岩浆演化过程中硫化物饱和对斑岩型Cu-Au矿床形成的控制

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.090

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

斑岩型矿床是全球铜、金、银、钼等战略性矿产的重要来源,其主要分布于汇聚板块边缘。已有研究揭示大型斑岩矿床一般起源于板片俯冲产生的岩浆作用,俯冲板块脱水诱发地幔楔部分熔融形成初始弧岩浆,在经历过一系列复杂的演化后,最终上升至近地表(3~5 km)成矿。而岩浆硫化物能强烈络合亲铜元素,对岩浆演化过程金属的富集起着重要作用,研究硫化物中亲铜元素富集与活化过程是揭示斑岩矿床成矿机理的重要一环。本文对近年来斑岩矿床中岩浆硫化物的研究成果进行系统总结,梳理硫化物饱和的控制因素与分异过程,对比分析岩浆硫化物饱和过程对斑岩矿床金属富集的控制。岩浆硫化物饱和受温度、压力、氧逸度等多种因素共同控制,其中氧逸度变化是导致硫化物饱和的关键;硫化物饱和将促使金属Cu、Au、PGE等高效浓聚,PGE元素和Au对硫化物饱和异常敏感,少量硫化物饱和会导致大量PGE和Au聚集。岩浆硫化物饱和过程对斑岩成矿潜力影响存在争议,一些研究认为硫化物饱和是斑岩成矿的关键步骤,因为饱和的硫化物将促使金属Cu、Au高效浓聚,当新的岩浆注入或岩浆氧逸度或硫逸度变化时,硫化物将被再次溶解使成矿金属重新在硅酸盐熔体中富集;一些研究则认为岩浆演化过程中硫化物饱和不妨碍斑岩成矿,因为早期少量硫化物饱和沉淀并不会降低剩余岩浆中成矿元素丰度,不影响成矿潜力。厚地壳中硫化物饱和一般发生在早期,薄地壳中硫化物在晚期饱和。

关键词: 岩浆硫化物, 斑岩矿床, 亲铜元素, 弧岩浆

Abstract:

Porphyry deposits are important sources of global copper, gold, silver, molybdenum, and other strategic minerals/metals, and they are mainly distributed along convergent plate margins.Previous studies have revealed that large porphyry deposits generally originate from arc magmatism due to plate subduction, and the mineralization mostly take place at near-surface (~3-5 km).Magmatic sulfides can strongly concentrate chalcophile elements, which play important roles in metal enrichment during magmatism.Studying the enrichment and activation processes of chalcophile elements in sulfides is key to understanding the metallogenic mechanism of porphyry deposits.In this paper, we systematically summarize previous studies on magmatic sulfides in porphyry deposits, investigate the controlling factors and differentiation processes of sulfide saturation, and compare and analyze the controls of magmatic sulfide saturation processes on metal enrichment in porphyry deposits.Magmatic sulfide saturation can be controlled by various factors such as temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity, with oxygen fugacity being the key to sulfide saturation.Sulfide saturation will promote the efficient concentration of metals such as Cu, Au, and PGE.Particularly, PGE and Au are extremely sensitive to sulfide saturation, and slight sulfide saturation will lead to the aggregation of a large amount of PGE and Au metals.The influence of magmatic sulfide saturation on porphyry mineralization potential is controversial.Some studies conclude that sulfide saturation is the key step in porphyry mineralization because saturated sulfide promotes the concentration of metals Cu and Au.When new magma is injected or when the oxygen or sulfur fugacity of magma changes, sulfide will dissolved again, causing ore-forming metals to become enriched in the silicate melt once more.Other studies conclude that sulfide saturation does not hinder porphyry mineralization during magmatic evolution because a small amount of sulfide saturation and precipitation in the early stage will not reduce the abundance of ore-forming elements in the remaining magma, and therefore will not affect the mineralization potential.Sulfide saturation in thick crust generally occurs in the early stage, while sulfide saturation in thin crust usually occurs in the late stage.

Key words: magmatic sulfide, porphyry deposit, chalcophile element, arc magma

中图分类号:

P611.11
P612

陈浩宇, 和文言. 岩浆演化过程中硫化物饱和对斑岩型Cu-Au矿床形成的控制[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(04): 947-958.

CHEN Haoyu, HE Wenyan. Control of Sulfide Saturation on the Formation of Porphyry Cu-Au Deposits During Magmatic Evolution[J]. Geoscience, 2024, 38(04): 947-958.

图/表 6

图1 俯冲背景下形成的斑岩矿床(据文献[1]修改)

Fig.1 Suprasubduction zone setting for the formation of porphyry ore deposits (modified after reference [1])

图2 硫化物分馏过程中亲硫元素配分示意图(据文献[19]修改) ISS.中间硫化物固溶; MSS.单硫化物固溶体

Fig.2 Schematic diagrams of the allocation of sulfurophilic elements in the process of sulfide fractionation (modified after reference [19])

图3 硫化物饱和度与温度、压力关系示意图(据文献[20]修改,1kbar=100 MPa) MHA.Mt.Hood安山岩;GRB.Grandeur Ronde玄武岩;GIB.Goose Island玄武岩

Fig.3 Diagrams of the relationship between sulfide saturation and temperature and pressure(after modified reference[20])

图4 地壳深部岩浆房内含碳变质沉积岩同化混染示意图(据文献[65]修改)

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of assimilation and mixing of carbon-metasedimentary rocks in the deep crustal magmachamber(modified after reference [65])

图5 Northparkes矿区贫矿火山岩与侵入岩、伴生矿侵入岩中Pd与MgO对比图(据文献[66]) BQM.弱矿化黑云母-石英二长岩;B-QMP.黑云母石英二长斑岩;K-QMP.同矿化钾长石型石英二长斑岩;KA-QMP.晚期矿化奥辉岩-黑云母-钾长石石英二长斑岩

Fig.5 Comparison of Pd against MgO for barren volcanic and intrusive rocks, and the ore-associated intrusions (after reference[66])

图6 厚弧与薄弧岩浆分异过程中硫化物饱和差异(据文献[67]修改)

Fig.6 Sulfide saturation difference during magmatic differentiation between thick arc and thin arc(modified after reference[67])

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