基于空间插值与PMF模型的国道沿线土壤重金属源解析:以107国道岳阳段为例

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.064

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了评估国道交通对两侧土壤的影响,查明其重金属污染特征和来源,选取107国道岳阳县段作为研究区域。在该区域两侧各1 km范围内采集了246个表层土壤样品,并测定了Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Hg这8种重金属元素的含量。通过对比分析国道两侧土壤中重金属污染情况和元素含量差异,结合克里金空间插值法和PMF模型,进一步揭示这些重金属的潜在来源。结果表明:(1)107国道岳阳县段两侧土壤属强酸性土壤,重金属之间的差异反映了土地利用类型和人类活动对土壤重金属分布的显著影响。(2)单因子污染指数均值显示Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd无污染,Cu、As、Hg、Pb为轻度污染,内梅罗综合污染指数表明研究区土壤整体轻度污染。(3)空间插值分析显示,As、Cr、Cu、Ni在空间分布上高度重叠;Pb和Zn在空间上分布在农田耕地区域;Cd元素的空间分布异常区域主要为新开镇;Hg元素的空间分布特征显示林地为低值区域,说明了自然地质背景与土地利用类型对土壤重金属的复杂相互作用。(4)PMF源解析识别了4种污染源,分别为交通源、农业源、自然源、大气源,其中交通源和农业源合计占比80.3%,是影响107国道岳阳县段两侧土壤中重金属元素的主要因素,说明107国道两侧土壤受交通运输和人类活动影响较明显。综上所述,空间插值分析和PMF模型的结果相互之间验证效果较好,这一综合方法对重金属潜在来源的成分识别较为理想。

关键词: 107国道, 土壤重金属, 空间分布, 克里金法, PMF模型

Abstract:

To assess the impacts of national highway traffic on adjacent soil properties, this study examines the characteristics and sources of heavy metal contamination along a section of National Highway 107 in Yueyang County. A total of 246 surface soil samples were collected from a 1-km range on both sides of the highway, and the concentrations of eight heavy metals (i.e.Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Hg) were measured. By comparing the differences in heavy metal contamination and elemental contents between the soils on each side of the highway, and by integrating Kriging spatial interpolation with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) mo-del, we revealed the potential sources of these heavy metals. The study results show that: (1) The soils along the Yueyang County section of National Highway 107 are strongly acidic, and the differences in heavy metal concentrations reflect the significant impacts of land use types and human activities. (2) Single-factor pollution indices indicate no pollution from Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cd, but slight pollution from Cu, As, Hg, and Pb. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index indicates that the soil in the study area is overall slightly polluted. (3) Spatial interpolation analysis reveals high overlaps in spatial distribution of As, Cr, Cu, and Ni, while Pb and Zn are distributed across agricultural fields. Cd exhibits an anomalous spatial distribution mainly around the town of Xinkai. The spatial distribution characteristics of Hg show low values in forested areas, indicating a complex interplay between natural geological backgrounds and land use types. (4) PMF source analysis ide.pngied four pollution sources, i.e.traffic, agriculture, natural sources, and atmospheric sources. Traffic and agriculture sources account for 80.3% of the influence on heavy metal content in the soil, indicating a significant impact of transportation and human activities along National Highway 107. In conclusion, the results from spatial interpolation and the PMF model closely corroborate each other, making this integrated method ideal for ide.pngying source components.

Key words: National Highway 107, soil heavy metal, spatial distribution, Kriging algorithm, PMF model

中图分类号:

P642.11

杨鹏至, 赵元, 肖粤新, 闵英姿, 邓曌, 郭军, 韦晓堃. 基于空间插值与PMF模型的国道沿线土壤重金属源解析:以107国道岳阳段为例[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(03): 694-705.

YANG Pengzhi, ZHAO Yuan, XIAO Yuexin, MIN Yingzi, DENG Zhao, GUO Jun, WEI Xiaokun. Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Soils Along a National Highway Using Spatial Interpolation and PMF Model: A Case Study of the Yueyang Section of National Highway 107[J]. Geoscience, 2024, 38(03): 694-705.

图/表 10

图1 107国道岳阳段两侧土壤点位布设图

Fig.1 Soil sampling locations along both sides of the Yueyang Section of national highway 107

表1 测试元素分析方法及检出限

Table 1 Analytical methods for testing metals and their detection limits

元素	分析方法	检出限 (mg·kg^-1)
Pb	电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)	2
As	原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)	1
Cd	电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)	0.03
Cr	电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)	5
Cu	电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)	1
Ni	电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)	2
Zn	电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)	4
Hg	原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)	0.0005

表2 土壤单因子污染程度分级

Table 2 Classification of soil pollution degree using single factor analysis

P_i	P_i≤1	1<P_i≤2	2<P_i≤3	3<P_i≤5	P_i>5
污染水平	无污染	轻度污染	中度污染	重度污染	极强污染

表3 内梅罗污染程度分级

Table 3 Classification of pollution degree using the Nemerow index

P_N	P_N ≤0.7	0.7<P_N ≤1.0	1.0<P_N ≤2.0	2.0<P_N ≤3.0	P_N >3.0
污染水平	安全	警戒线	轻污染	中污染	重污染

表4 107国道岳阳段两侧重金属元素含量特征

Table 4 Characteristics of heavy metal element contents on both sides of the Yuegang section of national highway 107

数值类型	Pb (mg·kg^-1)	As (mg·kg^-1)	Cd (mg·kg^-1)	Cr (mg·kg^-1)	Cu (mg·kg^-1)	Ni (mg·kg^-1)	Zn (mg·kg^-1)	Hg (mg·kg^-1)	pH
最大值	171.00	74.60	5.25	237.00	179.00	111.00	509.00	0.32	5.99
最小值	21.40	3.26	0.04	25.70	12.10	9.94	36.70	0.03	4.10
国道两侧土壤平均值	36.53	13.39	0.30	77.96	27.20	24.69	77.93	0.11	4.85
未干扰地区土壤平均值	37.15	18.25	0.21	82.27	28.72	24.34	79.80	0.08	4.87
干扰地区土壤平均值	36.29	11.49	0.34	76.28	26.61	24.83	77.19	0.12	4.85
标准偏差	12.41	7.49	0.39	23.19	14.21	8.33	41.49	0.05	-
未干扰地变异系数	0.60	0.61	1.05	0.42	0.76	0.57	0.91	0.45	-
干扰地变异系数	0.14	0.36	1.28	0.22	0.37	0.19	0.24	0.39	-
变异系数	0.34	0.56	1.29	0.30	0.52	0.34	0.53	0.44	-
洞庭湖背景值	31.69	12.35	0.31	88.20	26.01	27.50	86.10	0.10	-

图2 107国道岳阳段两侧土壤重金属元素克里金空间插值空间分布图

Fig.2 Spatial distribution maps of heavy metal elements in the soil along both sides of the Yueyang Section of national highway 107 using Kriging spatial interpolation

图3 单因子污染指数法(a)和内梅罗污染指数法(b)分析结果

Fig.3 Analytical results using the single factor pollution index method (a) and the Nemerow pollution index method (b)

图4 107国道岳阳段两侧重金属元素相关性图(*示p≤0.05,**示p≤0.01,***示p≤0.001)

Fig.4 Correlation diagram of heavy metal elements along the Yueyang Section of national highway 107 (*denoting p≤0.05, **denoting p≤0.01, ***denoting p≤0.001)

图5 PMF源解析所选变量的贡献率(a)和平均贡献率(b)

Fig.5 Contribution rates of selected variables in the PMF source analysis (a) and average contribution rates (b)

图6 PMF源解析各因子对重金属含量贡献率

Fig.6 Contribution rates of each factor to heavy metal contents analyzed by PMF

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