Genetic Study of Weishan Rare Earth Deposit in Shandong Province: Constraints of Rare Earth Mineralogy

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.131

Abstract

Abstract:

The Weishan rare earth element (REE) deposit in Shandong is located in the Laiwu-Zibo-Weishan REE belt in the eastern part of the North China Craton and is one of the three major light REE deposits in China. To better investigate the migration and enrichment processes of REEs, this study conducted detailed mineralogical research on the Weishan deposit. Based on the mineral paragenesis and cross-cutting relationships between veins, the hydrothermal mineralization of the Weishan rare earth deposit was divided into four stages: (Ⅰ) K-feldspar+quartz+calcite, (Ⅱ) sulfate+quartz+calcite, (Ⅲ) REE minerals+quartz+calcite+sulfate+fluorite, and (Ⅳ) calcite+quartz+fluorite+sulfides. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of each mineralization stage revealed that the main REE minerals are bastnäsite, parisite, strontianite-(Ce), and minor monazite, (Ce) apatite, and thorite. Additionally, these REE minerals are closely associated with fluorite, calcite, and sulfate minerals, indicating that the ore-forming fluid was likely a H₂O-CO₂-NaCl-F-REE- $S O 4 2 -$ hydrothermal system. During the mineralization process, ions such as F^-, Cl^-, $C O 3 2 -$ , and $S O 4 2 -$ contributed to varying degrees to the migration and enrichment of key ore-forming elements. Considering the regional tectonic background, this paper proposes that the Weishan REE deposit formed under the tectonic regime of the rollback of the subducting Paleo-Pacific Plate, with the complex late-stage differentiation of crust-mantle mixed magma and associated ore-forming fluids playing a key role in the mineralization process.

Key words: mineral assemblage, ore-forming fluids, ore genesis, mineralization model, Weishan rare earthdeposit

CLC Number:

P571

LAN Jun, LIU Xiao, ZHANG Peng, XING Nan, LI Zhimin, LI Jian, XU Hongyan, LAN Tingguang, WANG Shi, WANG Jian. Genetic Study of Weishan Rare Earth Deposit in Shandong Province: Constraints of Rare Earth Mineralogy[J]. Geoscience, 2025, 39(03): 612-627.

Figures/Tables 11

References 45

[1]	谢玉玲, 夏加明, 崔凯, 等. 中国碳酸岩型稀土矿床: 时空分布与成矿过程[J]. 科学通报, 2020, 65 (33): 3794-3808.
[2]	范宏瑞, 牛贺才, 李晓春, 等. 中国内生稀土矿床类型、成矿规律与资源展望[J]. 科学通报, 2020, 65 (33): 3778-3793.
[3]	毛景文, 宋世伟, 刘敏, 等. 稀土矿床: 基本特点与全球分布规律[J]. 地质学报, 2022, 96 (11): 3675-3697.
[4]	LIU Y, CHENM Z Y, YANG Z S, et al. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of brecciated ores in the Dalucao REE deposit, Sichuan Province, southwestern China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 70: 613-636.
[5]	GUO D X, LIU Y. Occurrence and geochemistry of bastnäsite in carbonatite-related REE deposits, Mianning-Dechang REE belt, Sichuan Province, SW China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2019, 107: 266-282.
[6]	XIE Y L, HOU Z Q, GOLDFARB, et al. Rare Earth Element Deposits in China[J]. Reviews in Economic Geology, 2016, 18: 115-136.
[7]	董旭朝, 孙莉, 肖克炎, 等. 基于证据权和随机森林的山东微山稀土矿三维成矿预测[J]. 地质通报, 2025,DOI: 10.12097/gbc.2024.06.039.
[8]	兰君, 张鹏, 邢楠, 等. 鲁西微山稀土矿床同位素特征及成矿物质来源指示[J]. 地质与勘探, 2023, 59 (4): 747-759.
[9]	兰君, 张鹏, 孙莉, 等. 鲁西地区稀土矿床成矿系列划分与找矿新突破[J]. 地球学报, 2023, 44 (5): 933-942.
[10]	兰君, 付瑞鑫, 张鹏, 等. 鲁西郗山稀土矿石英正长岩元素地球化学特征及其指示意义[J]. 中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文), 2023, 62 (3): 47-56.
[11]	LIU Y, HOU Z Q, ZHANG R Q, Zircon Alteration as a Proxy for Rare Earth Element Mineralization Processes in Carbonatite-Nordmarkite Complexes of the Mianning-Dechang Rare Earth Element Belt, China[J]. Economic Geology, 2019, 114 (4): 719-744.
[12]	蓝廷广, 范宏瑞, 胡芳芳, 等. 山东微山稀土矿矿床成因: 来自云母Rb-Sr年龄、激光Nd同位素及流体包裹体的证据[J]. 地球化学, 2011, 40 (5): 428-442.
[13]	梁雨薇, 赖勇, 胡弘, 等. 山东省微山稀土矿正长岩类锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征研究[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 53 (4): 652-666.
[14]	LAN J, LI D, XING N, et al. Petrogenesis of the alkaline complex in the Weishan REE deposit, Luxi Block, eastern North China Craton: Implications for REE mineralization[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2024, 167: 106005.
[15]	田京祥, 张日田, 范跃春, 等. 山东郗山碱性杂岩体地质特征及与稀土矿的关系[J]. 山东地质, 2002, 18(1): 21-25.
[16]	张鹏, 刘珊珊, 兰君, 等. 山东省微山县郗山稀土矿床成矿年代学新进展[J]. 地质科技通报, 2024, 43(1): 51-62.
[17]	刘金波, 张德贤, 胡子奇, 等. 豫西熊耳山蒿坪沟Ag-Au-Pb-Zn多金属矿床闪锌矿矿物学和微量元素组成特征及其成矿启示[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(1): 198-213.
[18]	王佳新, 焦建刚, 马云飞, 等. 内蒙古中部乌兰陶勒盖铜镍矿床形成时代与岩浆源区[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(4): 991-1012.
[19]	周伟伟, 蔡剑辉, 阎国翰. 山东郗山碱性杂岩体地球化学特征及其意义[J]. 西北地质, 2013, 46 (4): 93-105.
[20]	WEI P F, YU X F, LI D P, et al. Geochemistry, Zircon U-Pb Geochronology, and Lu-Hf Isotopes of the Chishan Alkaline Complex, Western Shandong, China[J]. Minerals, 2019, 9(5): 293.
[21]	SANTOSH M. Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: the role of double-sided subduction[J]. Precambrian Research, 2010, 178: 149-167.
[22]	ZHAO G C, SUN M, WILDE S A, et al. Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: key issues revisited[J]. Precambrian Research, 2005, 136: 177-202.
[23]	SANTOSH M, LIU D Y, SHI Y R, et al. Paleoproterozoic accretionary orogenesis in the North China Craton: A SHRIMP zircon study[J]. Precambrian Research, 2013, 227: 29-54.
[24]	ZHAI M G. Multi-stage crustal growth and cratonization of the North China Craton[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2014, 5: 457-469.
[25]	杨帆, 陈岳龙, 于洋. 鲁西地区新太古代晚期正长-二长花岗岩成因及地质意义[J]. 现代地质, 2022, 36(4): 1155-1172.
[26]	宋明春, 李洪奎. 山东省区域地质构造演化探讨[J]. 山东地质, 2001, 17(6): 12-21.
[27]	WAN Y S, LIU D Y, WANG S J, et al. Similar to 2.7 Ga juvenile crust formation in the North China Craton (Taishan-Xintai area, Western Shandong Province): further evidence of an understated event from U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic composition of zircon[J]. Precambrian Research, 2011, 186: 169-180.
[28]	WU M L, ZHAO G C, SUN M, et al. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes of major lithologies from the Yishui Terrane: implications for the crustal evolution of the Eastern Block, North China Craton[J]. Lithos, 2013, 170/171: 164-178.
[29]	DENG J, WANG C, BAGAS L, et al. Crustal architecture and metallogenesis in the south-eastern North China Craton[J]. Earth Science Reviews, 2018, 182: 251-272.
[30]	李厚民, 李立兴, 李以科, 等. 内蒙古白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土矿床矿化蚀变矿物组合及流体组成[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(1): 13-24.
[31]	张德富, 王先广, 何涛, 等. 赣南加里东期重稀土矿赋矿母岩岩石成因及地质意义[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(4): 959-976.
[32]	樊凯. 山东微山稀土矿成矿作用研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2022.
[33]	WANG J, LI L, SANTOSH M, et al. Multistage ore formation in the world’s largest REE-Nb-Fe deposit of Bayan Obo, North China Craton: New insights and implications[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2024, 164: 105817.
[34]	ANENBURG M, MAVROGENES J A, FRIGO C, et al. Rare earth element mobility in and around carbonatites controlled by sodium, potassium, and silica[J]. Science Advances, 2020, 6: eabb6570.
[35]	WENG Z H, JOWITT S M, MUDD GM, et al. A detailed assessment of global rare earth element resources: opportunities and challenges[J]. Economic Geology, 2015, 110: 1925-1952.
[36]	FAN H R, XIE Y H, WANG K Y, et al. Methane-rich fluid inclusions in skarn near the giant REE-Nb-Fe deposit at Bayan Obo, Northern China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2004, 25: 301-309.
[37]	SONG W, XU C, SMITH M P, et al. Origin of unusual HREE-Mo-rich carbonatites in the Qinling orogen, China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 37377. DOI PMID
[38]	XIE Y, HOU Z, YIN S, et al. Continuous carbonatitic melt-fluid evolution of a REE mineralization system: Evidence from inclusions in the Maoniuping REE deposit, western Sichuan, China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2009, 36: 90-105.
[39]	XIE Y, LI Y, HOU Z, et al. A model for carbonatite hosted REE mineralisation—The Mianning-Dechang REE belt, western Sichuan Province, China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 70: 595-612.
[40]	谢玉玲, 曲云伟, 杨占峰, 等. 白云鄂博铁、铌、稀土矿床: 研究进展、存在问题和新认识[J]. 矿床地质, 2019, 38(5): 983-1003.
[41]	谢玉玲, 秦绪岩, 代作文, 等. 2024. 中国伴生稀土元素资源类型及资源潜力[J]. 地质力学学报, 30(5): 723-746.
[42]	CUI H, ZHONG R, XIE Y, et al. Forming sulfate- and REE-rich fluids in the presence of quartz[J]. Geology, 2019, 48: 145-148.
[43]	李建康, 李鹏, 黄志飚, 等. 湘北仁里伟晶岩型稀有金属矿田的地质特征及成矿机制概述[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 1-25. DOI
[44]	尚振, 赵超, 支成龙, 等. 鲁西龙宝山稀土矿重稀土矿体的发现及其勘查意义[J]. 地质通报, 2024, 43(2/3): 484-488.
[45]	DING C W, ZHAO B C, DAI P, et al. Geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes of the alkaline-carbonatite complex in the Weishan REE deposit, Luxi Block: Constraints on the genesis and tectonic setting of the REE mineralization[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2022, 147: 104996.

样品编号	样品类型	蚀变矿化阶段	采集位置	矿物组合
ZK-19-1H393	细脉浸染状矿体	Ⅰ阶段稀土矿物方解碳酸岩	ZK-19-1-516 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、萤石、石英
ZK-19-1H559			ZK-19-1-726 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英、独居石、磷灰石
ZK-19-1H640			ZK-19-1-828 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英、黄铁矿、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H679			ZK-11-2-835 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、独居石、富铀烧绿石、含锶重晶石、钾长石、石英、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H820			ZK-11-2-994 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英、独居石、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H875			ZK-11-2-1057 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、石英、磷灰石
21Z1			-160 m水平井21矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、萤石、石英
12Z1			-160 m水平井12矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、菱钙锶铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、霓石、石英、磷灰石
12-3Z1			-160 m水平井12-3矿体	方解石、菱钙锶铈矿、氟碳铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、石英、磷灰石
1Z1			-210 m水平井1矿体	方解石、菱钙锶铈矿、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英
2Z1			-210 m水平井2矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英、黄铁矿、磷灰石
盲3Z1			-210 m水平井盲3矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英

样品编号	样品类型	蚀变矿化阶段	采集位置	矿物组合
ZK-19-1H393	细脉浸染状矿体	Ⅰ阶段稀土矿物方解碳酸岩	ZK-19-1-516 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、萤石、石英
ZK-19-1H559			ZK-19-1-726 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英、独居石、磷灰石
ZK-19-1H640			ZK-19-1-828 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英、黄铁矿、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H679			ZK-11-2-835 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、独居石、富铀烧绿石、含锶重晶石、钾长石、石英、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H820			ZK-11-2-994 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英、独居石、磷灰石
ZK-11-2H875			ZK-11-2-1057 m	方解石、氟碳铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、石英、磷灰石
21Z1			-160 m水平井21矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、萤石、石英
12Z1			-160 m水平井12矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、菱钙锶铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、霓石、石英、磷灰石
12-3Z1			-160 m水平井12-3矿体	方解石、菱钙锶铈矿、氟碳铈矿、独居石、含锶重晶石、石英、磷灰石
1Z1			-210 m水平井1矿体	方解石、菱钙锶铈矿、氟碳铈矿、含锶重晶石、石英
2Z1			-210 m水平井2矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英、黄铁矿、磷灰石
盲3Z1			-210 m水平井盲3矿体	方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、含锶重晶石、萤石、石英