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    07 June 2012, Volume 26 Issue 3
    Petrology
    The Microcosmic Traces of Mantle Fluid and the Implications forLiquation Metallogenesis from Ultrabasicbasic Xenoliths inEmeishan Basalt, Zhongdian, Yunnan
    YI Li-Wen, LIU Xian-Fan, DENG Jiang-Gong, LIN Ke-Fa, TU Shao-Xiong, DIAO Fu-Feng, LI Chun-Hui, HUANG Yu-Peng, DONG Yi, JU Jin-Xi
    2012, 26(3):  421-432. 
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     Based on the research of mineralogy and petrology using EMPA, SEM and Energy Spectra, we found a kind of Black Opaque Material (BOM) which is composed of microcrystalline silicate and spinel group mine rals from ultrabasic basic xenoliths in Emeishan Basalt. From the crystal chemistry and element geochemistry of these microcrystalline minerals, we draw that they are the products and relics of mantle fluid which is not immixed with the host magma (e.g.basalt magma). During the evolution of the mantle fluid, differentiation by liquation is expressed as silicate→spinel→magnetite→chromite→ilmenite. The mantle fluid can also lead to the alternation and mineralization for host rocks and xenoliths, composing to be an important dynamic and substance source, while the mantle plume in  western  Yunnan is favorable to the endogenous metal mineralization after Permian.

    LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Ages and Hf Isotopic Compositions of Dayang Granite from Longyan, Fujian Province
    ZHANG Cheng-Shuai, LI Chi, ZHANG Chang-Jing, WANG Jiu-Ru
    2012, 26(3):  433-444. 
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    A comprehensive research including LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic composition analysis on Dayang granitic pluton was carried out. We obtained the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages of (144.8±0.9) Ma and (127.5±0.4) Ma for the early medium coarse grained biotite granite and the late medium fine grained plagioclase granite in Dayang granitic pluton, respectively. According to zircon Hf isotope analyses, the both εHf(t) values are from -5.58 to -2.00 and from -7.57 to -0.90, and their corresponding Hf two stage model ages (TDM2) are from 1,313 to 1,530 Ma and from 1,246 to 1,668 Ma, respectively. These data suggest that the magma sources of the two stages in Dayang granite  mainly derived from Mesoproterozoic crustal materials, but the second stage involved some portions of mantle component. Dayang granite formed in the Early Cretaceous, which implies that it generated in basaltic underplating under lithosphere extension environment.

    Deposits and Structure Geoglogy
    Lead Isotope Characteristics and Tracing Significance of Ore MetallogenicMaterial in Geza Arc Metallogenic Belt,Yunnan
    LIU Hua-Long, LI Wen-Chang, YIN Guang-Hou
    2012, 26(3):  445-452. 
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    Geza arc is an important part of Yidun island arc in the southwest Sanjiang tectonic magmatic belts, located in the southern tip of the Yidun island arc, newly discovered copper polymetallic ore concentration area of China in recent years, in which Pulang super large sized porphyry copper deposits, Xuejiping medium sized porphyry copper deposits, Hongshan large sized skarn porphyry copper deposits occur.The lead isotopic compositions of ore mineral,with 206Pb/204Pb ranging from 17.680 to 19.165,207Pb/204Pb ranging from 15.453 to 15.773,208Pb/204Pb ranging from 37.730 to 39.654,was relatively stable and charactered by depleted uranium, rich thorium. There was a significant positive correlation between lead isotopic composition and characteristic parameters (Δβ and Δγ, V1 and V2). Based on the lead structural pattern recognition and the original classification of comprehensive analysis, the lead isotope of Geza island arc metallogenic belt is mainly derived from the mantle and the lower crust, with the crustmantle mixed source characteristics. The mineralization is closely related with magmatic activities.

    Fluid Inclusions in the Zhaxikang Pb-Zn-Sb Polymetallic Deposit, South Tibet, and Its Geological Significance
    SHU Li-Kuan, GU Xue-Xiang, LI Guan-Qing, ZHANG Yong-Mei, CHENG Wen-Bin, BIAN Xiao-Dong
    2012, 26(3):  453-463. 
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    The Zhaxikang PbZnSb polymetallic deposit, which is located in the south Tibetan detachment system, is one of the few large PbZnSbAg symbiotic deposits in Tibet that characterized by great variety of sulfosalt minerals. The deposit occurs in Lower Jurassic Ridang Formation, with the rocks being carbonbearing calcareous slate, calcareous slate, sericite slate, shale and quartz sandstone. The ore bodies in Zhaxikang deposit are mainly controlled by SN and NE-SW striking tensional faults. The deposit was subjected to two stages: medium low temperature hydrothermal period and hypergenesis period. The inclusions in siderite, calcite and quartz of the medium low temperature hydrothermal period are dominantly vapor liquid two phase inclusions, including a small amount of pure vapor inclusions, pure vapor CO2 type inclusions and CO2-H2O three phase CO2 inclusions. In the medium low temperature hydrothermal period, homogenization temperatures of inclusions vary from 184 to 329 ℃ with peak temperature of 255 ℃, the salinities from 2.07% to 12.05%, the densities from 0.65 to 0.86 g/cm3. The ore forming fluid is a medium low temperature, low salinity, low density H2O-NaCl system, with minor or trace amounts of CO2 and CH4.The δDV-SMOW  and δ18OH2O  values of the fluids in quartz and calcite inclusions varied from -165‰ to -131‰ and from-13.7‰ to 10.21‰, respectively, therefore, the water in the ore forming fluids derived from precipitation. The immiscibility which was marked by the escape of gases from the fluid occurred during the mineralization, whereas this immiscibility resulted in sulfide mineralization. The genesis of this deposit belongs to medium low temperature hydrothermal type formed during groundwater convection cycle driven by sedimentary structural geothermal activity.

    S and Pb Isotopic Constraints on the Ore forming Material Sources ofthe Pb-Zn-Ag Ore Deposit in Northern Neixiang, Henan Province
    XIANG Shi-Gong, CAO Ji-Hu, XUE Chun-Ji, ZHANG Xu, LI Yong-Feng, LI Bing-Ai, WANG Xin-Yu
    2012, 26(3):  464-470. 
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    The large scale Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in the northern Neixiang County in Henan Province is found in the Erlangping Terrain which is on the north side of Zhu Xia fault in North Qinling orogenic belt, which formed in deterioration volcano sediment of the back arc environment during the Late Proterozoic Early Paleozoic.Nearly 100 mineral veins have been found, most of which are filled in fault structure of vertical orogenic belt and present layered and bedded single veins, in which the large scale Y1, Y3, Y6, Y10 and Z2 are typical. We select the sphalerite mineral of Y1, Y3, Y6, and Z2 together with galena mineral of Y10 to test S isotope, and δ34SV CDT  ranges from 1.89‰ to 7.34‰, which indicating that sulfur is mainly from the thermo chemical sulfate reduction of Paleozoic marine host strata; Pb isotope from galena shows that 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb are 18.229,4-18.384,5, 15.608,9-15.643,4 and 38.516,0-38.715,2, respectively, μ value is between 9.50 and 9.55,and ω value is between 37.45 and 38.35, all above shows that metal ore sources from Paleozoic metamorphic volcano sedimentary host strata.Studies show that the ore sources of Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in the northern Neixiang County, may come from the Qinling Group and Erlangping Terrain.

    Pb Isotope Geochemistry of the Jilongshan skarnhost AuCu Deposit in Hubei Province
    GU Bao-Jian, LI Qing-Rong, YANG Qiang-Yu, LONG A-Juan, YANG Cheng-Dong, YAN Yo-Tong
    2012, 26(3):  471-477. 
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    Jilongshan Au-Cu deposit is a typical skarn deposit in the southeastern Hubei metallogenic region of the MiddleLower Yangtze River Fe-Cu metallogenic belt. Few studies have been made on the ore forming material sources of this deposit. Fifteen samples were collected from the Jilongshan deposit for Pb isotope analyses. The ranges of the Pb isotopic compositions are from 17.358 to 18.589 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.414 to 15.745 for 207Pb/204Pb and 37.956 to 39.094 for 208Pb/204Pb, which are anomalous and their single stage model ages cannot be used as a criterion for metallogenic epoch. However, the distributing characteristics of the single stage model ages suggest that the Pb of the ore derives from different sources. The linear distribution of Pb isotope in tectonic model diagram reflects the consistent relation of granodiorite porphyry, skarn, marble and ore, which is also a good proof that the ore forming materials are partly from the magma. The comparison of the Pb isotopic characteristics of Jilongshan Au-Cu deposit, Fengshandong Cu-Mo deposit, Chengmenshan Cu-Au deposit and Tonglushan Cu-Fe deposit shows that the ore forming materials of the four deposits have different characteristics in parts although they are very similar on the whole.

    Alteration Characteristics of Kfeldspar in Leimengou Porphyry Mo Deposit in Western Henan Province and Its Insight into Metallogenetic Process
    CHEN Xiao-Dan, XIE Hui-Shou, HONG Huan
    2012, 26(3):  478-488. 
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     Leimengou Mo deposit in Western Henan Province is a typic porphyry Mo deposit in East Qinling Molybdenum belt. The deposit pervasively develops K-feldspar alteration,including vein type and whole rock alteration. The whole rock alteration charactered as the porphyry and the gneiss being potassic altered absolutely. Vein type alteration is represented by the K-feldspar slevage, K-feldspar fluorite vein amd K-feldspar halo beside the margin of quartz molybdenum veinnet. This paper analyzed the alteration features of K-feldspar, composition of altered minerals, X-ray powder diffraction and Pb isotope composition of types of altered K-feldspar. The compositions of feldspar show that K2O is the main compontent; X-ray powder diffraction data suggest that K-feldspar are andesine microcline with alteration temperatures of 310-418 ℃.Pb isotope composition show that K in K-feldspar originates from mantle. According to the  mantle derived characteristics of the ore forming fluid, combining with the geochemistry of Mo, we conducted that the K-feldspar alteration has a good interpretation on the metallogenic process.

    Remote Sensing Prospecting Model and Orientation of CuFePolymetallic Metallogenic Belt in Nixiong, Tibet
    WANG Le, HE Zheng-Wei, LIU Ting-Ting, NI Zhong-Yun, GAO Hui, CA Ke-Ke, ZHANG Chuan-Gong, TUN Hua
    2012, 26(3):  489-497. 
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    The Cu-Fe polymetallic metallogenic belt in Nixiong of Tibet, which is an important part of Gangdise Cu-Fe polymetallic metallogenic belt, dispalys a good prospecting future, but the bad ecological environment makes great trouble for conventional geological prospecting in this area. Based on the metallogenic regularity of typical deposits, this paper applied five features of remote sensing technique method for mineral prospecting and deinterfered anomalous principal component thresholding technique to obtain geological information by ETM+ data, and discussed remote sensing prospecting models suitable for Nixiong metallogenic belt. Through the theory of mathematical statistics, theory of geological anomaly and GIS technique, this study quantitativly analyzed the data from geophysical, remote sensing and delineated prospecting areas. The results reveal that it is efficient and accurate for minieral prospecting by means of remote sensing combined with basic geological, geophysical and geochemical information, and the method of multi features remote sensing minieral prospecting is reliability.

    Research on Palaeotectonic Stress Field and Its Evolution in Fanchang Area, Anhui Province
    HU Kang-Kang, DU Yang-Song, CAO Yi, ZHANG Ai-Ping, LUO Gan
    2012, 26(3):  498-507. 
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    Fanchang area is an important segment of the Lower and Middle Yangtze ironcoppergold metallogenic belt, and the ore deposits are evidently controlled by structures. Field investigation and measurement have been carried out on the folds, faults and joints in this area, with determination on the principal stress directions of the multiphase structural activities through deformation characteristics observation and structural set analysis. The directions of the main palaeotectonic stress fields were EW and SN during preIndosinian, NNW during Indosinian, EW during early Yanshanian, NWW during late Yanshanian, NE and EW during Himalayan period. On the basis of the study, an analysis has been completed on the evolution of palaeotectonic stress field in the Fanchang area. Furthermore, it shows that the main tectonic evolution was from Indosinian to late Yanshanian.

    Coal Geology
    Sequence palaeogeography and Coal Accumulation of Chongqing Area in Late Permian
    GAO Cai-Xia, SHAO Long-Xi, SHU Chang-Sheng, SHUANG Yan, LI Chang-Lin, GAO Cai-Gong
    2012, 26(3):  508-517. 
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    The sequence stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Late Permian Longtan and Changxing formations in Chongqing area of southwestern China have been studied based on the data of outcrops and borehole sections. A total of two thirdorder sequences are subdivided in the Late Permian; sequence Ⅰ is from the bottom of Longtan Formation to the bottom of C16 coal seam in Longtan Formation, representing a transgressive to regressive cycle; sequence Ⅱ is from the bottom of C16 coal seam in Longtan Formation to the top of Changxing Formation, representing a second regional transgressive to regressive cycle.The palaeogeographic maps of two sequences have been reconstructed based on the contour maps of a variety of palaeogeographic parameters including the  total thickness of strata, the thickness of sandstone, the thickness of limestones, the thickness ratio of siliciclastic rocks to carbonates and siliceous rocks, and the thickness ratio of sandstones to mudstones, as well as the thickness of the total coal seams.Both of the two sequences reflect a vertical and lateral pattern of palaeogeography, which shows that, from the bottom to the top and from the southwest to the northeast, there is a variation in facies units from the tidal flatdelta combination, through the bay lagoon tidal flat combination, to the shallow marine combination.In the two sequences, depositional environments are all deeper in the northeast, and shallower in the southwest, with the transgressive pulse of advancing from northeast to southwest.The sediment provenances were mainly from the Kangdian oldland to the west.The favorable coal forming facies units are mainly the bay tidal flat facies, followed by residual plain facies, and in the two sequences these facies units controlled coal distribution and they moved towards southwest with a continuous sea level rise.The thick coal zone in sequence Ⅰ is distributed in the area bordered by the Liangping Fuling Wansheng line to the east, and by the Tongliang Jiangjin Xishui line to the west, and the thick coal zone in sequence Ⅱ is distributed in the southwestern area restricted by Guang an Changshou Nanchuan line to the east with the coal accumulation center located in the Hechuan Chongqing Qijiang zone.

    Impact of Limestone of No.15 Coal Seam Roof on the Coal Bed Methane Exploitation, Southern Qinshui Basin
    LIU Xiao-Xia, HUANG Wen-Hui, TANG Xiu-Xi, AO Wei-Hua, ZHANG Shou-Ren, LIU Su-Beng, GU Yi-Hun, LIU Gao
    2012, 26(3):  518-526. 
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    The moisture content of coal seam roof has a major impact on the coal bed methane(CBM) exploitation. The No.15 coal seam roof in Taiyuan Formation in southern Qinshui basin is mostly composed of limestone (K2) which distributed continuously, and less and scattered mud. Limestone aquifers would affect the drainage of coal bed methane. From the aspects of limestone's thickness, the crack development, the coal seam and roof connection and the regional hydro geological conditions, this paper discussed the impact of limestone  on the exploitation of coal bed methane. The results indicate that the water richness of the limestone is low, but is high in some places where the faults and karst collapse are developed. The thickness of limestone has nothing to do with the gas and water production of the CBM wells. The cracks of limestone are well developed, most of which are full of calcite, resulting in poor hydraulic conductivity and storage performance.There are two  connection types between limestone and No.15 coal seam. One is direct connection that limestone overlays No15 coal seam, the other is indirect connection that mud, sand and No.14 coal seam are contained between limestone and No.15 coal seam. The CBM wells have a much higher gas and water production in the directly contacted layers than in the indirectly contacted layers. And the lithology and thickness of the No.15 coal seam roof do not affect the gas and water production.

    Numerical Simulation Research on Propagation of Hydraulic Fractures  of Coal Reservoir in South Qinshui Basin
    WANG Xiao-Feng- , TANG Shu-Heng- , JIE Hui- , LI Zhong-Cheng- , HUANG Jia-Hui-
    2012, 26(3):  527-532. 
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    Taking the south Qinshui basin as researching area and the 3# coal bed as the researching target, a geological model of this area was set up on the base of the characteristics of the field stress and the triaxial stress test results of coal samples from Sihe coal mine in Jincheng. Using finite element software ANSYS as the platform, this research simulated the changing law that the geological factors including ground stress and Youngs modulus of coal reservoirs influence on the initiation pressure and propagation of the fracture. The results show that the initiation pressure keeps constant when the maximum horizontal principal stress changes, but increases with the minimum horizontal principal stress increasing, and the variation range is between 10 MPa and 25 MPa. The maximum fracture length and the maximum fracture width keep unchanged with the increasing of the maximum horizontal principal stress, but decrease with the rising of the minimum horizontal principal stress and Youngs modulus. The maximum fracture length has the highest probability to range between 36 m and 83 m. The results coincide well with the field data. This achievement would provide a reference for hydrofracturing design of coalbed methane well in south Qinshui basin.

    Petroleum Geology
    Formation Mechanism of the Undercompacting Mudstones Roof and Floor and Their Influence on Hydrocarbon Migration
    FENG Chong, JU Hua-Yao, HONG Bin
    2012, 26(3):  533-539. 
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    Undercompacting mudstone's roof and floor (UMRF) are the mudstone surface layers that are tighter than the central undercompaction, and are close to the normal compacting mudstone. UMRF develops in upper and lower parts of  thick-layered mudstone with low permeability. This paper, by the Laws of Low-speed Flow, analyzed formation process of the UMRF from the microscopic mechanism, and proposed the resistance force formula of the fluid passing UMRF. The mudstone with the UMRF as a cap rock, can be divided into three types: the continuous sedimentary type, the uplift type and the fracture type. The sealing ability of the fracture type mudstone cap rock is equal to the floor's displacement pressure plus the roof's overpressure when it breaks down. The other two types of mudstone cap rocks  sealing abilities are equal to the floor's displacement pressure plus the roof's displacement pressure. When the mudstone with the UMRF as a source rock, in the continuous type, the expulsion direction of the oil and gas is controlled by the permeability of UMRF; In the fracture type, a large number of oil and gas migrated upward along the cracks. In addition, the expulsion direction of the source rock is also controlled by the fault. The research of UMRF's formation mechanism can help to evaluate the sealing ability of the mudstone cap rock and to understand the muddy source rock's expulsion direction in the primary migration.

    Petroleum geology
    Restoration of Paleoformation Pressure of Shale in the 3rd Member ofShahejie Formation and Its Application in Eastern Slope of Jinxian1-1 Low Uplift, Liaodong Bay Fault Depression
    CHEN Kai, LIU Shen, SHU Wen-Ai, ZHOU Xin-Fu, ZHANG Rong-Hui
    2012, 26(3):  540-546. 
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    Overpressure in shale is the main force for hydrocarbon expulsion and primary migration, and its changes are always recorded by the evolution of shales porosity. Firstly, the evolution module of shales porosity in undercompacted shale was set up through compaction section reflecting the characteristic of compaction at present. And then the method of “regressive extrapolation” modeling was used to restore evolution porosity increment of paleoporosity shale in hydrocarbon accumulation period. Based on this restoration, the total porosity of undercompacted shale could be figured out by the evolution module of shales porosity. Finally, modified Phillippone formula could be used to calculate paleoformation pressure of source rocks and to recover evolution of paleoformation pressure. The result showed that overpressure of source rock of the 3rd Member of Shahejie Formation enhanced gradually from south to north in eastern slope of Jinxian 1-1 low uplift, and the change regular of paleoformation pressure was important for hydrocarbon migration and profitable target selection.

    Formation Environment and Controlling Factors of Organic rich Shale of Lower Cambrian in Upper Yangtze Region
    JIU Kai, DING Wen-Long, HUANG Wen-Hui, ZHANG Jin-Chuan, CENG Wei-Te
    2012, 26(3):  547-554. 
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    The research of controlling factors on organic rich shale of Lower Cambrian in Upper Yangtze region is one of the basic questions for forecasting favorable shale gas exploration area.Through analyzing  samples of typical organic rich black shale outcrop profile in Upper Yangtze region,the Early Cambrian paleo environment of marine organic rich in Upper Yangtze region is restored and the depositional environment comprehensive distinguished table is established using information from rocks,minerals,organic matter charactersics,feature elements.In Early Cambrian, the black shale is formed in a typical hypoxia.The Lower Cambrian black shale of Upper Yangtze region is a combined result of paleostructure,paleoclimate,sea level changes,paleoocean currents and hydrothermal activity,and so on.The shale development model of sea level ascending current  hydrothermal activity stratified water bodies hypoxia is built. Hydrothermal activity and ascending current promote the organisms to thrive and provide the material basis for the formation of organic rich shale.Rising sea level and ascending current not only lead to stratified water bodies,but also affect the distribution range of organic rich shale.

    Volumetric Method of Shale Gas Reserve Calculation and A Case Application
    XU Hai-Xia, JI Mei, DIAO Shu-Fu
    2012, 26(3):  555-559. 
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    Shale gas is one of the most important types of the unconventional natural gas resource which has received more and more attention in recent years. The accumulation mechanism, existing phase and the distribution characteristics of shale gas differ greatly from conventional natural gas and its reserve calculation methods are also different. This paper discusses the special characteristics of shale gas reservoirs. It is presented that the gas has a dualstoragemode and reservoir accumulation mechanism is a mixed one. Based on this, this paper puts forward an effective reserve calculation volumetric method used in the early stage of shale gas exploration and development.  The special gas storage includes both free gas mode and adsorbed gas mode. Free gas content was calculated in accordance to the method used in conventional natural gas reservoir; while the adsorbed gas content calculation referred to the coalbed methane reserve calculation which was relatively mature nowadays. Finally, a successful real data application to Pearsall shale gas asset valuation of North America was introduced.

    Stratigraphic Sequence Characteristics of Paleogene in the Beach Area in Liaohe Depression and the Control Effect on Sand and Reservoir Forming
    ZHANG Feng-Lian, CHAN Dun-Feng, TUN Xin-Lu, FAN Ta-Liang, GAO Zhi-Jian
    2012, 26(3):  560-568. 
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    Based on the sequence stratigraphy theory, this study analyzed the main structural sedimentary cycles and key sequence boundary features of Paleogene in the beach area in Liaohe depression, and four secondaryorder sequences and eleven thirdorder sequences were defined. The results reveal that the sequence development features of Paleogene in the study area are mainly controlled by tectonic movement, tectonic intensity and sedimentation cycles. The secondaryorder sequence boundary can be considered as the transition interface of the structural configuration and sedimentary environment, controlling the sedimentary system and types of sedimentary facies. The thirdorder sequence boundary can be considered as the transition interface of the sequence superposition pattern and sedimentary environment, controlling the features and evolution of system tract within the sequence. The distribution of sand bodies was affected by the paleogeomorphic model and slope scale. The development of sand bodies was vertically controlled by depositional cycles and system tracts. The study on the reservoircap assemblage indicates that the secondaryorder sequence and the maximum regional flooding surface affect the reservoir forming configuration, and the thirdorder sequence and system tract control the vertical distribution of oil and gas.

    Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Paleogene Clastic Rocks in the West Sag of the Beach Area in Liaohe Oilfield
    LIU Yuan-Yuan, GUO Pan-Min, JU Bing-Fang, TUN Xin-Lu, JU Wen-Hai, DU Qiang-Guo, CUI Lin
    2012, 26(3):  569-574. 
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    The lithology of Paleogene reservoirs in the west sag of the beach area in Liaohe oilfield is primarily feldspathic lithic sandstone, lithic sandstone and lithic sandstone with low maturity. The reservoirs were deposited with multiple provenances and near these provenances. The reservoir pores are sorted into primary, secondary and hybrid pores, and the porosity and permeability have good correlation to each other. The relevant statistics indicate that there are two abnormally highvalue zones of porosity and permeability in the intervals of 1,500-2,800 m and 2,800-3,500 m. The storage performance of reservoirs was controlled by both primary deposition and later diagenesis reconstruction. These reservoirs had undergone four types of diagenesis, i. e. mechanic compaction, cementation, dissolution and replacement, and the mutual reaction of these diagenesis controlled four phases of pore evolution. The reservoir properties changed in an apparent zonation pattern around the sag. After the comprehensive analysis on reservoir distribution and properties, and hydrocarbon kitchens, the reservoir zonation could be divided into outer, intermediate and inner zones, in correspondence with reservoirs of II, I and III, respectively.

    Characteristics of Pore Structure of Xinganling Pay Zone in Suderte Oilfield
    MAO Wei, DU Peng-Ju
    2012, 26(3):  575-580. 
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    Research on characteristics of pore structure of Xing anling pay zone in Suderte oilfield is made, in view of the problems of poor effect of waterflooding and the low productivity. The reasonable classification criteria of throat is determined. Classification limit between fine throat and absorbing throat is 0.1μm. The research is based on pore distribution feature, throat size, throat distribution range and its form, permeability contribution, storage space and fluid flowing channel, flowing throat limit, Jamin effect, movable fluid saturation. There are big differences in the throat size and the distribution. Throat distribution takes on dual peak, and microheterogeneity is very serious. Formation permeability is controlled by throat. Permeability contribution takes on single peak and peak value locates right site. Large scale throat contribute much to permeability. The fundamental reason of waterflooding and the low productivity in Xing anling pay zone is that throat is small, flowing throat limit is low, storage space does not match flowing space, Jamin effect is large, and movable fluid saturation is small. Infilling oil well, method in the center of square well pattern is proposed and the better development result is obtained.

    Unconformity Complex and Its Lithologic Stratigraphic Reservoirof the Jurassic in Junggar Basin
    ZHOU Xin-Beng, XU Fu-Min, WANG Ren-Chong, LIU Ya-Ying, SU Rui
    2012, 26(3):  581-588. 
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    Junggar basin is an oscillated flooding basin in Jurassic, forming several unconformities, and its sequence stratigraphic units whose sequence boundaries are defined by unconformity, have a close relationship with the distribution and accumulation of reservoir. LST (Lowstand System Tract) and HST (Highstand System Tract) lying around the unconformity develop glutenites that possess better reservoir quality, from alluvial fan, river, and delta. TST (Transgressive System Tract) is mainly characterized by lake facies mudstone whose thickness distribution is stable and extensive. In Junggar basin of Jurassic, considering the multiple phases of unconformity, the stability of distribution and the constraint of sequence stratigraphy to source rock, reservoir, and caprock, the authors establish the unconformity complex which is constructed by a unconformity and LST or HST existing above and below the unconformity. Several sets of source reservoir caprock assemblages are formed by mutual superimposition of multiple unconformity complexes and mudstone of TST. Unconformity complex plays a vital role in oil and gas migration, accumulation, and forms multiple styles of stratigraphic traps in its interior. Unconformity complexes with different levels control the distribution and enrichment of source reservoir caprock assemblage. Meanwhile, the interior units of unconformity complex define stratigraphic traps style and distribution. Specifically, the large scale alluvial fan and delta developed in the unconformity's LST and HST constrain the lithologic traps  distribution, and the thinning out lines control the stratigraphic traps.

    Development Characteristics and Geological Significance of Carbonate Tempestites in China
    SONG Jin-Min, YANG Di, LI Peng-Wei, LUO Beng
    2012, 26(3):  589-600. 
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     The domestic and abroad research on tempestites since 1960s to 70s indicates that the study of tempestites are of great importance in paleogeography and paleotectonic. In this paper, research histories of tempestites between domestic and abroad are compared, research achievements in carbonate tempestites of China in the past thirty years are summarized systematically, and several geological significances are demonstrated. Carbonate tempestites are distributed widely in 20 provinces and 3 directly governed city regions of China, mainly from MidProterozoic to Triassic with double peak feature stratigraphically. And the complete depositional sequences from bottom to top are composed of: A-erosional base and conglomerates, B-graded bedding, C-parallel lamination, D-hummocky crossstratification (HCS), E1-distal storm turbidite, E2-mudstone or micrite limestone with horizontal bedding. Among these, sections A and D are the most distinct and powerful evidences. It has been found that the paleogeographic environment controls the distribution of tempestites, by analyzing the distribution of tempestites and the evolution of paleogeologic history. Based on the above research, the carbonate depositional model of tempestites in China is concluded. At last, the significances of paleolatitude and paleoplate evolution, paleogeographic, geological isochronic and hydrocarbon and mineral resources are discussed, looking forward to giving some help to further research on carbonate tempestites in China.

    Hydrogeology
    Groundwater Environmental Quality Assessment for the Area Around a Contaminated Site
    CHENG Yi-Zhi, WANG An-Cai, ZHANG Qi-Wei, JIA An-Qing
    2012, 26(3):  601-606. 
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    Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition around a contaminated site, groundwater samples from 17 monitoring spots in the study area were tested.Quality of groundwater environmental was assessed by choosing 17 assessment factors of environmental quality, appling Single Factor Evaluation, Comprehensive Index Evaluation and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation, and taking the Quality Standard for Groundwater(GB/T14848-93) as the standard.Results indicated that N-NH3, SO2-4, total hardness, pH, Cr, Mn and As had exceeded the criterion, and groundwater quality in the study area was seriously contaminated.Such a groundwater deterioration was probably due to the landfills, petrol station and urban sewage drainage in the northern and southern regions of the study area.

    Application of Mathematical Statistics Methods on the Study of Hydrogeochemistry for the Shallow Groundwater
    CHEN Qian, ZHONG Jin-Xian, LI Chang-Shun
    2012, 26(3):  607-613. 
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     Mathematical statistical methods, as supplements for computer modeling, have many advantages in the study of hydrogeochemistry for the shallow groundwater.Descriptives, correlation and factor analyses have been carried out for the water quality data of the groundwater samples from the shallow weathering zone of red beds in the Sichuan basin.It was found that the dominant cation and anion are HCO-3 and Ca2+ respectively; the concentrations of HCO-3, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are in stabilization and in particular, the concentration of HCO-3 are steady with high values; the concentrations of Na++K+, SO2-4 and Cl- have high variations and are sensitive to many environmental parameters; the geochemical composition of the water samples were controlled by atmospheric precipitation and the mineral composition of the rock; freshwater with TDS<1 g/L covers the most area with low TDS in the skirt and high TDS values in the central area of the basin and also TDS in local areas was controlled by atmospheric precipitation.

    Study on Parallel GMRES(m) Algorithm Integrating with PreconditionersApplied to Largescale Groundwater Flow Simulation
    HUANG Lin-Xian, SHAO Jing-Li, CUI E-Chi, CHENG Shang-Pei, LI Ling
    2012, 26(3):  614-619. 
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    Large scale numerical simulation of groundwater flow is always being the hot issue and the main difficulty in the field of groundwater simulation due to the large size of the study area and the complexity hydrogeologic parameters. According to the characteristics of the largescale groundwater flow simulation, this study analyzed the parallelism of GMRES algorithm of Krylov subspace in the MPI circumstance, and suggested parallel implementation strategies based on the domain decomposition method, and compared the different preconditioning algorithms. The simulation result shows that the parallel GMRES(m) algorithm which has a high degree of expandability, could significantly speed up the computation when dealing with the large scale groundwater mode ling. Furthermore, the parallel GMRES(m) algorithm could obtain better speedup and efficiency when preconditioned with Jacobi method, which indicates that parallel GMRES(m) algorithm integrating with Jacobi preconditioner is a feasible solution for solving the complex problems of large scale groundwater flow.

    A Modeling Experiment of Seepage in a Pipe for the Formation of a Hot Spring
    GUO Shuai, ZHOU Xun, TUN Yang, FANG Bin, DIAO Jing-Bei, LIU Dong-Lin
    2012, 26(3):  620-626. 
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    The circulation mechanism in the formation of hot springs is very complicated in nature, and previous studies have reported little about the experimental models of hot springs. By designing a simple experimental apparatus based on the characteristic of fault deep circulation type of hot springs, the modeling experiment is conducted. A semicircular steel tube filled with sand is used to carry out the modeling experiment of hot water circulation under different temperature conditions to examine the influencing factors of the discharge in that procedure. The calculated coefficient of permeability of the experimental sand ranges from 50.59 to 57.94 m/d under the condition of room temperature. The results also show that the discharge of the hot spring increases with temperature, except for its positive correlation with water head difference, coefficient of permeability of the media and the cross sectional area. The procedure of hot spring formation is the groundwater circulation with energy conversion, and the accepted heat from deep heating source in groundwater leads to increasing of temperature and the change in temperature causes the decline in kinetic viscosity. As a result, the discharge rate increases. The discharge and temperature data from hot springs in northern Hebei and southeastern Guangxi are employed to validate the experiment results and the reasonable results are further analyzed.