed of quartz monzonite porphyry and amphibole quartz monzonite porphyry. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the Lianhuashan porphyry was emplaced during the Eocene (from (35.6±0.5) Ma to (35.7±0.5) Ma). The K2O/Na2O values (0.97 to 1.42) and K2O+Na2O contents (8.86% to 9.59%) demonstrate high-K alkaline affinity. The study shows that all samples belong to the shoshonitic series and are LREE-enriched with weak negative Eu anomalies. Zircon Ti thermometry shows that all the analyzed magmatic zircons have relatively low crystallization temperatures (594 to 788 ℃), suggesting that the magma was originated from subduction and/or collision. Besides, inherited zircons of 1,177 to 68 Ma (Nb/U ratios=1.31 to 4.73) are found, which also reflect that the magma may have sourced from the mantle metasomatized by the oceanic subduction, with entrainment of crustal materials during its ascent. To conclude, the Lianhuashan alkalic porphyry was likely formed under a transitional tectonic setting from the India-Asia collisional compression to post-collisional extension.

    Geochemistry
    Heredity, Inheritance and Similarity of Element Behaviors Among Parent Rocks and Their Weathered Products: A Geochemical Lithogene
    YAN Taotao, WU Xuan, QUAN Yangke, GONG Qingjie, LI Xiaolei, WANG Ping, LI Ruikun
    2018, 32(03):  453-467.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.001
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    Relative behaviors of immobile elements during weathering are usually stable from rock to its weathered products. The stability of these relative behaviors is similar to the genetic inheritance in biology. The term of geochemical gene is proposed here to describe the stability of relative variations in contents. The geochemical gene is coded as a sequence of immobile elements. Furthermore, similarity of gene is also proposed and calculated to evaluate the degree of consistency between samples in geochemical gene. Eleven immobile elements are selected to code the geochemical gene based on their abundances in the acidic, intermediate and basic rocks in China, and the sequence of these immobile elements is Al2O3→SiO2→P→Ti→La→Fe2O3→Th→Zr→Nb→Y→U. This geochemical gene is presented to characterize the geochemical attributes of the acidic, intermediate and basic rocks in China, and is therefore called geochemical lithogene in terminology. Geological materials with four scales sourcing from the same andesite of Xiong’er Group in western Henan Province, China are selected to test the validity of the geochemical lithogene. The results from the vertical weathering profile developed over the andesite indicate a well heredity from the fresh rock to its weathered products and a well inheritance from the top soil to its sources with different weathering degrees evaluated on WIG. The results from the lateral surficial soil profile, areal stream sediment surveys with a scale of 1:50,000 and 1:200,000 developed over the andesite outcrops indicate a well similarity among the soils and stream sediments sourced from the same parent rock in geochemical lithogene. A geochemical lithogene database may be constructed on the database of regional geochemical survey and may play an important role in the scientific fields such as basic geology, environmental survey, and forensic geochemistry.

    Geochemical Characteristics and Anomalies Identification of Elements in the Stream Sediments from the Lenglongling Area of North Qilian Mountains, Qinghai Province
    GAO Yongwei, GUO Zhouping, ZHAO Xinmin, WANG Yuxi, LI Xiangmin, XUE Baolin
    2018, 32(03):  468-480.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.05
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    The Lenglongling area,located in the eastern segment of the North Qilian metallogenic belt,Qinghai Province, is a favorable area for forming marine volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits and magmatic hydrothermal deposits, which has a good prospecting potential. The previous 1∶200 000 regional geochemical anomalies lacked further detailed analysis.In this paper, based on the results of the 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey,the geochemical characteristics of 17 elements, such as Au, Cu, Pb, Zn, etc., were preliminarily analyzed. The abundance value of elements such as Ag,Pb,Zn,W,Sn,Bi,Mo,Ba,Cd in the Lenglongling area is much higher than the average background abundance of Qinghai Province and Qilian area;The distribution characteristics of elements show all elements in the Yingou Group are enriched of different degrees except for Hg,La,Ce.The Caledonian intrusive rocks have a higher content of Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Au,Sn,Bi and the Ba, La, Ce enrichment of the Hercynian syenite is more significant,respectively. R type cluster analysis and factor analysis show that Cu-Pb-Ag-Mo-Ba-La-Ce are the major metallogenic element assemblage in the region and Au had the potential of independent mineralization. The geochemical parameters including the enrichment and discrete characteristics indicate that the survey area might be a prospective area for Au,Ag,Cu,Pb,Zn,Mo,La and Ce. This study has defined eight integrated anomalies.By comparing geological and geochemical characteristics of Langlike copper deposit and Qingfenling gold deposit,in combination with the metallogenic geologic background, the characteristics and verifying results of 1∶50 000 geochemical anomalies, the authors delineated two metallogenic prospective areas,namely Ganshahe and Sandaolujuan-Daoyanghe.

    Geochemical Characteristics of Stream Sediments and Prospecting in the Narizong Area, Qinghai Province
    HU Zhaoguo, ZHANG Shaopeng, LIAN Guojian, WANG Lei, LI Xujiao, LI Shiyuan, ZHANG Zhiwu, YANG Shengfei, HU Jiabin, WANG Xiaoyu, ZHAO Xiaobo, ZHANG Yang
    2018, 32(03):  481-492.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.06
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    The Narizong area in Qinghai Province is located at the boundary between the southern Qilian Mountain magmatic arc and Zongwulong Mountain-Xiahe-Ganjia rift valley. A series of small-sized metallic mineral deposits (occurrences) distribute in and around the Narizong area. Based on the stream sediment geochemical data at scale 1∶50 000,the authors studied the characteristics of geochemical parameters, relativity analysis of elements, metallogenic advantage coefficient, and summarized the relationship among elements assemblage, element enrichment and dilution regularity with geological background, tectonics, mineralization. The major enrichment elements are Sn,Pb,Bi,As and Sb. The elements with high ore-forming favorable coefficient are As,Pb,W,Au,Bi and Sb. The results show obvious elemental anomalies along NW and NWW trending faults. It suggests that there is the explorational potential for gold, lead and wolfram in the structural zone. Seventy-four anomalous zones and three metallogenetic prospective areas in the Narizong area were delineated, based on the geologic information and elemental anomalies.This work expected to provide useful information for the future exploration.

    Regional Geochemistry of Lithium in the Altay Area across the Boundary of China and Mongolia
    LIU Hanliang, NIE Lanshi, WANG Xueqiu, ZHANG Yibo, LIU Dongsheng, WANG Wei, CHI Qinghua
    2018, 32(03):  493-499.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.07
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    Lithium, known as the “green energy metal” and “white oil”, is of strategic importance which plays a great role in changing the world in the 21st century.And the Altay area is an important rare metal metallogenic belt, so it is crucial to carry out the potential prospect areas of lithium resources in this area. The same methods of sampling, laboratory analysis, statistics were used in geochemical mapping in the Altay area across the boundary of China and Mongolia. In this study, the samples were analyzed for 69 elements including rare elements which were not determined before. This paper discussed the background values of lithium in different tectonic belts and the regional geochemical anomalies. In the Altay area, the background value of lithium in China side (23.5×10-6) is lower than that in Mongolia side (25.9×10-6). The background values and average values of lithium in the Altay tectonic belt, the arc basin system in the southern margin of the Altay and the Junggar block are higher than that in the whole’s region. Especially the background value (31.6×10-6) and average value (32.9×10-6) of lithium distributed along the Altay tectonic belt are the highest values, showing that lithium is enriched in the Altay tectonic belt. A total of 24 lithium geochemical anomalies based on the 85% cumulative percentage have been delineated, and three of them with coverage of over an area of 1 000 km2 are potential prospect areas of lithium resources.

    Petroleum Geology
    Geochemical Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Miocene Marine Source Rocks in the Ying-Qiong Basin
    WANG Yuan, LI Xianqing, WANG Gang, XU Xinde, LIU Haiyu
    2018, 32(03):  500-510.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.08
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    Based on the analysis of organic carbon,rock-eval pyrolysis,maceral identification,saturated hydrocarbon chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry,geochemical characteristics of the Miocene marine source rocks in the Ying-Qiong Basin were studied. The hydrocarbon generation potentials of different source rocks were discussed. The results indicate that the organic matter abundance of the Miocene marine source rocks are generally low, most of which are medium source rocks. Organic matters comprise mainly type Ⅱ2 and Ⅲ, and their thermal evolution is mainly in the mature stage. The maceral composition of the studied samples is dominated by vitrinites, and the inertinite contents are relatively low. Sedimentary environment of the source rocks was weakly oxidizing to weakly reducing, and the organic matter may have be originated from terrestrial higher plants and lower aquatic algae. Comprehensive source rock evaluation on the Meishan Formation in the Yinggehai Basin indicates that they are medium source rocks with relatively high hydrocarbon generation potential, whereas source rocks of the Sanya Formation are poor-medium ones and have minor hydrocarbon generation potential. The Meishan and Sanya formations in the Qiongdongnan Basin contain medium source rocks, and have certain hydrocarbon generation potential.

    Microfacies and Sedimentary Environment of the Lower Carboniferous Carbonates in the Marsel Exploration Area,Kazakhstan
    WANG Yuan, LIN Changsong, LI Hao, SUN Yanda, HE Haiquan, WANG Qinglong, ZHANG Zhiyuan, JI Muye
    2018, 32(03):  511-526.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.09
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    Based on thin sections and drill core data, 43 microfacies (MF) and 10 microfacies association (MA) patterns are identified in the Marsel exploration area in Kazakhstan. The MA comprises five rock types, representing different sedimentary environments: mudstone (MF1-MF3) deposited in the outer ramp or low-energy restricted environment; wackstone (MF4-MF13) deposited in lagoons and peritidal flat of the inner, middle or outer ramp; packstone (MF14-MF20) deposited in the low-energy restricted inner ramp; grainstone (MF21-MF34) deposited in subtidal area of the inner ramp and shoals of the middle ramp; crystalline dolostone (MF35-MF37) deposited in evaporate tidal flat; fine-grained clastic rocks (MF38-MF43) deposited in the inner-middle mixed ramp. Types of MA include deposits of the middle-outer ramp (MA2), middle-low energy shoal (MA1, MA8), middle ramp mixed (MA5), middle-high energy shoal and tidal flat (MA6, MA7, MA9), lagoon and tidal flat of the inner ramp (MA3), clastic tidal flat of the inner ramp (MA4), and mixed tidal flat (MA10). Through subfacies and microfacies association analysis, a ramp sedimentary model is established for the Early Carboniferous depositional environment in the Marsel area: During the deposition of the Tournasian-lower Visean-3 member, low-energy restricted lagoon and tidal flat of the inner-middle and middle-outer ramp deposits are developed as the relative sea level rises from slow to rapidly. During the deposition of middle Visean-3 member-Serpukhovian, low-energy restricted lagoon, tidal flat and evaporate tidal flat of the inner ramp deposits were widely developed with local shoals and mixed tidal flat, as the relative sea level falls from slow to rapidly.

    Effect of Differential Diagenesis on the Quantitative Evolution of Porosity in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs: Taking the Chang 6 Reservoir of the Jiyuan Oilfield in Ordos Basin as An Example
    LI Pan, SUN Wei, DU Kun, HUANG Hexin, BAI Yunyun
    2018, 32(03):  527-536.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.10
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    In the Ordos Basin, the effects of compaction and diagenesis are strong in the Chang 6 reservoir of the Jiyuan Oilfield, and the great heterogeneity has limited the oil and gas development. This paper first studied the microscopic characteristics of the reservoir via microcosmic experiments including conventional physical properties, image granularity, casting lamella, X-ray diffraction, high-pressure mercury injection, constant speed mercury injection and SEM. Taking time as the main factor and integrating with the depositional environment, burial depth, paleotemperature, tectonism and other minor factors, we established the porosity evolution simulation equations of tight sandstone reservoir at Chang 6 by using the diagenetic evolution characteristics and geological comprehensive effects. We analyzed the formation mechanism of the diagenesis effect and porosity evolution in tight sandstone reservoirs. Computing results of porosity evolution show that the initial porosity of the Chang 6 reservoir was 37.33%, the porosity loss by compaction effect was 22.47%, porosity loss by early phase cement-metasomatism was 3.69%, secondary porosity was 6.53%, the porosity loss by middle and late phase cement-metasomatism was 6.97%, and the porosity was 10.06% on average. We suggest that the differential diagenetic evolution process of tight sandstone reservoir is the fundamental cause of the physical property differences and micro-pore structures.

    Effects of Different Parameters in Thin Muddy Interlayer on SAGD Production in Oil Sands
    KONG Lingxiao, QI Mei, ZHANG Shuaichao, LIU Pengcheng
    2018, 32(03):  537-546.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.11
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    Thin muddy interlayers are widely developed in Mackay River oil sands. The centimeter-scale interlayers have a great impact on the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) performance. Based on the actual parameters in the Mackay River oil sands block, a numerical simulation model with the thin muddy interlayers located between or above injector-producer was established, and the thin muddy interlayers with different locations, length, permeability, thickness and numbers were simulated to investigate their impacts on the SAGD performance, and the threshold parameters were obtained. The results show that the thin muddy interlayers above the injector have minor impact on the SAGD performance, while those located between the injector-producer have significant adverse impacts. The closer the thin muddy interlayers from to the producer, the later would the steam chamber develop, and the lower is the cumulative oil production. When the length of thin muddy interlayer exceeds 20 meters and the number of thin muddy interlayer exceeds seven, the steam chamber can hardly be developed, and the permeability and thickness have little impact on the SAGD performance. Therefore, SAGD deployment should avoid the thin muddy interlayers between injector-producers. The findings have substantial guiding significance in conducting SAGD development planning in minimizing geology risks and improving SAGD efficiency.

    Optimization Study of Fracturing Length for Rhombus Inverse Nine-spot Diamond Reverse Well Pattern in Anisotropy Reservoirs
    WANG Fushun, LIU Pengcheng, WANG Wenhuan, HAO Mingqiang, ZHUANG Yongtao
    2018, 32(03):  547-553.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.12
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    Nine-point diamond reverse well pattern is widely applied in the development of low-permeability reservoirs, and the wells with hydraulic fracturing can significantly improve the oil recovery. The production wells with equal length of fractures, however, may cause non-uniform displacement. The impacts are more serious if the reservoir properties are inhomogeneous. The main focus of previous research is to study the effect of equal length fractured wells regarding to the nine-point diamond reverse well pattern, without the consideration of unequal length fractured wells. Consequently, we established a numerical simulation model based on parameters of a specific low-permeability inhomogeneous reservoir. Nine-point diamond reverse well pattern was used, and unequal fracture lengths were designed for each well. The anisotropic effects of permeability and fracture lengths on the water-flooding efficiency were analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the optimized fracture penetration ratios of corner wells decrease, and those of the edge wells increase with the increasing ratios of permeability in the x and y directions. When the permeability is uniform in the x and y directions, the influence of whether injection well is fractured or not on penetration ratios of corner wells is relatively small, compared to the influence on edge wells. Our results show that the development effect of nine-point diamond reverse well pattern in inhomogeneous low-permeability reservoirs will be boosted significantly by designing unequal length fractures. This has great significance on the design for fracturing of anisotropic low permeability reservoir and well pattern design.

    Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology
    Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Strontium-rich Groundwater in Xintian County,Hunan Province
    SU Chuntian, NIE Fayun, ZOU Shengzhang, ZHAO Guangshuai, LUO Fei, HUANG Qibo, BA Junjie, LI Xiaopan, LIANG Jiapeng, YANG Yang
    2018, 32(03):  554-564.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.13
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    To provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization and development of strontium-rich groundwater, we described the chemical characteristics and discussed the possible origin of the strontium-rich groundwater in Xintian, Hunan.The hydrochemical types, chemical compositions, and correlations between components and ionic ratio of strontium-rich groundwater samples from 21 descending springs and 30 wells are presented.The results show that the chemical types of descending springs are all HCO3-Ca type, whilst those of wells are mainly HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Ca·Mg types.The correlation analysis shows that the SO42- and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the descending springs and the wells are colsely correlated,and HCO3- vs.Ca2+, SO42- vs.NO3- correlations are different in the descending springs and the pumped wells.Strontium is strongly correlated with Ca2+,Mg2+ and HCO3- in descending springs and wells.Gibbs control chart shows that decrease of water spring and well chemical composition is mainly affected by water rock interaction, and the Ca2+/Mg2+,HCO3-/(SO42-+Cl-),Na+/Cl-,Cl-/Ca2+ ratios are different in descending springs and pumped wells. All the results show that the formation of Sr-rich groundwater is significantly affected by the carbonate composition. The difference of the reservoir conditions may have led to the varying hydrochemical characteristics, correlation and the ratio of ionic coefficient of strontium-rich groundwater in descending springs and pumped wells.

    Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution Processes of Deep Groundwater in Hengshui Area
    ZHANG Zhenguo, HE Jiangtao, WANG Lei, PENG Cong
    2018, 32(03):  565-573.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.14
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    The groundwater depression cone around Hengshui is formed from the over-exploitation of deep groundwater, which changes the original hydrodynamic and hydrochemical fields. Cluster analysis, Piper and Gibbs diagrams, chlor-alkali index and ion correlation method are used to analyze the chemical characteristics and evolution of deep groundwater in the Hengshui area. The results show that the chemical evolution of deep groundwater is substantially influenced by human activities. The study area is divided into the recharge area, runoff area and drainage area using Q-type cluster analysis. A new route of groundwater supply, runoff and drainage, which strengthened the wall rock dissolution, is created with the development of depression cone since the 1970s. Major hydrochemical types of the runoff area have switched from Cl·HCO3-Na, HCO3·Cl-Na and SO4·Cl-Na to SO4·Cl-Na and Cl·SO4-Na, whereas those of the drainage area have switched from Cl·HCO3-Na and Cl-Na to Cl-Na. Gibbs diagrams and ion correlation suggest that the present hydrochemical characteristics of the study area are mainly affected by the wall rock dissolution, cation exchange and decarbonation.

    Influence of Urbanization on Unconfined Groundwater Recharge in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
    WANG Chao, DONG Shaogang, LIU Xiaobo, YANG Yang, LI Zhengkui
    2018, 32(03):  574-583.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.15
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    The impact of urbanization on groundwater recharge has seriously interfered with regional groundwater balance and triggered various ecological and environmental problems. Based on natural geographic and hydrogeological surveys, we study the urban expansion-related changes in the unconfined groundwater recharge of the area around Hohhot, using GIS combined with groundwater budget calculation. The results show that the urban Hohhot had expanded by about 3.58 times from 1986 to 2014. Influenced by factors such as increasing groundwater exploitation, land use change and landscape river renovation, the drainage area of the study area had expanded from 11.44 km2 to 104.76 km2.Lateral recharge, rainfall-infiltration recharge,irrigation-water recharge and river-seepage recharge had reduced for 9,061.15×104 m3, 843.85×104 m3, 279.44×104 m3 and 86.38×104 m3,respectively, whereas urban water supply network leakage infiltration had increased for 1,752×104 m3. Comparing 1986 with 2014, unconfined groundwater recharge of the study area had reduced from 13,225.01×104 m3 to 4,707.03×104 m3(i.e., 64.4%), with the most important factors being lateral recharge and rainfall infiltration recharge. Urbanization has greatly reduced the unconfined groundwater recharge in Hohhot, and properly-planned urban development and groundwater resource exploitation are necessary.

    Remote Sensing Survey of Glaciers Based on GF-1 Spectral Data in the Qinghai-Tibet Region
    AN Guoying, HAN Lei, HUANG Shuchun, GU Yanqun, ZHI Ruirong, GUO Zhaocheng, TONG Liqiang
    2018, 32(03):  584-594.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.16
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    Based on remote sensing images, including mainly GF-1 and minor OLI in 2014/2015, the glacier inventory of Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region is completed with reference to the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory and other literatures. The results show that there are currently 24,796 glaciers with a total area of about 2.624×104 km2, covering about 1.37% of the land area of the surveyed region.The ice volume is estimated to be about 2.027×103 to 2.121×103 km3. These 24,796 glaciers are dominated by those with sizes below 1.0 km2 (19,983 glaciers, 80.59% of the total number of glaciers) or 1.0 to 10.0 km2 (11,962.40 km2, 45.59% of the total glacial size). The Zhongfeng Glacier is the largest glacier (237.37 km2). The glaciers are spatially distributed in nine mountains or plateaus: The Nyainqentanglula Mountains contain the largest number of glaciers, followed by the Himalayas and the Gangdese Mountains, which altogether account for 63.33% of the total glacier number in the region.The sizes and ice volumes of the Nyainqentanglula, Himalayas and Kunlun Mountains rank among the top three, accounting for 68.09% of the total size and 73.44% of the total ice volume. The average single glacier size in the Kunlun Mountains and Qiangtang plateau is greater than that in the Nyainqentanglula and the Himalayas. Over 85% of the number or the area of the glaciers is concentrated in the 5,000 m to 6,500 m elevation. Analogously, there is an obvious difference of glacial resources in different drainage basins. On one hand, the Ganges basin is the largest first-level drainage in terms of the number (47% of total) or size (52% of total) of glaciers. On the other hand, the number (21% of total) and size (24% of total) of glaciers in the inner basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are smaller than those of the Ganges, and the average single glacier size in the inner stream is slightly larger than the average of the outflow basin. In general, the Tibetan glacial resources (in terms of number and size of glacier and ice volume) account for nearly 85% of the total glacial resources in Tibet and Qinghai, and the average single glacial size is similar between the glaciers in Tibet and Qinghai.

    Remote Sensing Classification for High Standard Farmland Based on Fractal Characteristics
    CHEN Zhen, ZHANG Yunshi, CHEN Jianping, AN Zhihong
    2018, 32(03):  595-601.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.17
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    The high-standard farmland area in China has currently reached a considerable scale. The low efficiency of manual interpretation has called for more precise and real-time remote sensing monitoring for the construction of large scale farmland in the country. Because of the large monitoring area and high precision demand, a set of automatic remote sensing monitoring classification method is needed to develop. The study area is located in Dongguan area of Guangdong Province, South China. Using GF-2 remote sensing images (15th February, 2017), the fractal-based image segmentation combined with the BP neural network remote sensing classification method is studied, which is supported by the artificial interpretation and field verification. The experimental results show that the overall precision of the classification method is 80.112,2% and the Kappa coefficient is 0.761,1,which indicates that the overall precision of fractal image segmentation and BP neural network remote sensing classification method is higher. This can better meet the needs of remote sensing monitoring after the construction of the high standard farmland.A nationwide adoption of this method can provide technical support for the real-time monitoring of the high standard farmland.

    Comparative Study of Geological Hazards Susceptibility Assessment: Constraints from the Information Value+Logistic Regression Model and the CF+Logistic Regression Model
    ZHANG Xiaodong, LIU Xiangnan, ZHAO Zhipeng, WU Wenzhong, LIU Haiyan, ZHANG Yong, GAO Yuliang
    2018, 32(03):  602-610.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.18
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    Susceptibility assessment constitutes an important part of geological hazard research. This paper discussed two integrated approaches, namely the Information Value+Logistic Regression model (I+LR) and CF+Logistic Regression model (CF+LR), to evaluate the geological hazard susceptibility of Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 462 samples (231 hazardous samples and 231 non-hazardous samples) were divided into two groups: 75% and 25% of the samples were used for model training and validation, respectively. Nine influencing factors, including slope dip angle and direction, slope height, elevation, strata, distance to rivers and roads, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were considered in this evaluation. Based on such information, the information value and CF of the training samples were calculated, which were then fed into the SPSS for analysis via logistic regression. After collinearity diagnostics and correlation analysis, six factors were incorporated into the model eventually. Regression equation was determined using the obtained constants and coefficients, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the accuracy of the two models. The results show that: (1)Susceptibility maps reveal four susceptibility classes, i.e., very low, low, moderate and high. The area percentage of the (I+LR) model for the four class accounts for 60.79%, 23.44%, 11.34% and 4.43%, respectively, with that of the (CF+LR) model being 54.49%, 22.89%, 10.30% and 12.32%. This indicates that the areas of the low and moderate classes are basically the same. The high-class area of the (CF+LR) model has increased for 533.6 km2 more than the (I+LR) model, but the very low-class area has dropped by as much as 6%. (2) The area under the curve for the successful rates are 0.868 and 0.829, respectively, and asymptotic Sig.b is lower than 0.05 for the two models. Both integrated approaches can produce reasonable accuracy. (3) The ROC accuracy and the geological hazard development conditions at Yanchi both indicate that the (I+LR) model has higher accuracy over the (CF+LR) model.

    Debris-flow Susceptibility Assessment and Validation Based on Logistic Regression Model: An Example from the Benzilan-Changbo Segment of the Upper Jinshajiang River
    WU Saier, CHEN Jian, WENDY Zhou, GAO Yuxin, XU Nengxiong
    2018, 32(03):  611-622.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.19
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    In this paper, we apply logistic regression (LR) model (using ArcGIS10.0) and catchment units to predict the distributions of debris-flow susceptibility, taking the Benzilan-Changbo segment of the upper reach of the Jinshajiang River as an example. Overall and random case testing was conducted to validate the results. The AUC values of the LR evaluation model were based on the optimum index combination of 82.7%.The prediction results show the extremely high debris-flow susceptibility areas cover about 35.98% of the total study area, whereas the actual debris-flow area accounts for 65.03% of the total observed debris-flow area. In the case test, the ratios of actual debris-flow samples of testing dataset (in each grade partition with decreasing susceptibility levels) are 91.7%(extremely high), 75.0%(high), 36.4%(moderate), 16.7%(low) and 0(extremely low), representing favorable prediction results of the debris-flow susceptibility map. High susceptibility areas are mainly distributed in the northeastern, middle and southwestern parts of the Jinshajiang river bank. The major indexes include the distance to major highways, lithology, distance to fault zone, and average monthly precipitation in the rainy season, which indicate that human activities and seasonal rainstorm are the main triggers of debris flow in the semiarid mountainous Jinshajiang valley. We suggest that debris-flow susceptibility assessment based on LR modeling can improve the prediction accuracy of potential debris flows, and provides an important reference for forecasting, warning and preventing and mitigating debris-flow risk in semiarid mountainous valleys.

    Critical Rainfall Patterns for Rainfall-induced Debris Flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake Area
    CHANG Ming, DOU Xiangyang, FAN Xuanmei, YAO Cheng
    2018, 32(03):  623-630.  DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2018.03.20
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    To obtain the rainfall characteristics and enhance the early warning system for rainfall-induced debris flows, the post-debris flow rainfall data in the Wenchuan earthquake area are collected, and the rainfall intensity and early-stage effective accumulative rainfall are analyzed. The results show that the rainfall-induced debris flows in the study area can be classified into three types, i.e., short-term rainfall, persistent rainfall and intermittent rainfall. The main differences among the three rainfall types occur in the rainfall intensity, duration and effective accumulation, which can result in different soil percolation, saturation, and erosion mechanisms in provenance for debris flow initiation. Critical rainfall intensities and effective accumulative rainfall could be related to critical rainfall types. The short-term rainfall type may be associated with the highest rainfall intensity and the least effective accumulation;persistent rainfall type is associated with medium rainfall intensity and the most effective accumulation, whilst the intermittent rainfall type can be related to the lowest rainfall intensity and the medium effective accumulation. After a verification for the sudden collapse induced by the high-mountain-formation debris flows in Xinmo Village of the study area, the result showed that the prime reason was the decrease of rock shear strength caused by long-term intermittent rainfall.This work provides scientific basis for the early warning system for debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake area.