Analysis of Geothermal Origin in Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.016

Abstract

Abstract:

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis is one of the regions with the strongest tectonic activity and the fastest geomorphic evolution on the Earth. It belongs to the Mediterranean-Himalayan tropics with strong hydrothermal activities. Based on the geological background, the development characteristics and genetic model of the deep underground hot water at Jiali are preliminarily explored through field survey, hydrochemical and stable isotope analyses. The results show that the origin of local geothermal water comes from meteoric precipitation or ice/snow melting, and the recharge altitude is above 4,500 m. It is speculated that the recharge area is located in the mountainous gneissic region in the northwest of the study area. The geothermal water in the area is immature. The geothermal water replenishment source circulates along the faults to the deep thermal reservoir, and then ascends by heating and convection until it is exposed as hot springs. The geothermal water rises to the shallow surface and mixes with cold water at a mixing ratio reaching 91%. SiO₂ thermometer, cation thermometer and silicon-enthalpy models are used to estimate the reservoir temperature, and the maximum reservoir temperature is 380 ℃. The depth of geothermal water circulation reaches 6,900 m in the Yarlung-Zangbo River junction zone. The local geothermal heat source comes mainly from the Yarlung-Zangbo River junction zone and the nearby deep faults, and the surface geothermal springs are mainly controlled by the secondary tensile and torsional faults on both sides of the junction zone. This study preliminarily revealed the geothermal genetic model at Jiali of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, which can provide a scientific basis for the geothermal resource development and utilization, and for the planning and construction of major projects in the area.

Key words: geothermal origin, hydrogeochemistry, reservoir temperature, circulation mechanism, easternHimalayan syntaxis

CLC Number:

P642
P694

MA Xin, FU Lei, LI Tiefeng, YAN Jing, LIU Ting, WANG Mingguo, SHAO Wei. Analysis of Geothermal Origin in Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis[J]. Geoscience, 2021, 35(01): 209-219.

Figures/Tables 13

References 34

[1]	廖昕, 蒋翰, 徐正宣, 等. 西藏东部阿旺地下热水化学特征及其成因初探[J]. 工程地质学报, 2020,28(4):916-924.
[2]	郭长宝, 张永双, 蒋良文, 等. 川藏铁路沿线及邻区环境工程地质问题概论[J]. 现代地质, 2017,31(5):877-889.
[3]	多吉. 典型高温地热系统——羊八井热田基本特征[J]. 中国工程科学, 2003,5(1):42-47.
[4]	张萌, 蔺文静, 刘昭, 等. 西藏谷露高温地热系统水文地球化学特征及成因模式[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2014,41(3):382-392.
[5]	王鹏, 陈晓宏, 沈立成, 等. 西藏地热异常区热储温度及其地质环境效应[J]. 中国地质, 2016,43(4):1429-1438.
[6]	郭宁, 刘昭, 男达瓦, 等. 西藏昌都觉拥温泉水化学特征及热储温度估算[J]. 地质论评, 2020,66(2):499-509.
[7]	孙红丽, 马峰, 蔺文静, 等. 西藏高温地热田地球化学特征及地热温标应用[J]. 地质科技情报, 2015,34(3):171-177.
[8]	丁林, MAKSATBEK S, 蔡福龙, 等. 印度与欧亚大陆初始碰撞时限、封闭方式和过程[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2017,47(3):293-309.
[9]	董汉文, 许志琴, 曹汇, 等. 东喜马拉雅构造结东、西边界断裂对比及其构造演化过程[J]. 地球科学, 2018,43(4):933-951.
[10]	张鹏, 曲亚明, 郭长宝, 等. 西藏林芝地应力测量监测与尼泊尔M_S8.1级强震远场响应分析[J]. 现代地质, 2017,31(5):900-910.
[11]	姜光政, 高堋, 饶松, 等. 中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第四版)[J]. 地球物理学报, 2016,59(8):2892-2910.
[12]	秦大军, 孙杰, 郭艺, 等. 永定河对北京西山岩溶水和玉泉山泉的影响[J]. 工程地质学报, 2019,27(1):162-169.
[13]	CRAIG H. Standard for reporting concentrations of deuterium and oxygen-18 in natural water[J]. Science, 1961,133:1833-1834. DOI URL PMID
[14]	卫克勤, 林瑞芬, 王志祥. 西藏羊八井地热水的氢、氧稳定同位素组成及氚含量[J]. 地球化学, 1983,12(4):338-346.
[15]	赵永红, 杨家英, 王航, 等. 地热水氢氧同位素分布特性[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2017,32(6):2415-2423.
[16]	WANG S F, PANG Z H, LIU J R, et al. Origin and evolution characteristics of geothermal water in the Niutuozhen geothermal field,North China Plain[J]. Journal of Earth Science, 2013,24(6):891-902.
[17]	LUO L, PANG Z H, LIU J X, et al. Determining the recharge sources and circulation depth of thermal waters in Xianyang geothermal field in Guanzhong Basin: The controlling role of Weibei Fault[J]. Geothermics, 2017,69:55-64.
[18]	YILDIRIM B, ÖZGÜR N. Hydrogeological,hydrogeochemical and isotope geochemical features of geothermal waters in Tekkehamam and environs, western Anatolia,Turkey[J]. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 2017,17:177-180.
[19]	MINISSALE A, CORTI G, TASSI F, et al. Geothermal potential and origin of natural thermal fluids in the northern Lake Abaya area, Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2017,336:1-18.
[20]	郝彦珍, 潘明, 吕勇, 等. 云南昌宁柯街断裂带温泉水化学特征[J]. 地质科技情报, 2014,33(4):191-196.
[21]	王礼恒, 董艳辉, 周鹏鹏, 等. 阿拉善塔木素地段地下水补给来源与演化特征分析[J]. 工程地质学报, 2019,27(3):691-698.
[22]	汪集旸, 熊亮萍, 庞忠和. 中低温对流型地热系统[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1993: 44-82.
[23]	HAN D M, LIANG X, JIN M G, et al. Evaluation of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and mixing behavior in the Daying and Qicun geothermal systems, Xinzhou Basin[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2010,189(1/2):92-104.
[24]	PEIFFER L, WANNER C, SPYCHER N, et al. Optimized multicomponent vs. classical geothermometry:Insights from modeling studies at the Dixie Valley geothermal area[J]. Geothermics, 2014,51:154-169.
[25]	GUO Q, PANG Z H, WANG Y C, et al. Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry applications of the Kangding high-temperature geothermal system in eastern Himalayas[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2017,81:63-75.
[26]	李洁祥, 郭清海, 余正艳. 高温地热系统中粘土矿物形成对Na-K和K-Mg地球化学温标准确性的影响[J]. 地球科学, 2017,42(1):142-154.
[27]	FOURNIER R O. Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems[J]. Geothermics, 1977,5(1/2/3/4):41-50.
[28]	GIGGENBACH W F. Geothermal solute equilibria: Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1988,52(12):2749-2765.
[29]	顾晓敏. 阿尔山泉群地球化学特征及成因演化机制研究[D]. 北京:中国地质大学(北京), 2018: 80-101.
[30]	ARNÓRSSON S, ANDRÉSDÓTTIR A. Processes controlling the distribution of boron and chlorine in natural waters in Iceland[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995,59:4125-4146.
[31]	李晓, 王金金, 黄珣, 等. 鲜水河断裂带康定至道孚段热水化学与同位素特征[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2018,45(6):733-745.
[32]	王莹, 周训, 于湲, 等. 应用地热温标估算地下热储温度[J]. 现代地质, 2007,21(4):605-612.
[33]	郑来林, 金振民, 潘桂棠, 等. 东喜马拉雅南迦巴瓦地区区域地质特征及构造演化[J]. 地质学报, 2004,78(6):744-751.
[34]	张健, 李午阳, 唐显春, 等. 川西高温水热活动区的地热学分析[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2017,47(8):899-915.

送样编号	温度/℃	Na⁺/ (mg/L)	K⁺/ (mg/L)	Ca²⁺/ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺/ (mg/L)	Cl^-/ (mg/L)	SO₄^2-/ (mg/L)	CO₃^2-/ (mg/L)
Q1	95.0	598.72	98.39	<3.00	<3.00	368.40	252.86	336.78
Q2	77.5	324.50	45.32	148.46	16.09	111.40	494.02	<5.00
Q3	40.2	113.54	25.55	154.79	28.25	87.84	143.82	<5.00
ZK1	19.2	7.57	14.65	385.57	27.28	0.44	999.15	<5.00
ZK2	53.1	233.13	24.13	180.84	29.51	168.50	165.85	<5.00
S1	4.2	1.07	0.59	<3.00	<3.00	1.67	0.17	<5.00
S2	7.6	54.20	<0.05	21.80	<3.00	5.80	102.80	<5.00
S3	8.5	51.70	<0.05	22.60	<3.00	6.40	376.02	<5.00
Y1	8.6	0.76	0.25	<3.00	<3.00	1.45	0.63	<5.00
送样编号	pH	HCO₃^-/ (mg/L)	偏硅酸/ (mg/L)	Li⁺/ (mg/L)	F^-/ (mg/L)	Sr²⁺/ (mg/L)	矿化度/ (mg/L)	水化学类型
Q1	9.79	38.52	345.30	2.532	7.98	0.252	1 688	CO₃·Cl-Na
Q2	7.95	643.76	225.53	0.408	3.70	0.817	1 467	HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca
Q3	7.63	673.66	159.39	0.445	1.33	1.029	894	HCO₃-Ca·Na
ZK1	7.59	181.23	41.86	0.017	0.35	6.876	1 529	SO₄-Ca
ZK2	7.97	821.50	44.82	0.374	0.28	2.156	1 267	HCO₃-Ca·Na
S1	6.91	15.26	<0.06		0.01		103	HCO₃-Na
S2	7.78	60.80	<0.06		0.01		224	HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca
S3	7.62	36.20	<0.06		0.02		621	SO₄-Na·Ca
Y1	6.87	10.98	<0.06		0		33	HCO₃-Na

送样编号	温度/℃	Na⁺/ (mg/L)	K⁺/ (mg/L)	Ca²⁺/ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺/ (mg/L)	Cl^-/ (mg/L)	SO₄^2-/ (mg/L)	CO₃^2-/ (mg/L)
Q1	95.0	598.72	98.39	<3.00	<3.00	368.40	252.86	336.78
Q2	77.5	324.50	45.32	148.46	16.09	111.40	494.02	<5.00
Q3	40.2	113.54	25.55	154.79	28.25	87.84	143.82	<5.00
ZK1	19.2	7.57	14.65	385.57	27.28	0.44	999.15	<5.00
ZK2	53.1	233.13	24.13	180.84	29.51	168.50	165.85	<5.00
S1	4.2	1.07	0.59	<3.00	<3.00	1.67	0.17	<5.00
S2	7.6	54.20	<0.05	21.80	<3.00	5.80	102.80	<5.00
S3	8.5	51.70	<0.05	22.60	<3.00	6.40	376.02	<5.00
Y1	8.6	0.76	0.25	<3.00	<3.00	1.45	0.63	<5.00
送样编号	pH	HCO₃^-/ (mg/L)	偏硅酸/ (mg/L)	Li⁺/ (mg/L)	F^-/ (mg/L)	Sr²⁺/ (mg/L)	矿化度/ (mg/L)	水化学类型
Q1	9.79	38.52	345.30	2.532	7.98	0.252	1 688	CO₃·Cl-Na
Q2	7.95	643.76	225.53	0.408	3.70	0.817	1 467	HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca
Q3	7.63	673.66	159.39	0.445	1.33	1.029	894	HCO₃-Ca·Na
ZK1	7.59	181.23	41.86	0.017	0.35	6.876	1 529	SO₄-Ca
ZK2	7.97	821.50	44.82	0.374	0.28	2.156	1 267	HCO₃-Ca·Na
S1	6.91	15.26	<0.06		0.01		103	HCO₃-Na
S2	7.78	60.80	<0.06		0.01		224	HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca
S3	7.62	36.20	<0.06		0.02		621	SO₄-Na·Ca
Y1	6.87	10.98	<0.06		0		33	HCO₃-Na

取样点	采样高程/m	样品δ¹⁸O/‰	样品δD/‰	降水δD/‰	ρ/(‰/hm)	补给高程/m
Q1(长青温泉)	1 982	-9.82	-93.28	-20.85	-2.5	4 879.2
Q2(排龙温泉)	2 033	-11.43	-83.51	-20.85	-2.5	4 539.4
Q3(拉月温泉)	2 265	-11.91	-87.70	-20.85	-2.5	4 939.0
ZK2(测温孔)	2 650	-11.91	-86.94	-20.85	-2.5	5 293.6

取样点	采样高程/m	样品δ¹⁸O/‰	样品δD/‰	降水δD/‰	ρ/(‰/hm)	补给高程/m
Q1(长青温泉)	1 982	-9.82	-93.28	-20.85	-2.5	4 879.2
Q2(排龙温泉)	2 033	-11.43	-83.51	-20.85	-2.5	4 539.4
Q3(拉月温泉)	2 265	-11.91	-87.70	-20.85	-2.5	4 939.0
ZK2(测温孔)	2 650	-11.91	-86.94	-20.85	-2.5	5 293.6

水样编号	T	石英¹温标	石英²温标	石英³温标	玉髓温标	K-Mg温标	Na-K温标	Na-K-Ca温标
Q1	95.0	182.07	181.41	169.33	160.52	147.20	275.33	259.05
Q2	77.5	154.22	153.97	146.75	129.24	97.62	260.46	192.57
Q3	40.2	135.33	135.17	131.01	108.25	75.85	306.58	199.55