青海喇家遗址极可能由地震导致的砂土液化泥流造成:“12·18”积石山地震的启示

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.012

现代地质 ›› 2024, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (01): 248-259.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.012

青海喇家遗址极可能由地震导致的砂土液化泥流造成:“12·18”积石山地震的启示

李俊磊¹^,²(), 张绪教¹^,²(), 鱼海麟³, 王一凡¹, 张向格¹^,⁴, 李秋蓉¹, 李彩虹¹^,⁵, 张丽蕾¹

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京) 陆内火山与地震教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
3.中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心青海总队, 青海西宁 810008
5.中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081

收稿日期:2024-01-10 修回日期:2024-01-30 出版日期:2024-02-10 发布日期:2024-03-20
通讯作者: 张绪教,男,教授,博士生导师,1964年出生,第四纪地质学专业,主要从事地貌与新构造运动、旅游地学研究。Email: zhangxj@cugb.edu.cn。
作者简介:李俊磊,男,博士研究生,1997年出生,第四纪地质学专业,主要从事构造地貌和环境考古研究。Email:lijunlei@email.cugb.edu.cn。
基金资助:
“青海省化隆地质公园的申报”(2-9-2023-100)

Lajia Ruins in Qinghai Province Might Be Caused by Seismic-induced Liquefaction Mudflows of Sands and Soils: Implication from the Jishishan Earthquake in Gansu Province on December 18, 2023

LI Junlei¹^,²(), ZHANG Xujiao¹^,²(), YU Hailin³, WANG Yifan¹, ZHANG Xiangge¹^,⁴, LI Qiurong¹, LI Caihong¹^,⁵, ZHANG Lilei¹

1. School of Earth Sciences and Resources,China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing 100083, China
2. Key Laboratory of Intraplate Volcanoes and Earthquakes (China University of Geosciences, Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
3. Qinghai Branch of China Building Materials Industrial Geological Exploration Center, Xining,Qinghai 810008, China
4. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA,United Kingdom
4. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth,Plymouth PL4 8AA,United Kingdom
5. Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Received:2024-01-10 Revised:2024-01-30 Online:2024-02-10 Published:2024-03-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

形成于3900年前的青海省民和县喇家遗址,号称“东方庞贝”,是一处举世闻名的灾难遗址,但其成因争论由来已久、悬而未决。学者提出的多种“洪水成因”之说,已深入民众之心,但这次灾难事件真的和洪水有关么?2023年12月18日甘肃积石山县的6.2级地震的震中距喇家遗址仅16 km,不仅使喇家遗址博物馆损坏严重,而且触发的泥流在离遗址仅5 km处的民和县中川乡金田村和草滩村,造成了民房和村民被直接掩埋的灭顶之灾,可能是喇家灾难遗址形成过程的重现,成为对比研究喇家遗址成因的重要实证材料。通过对此次地震灾害的野外实地调查和综合研究,或许能解开喇家遗址成因之谜。积石山地震使黄土之下古河床砾石层中地下水沿地表破裂喷出上涌,进而造成黄土液化并顺冲沟快速往下游流动形成泥流,流经草滩村、金田村时泥流遇阻,漫出冲沟将部分房屋冲毁甚至导致村民被掩埋。特殊的地层结构及富集的地下水,在地震的触发之下造成砂土液化并形成泥流,是造成中川乡地震灾害的重要原因。现场调查表明,草滩村一家五口被掩埋的悲剧,并非典型的“砂涌”造成,更无“洪水”的痕迹,而是地震的次生泥流灾害所致。将今论古,结合喇家遗址的文化遗存保存状况及沉积物特征进一步推断,喇家遗址的形成可能与强降雨形成的山间洪流无关,更不是由所谓的“大洪水“造成的。3900年前的古地震及其造成的砂土液化和快速流动的泥流,极可能是造成喇家遗址瞬时灾难的主要成因。

关键词: 喇家遗址, 积石山地震, 液化泥流, 瞬时灾难, 拉脊山北缘断裂, 黄河

Abstract:

The Lajia Ruins, often called the “Pompeii in the East”,situated in Minhe County, Qinghai Province, is well known as an archaeological site documenting a catastrophic event approximately 3,900 years ago. The causation of the disasters responsible for the destruction of the Lajia settlement has been in hot debate for an extended period. Various points of view regarding “flooding causes” has been gained acceptance within the general public. However, is the catastrophic event indeed linked to flooding? The 6.2-magnitude earthquake struck in Jishishan County, Gansu Province on December 18, 2023, with its epicenter located a mere 16 kilometers from the Lajia Ruins. This seismic event not only substantially damaged the Lajia Ruins Museum but also triggered mudflows in Jintian Village and Caotan Village, Zhongchuan Town, Minhe County, just 5 kilometers away from the Lajia Ruins. This catastrophic event led to the direct burial of residential structures and villagers, potentially representing a replication of the formative processes that gave rise to the Lajia Ruins. Consequently, it emerges as a pivotal empirical material for comparative studies investigating the causative factors underlying the genesis of the Lajia Ruins. Through conducting field investigations and comprehensive studies of the seismic disaster, it is conceivable that contemporary insights may shed light on the longstanding enigma surrounding the genesis of the Lajia Ruins. The earthquake has induced an upward surge of groundwater from the ancient riverbed gravel layers beneath the loess, causing the liquefaction of the loess and the rapid downstream flow of mud through gullies. As the mudflow encountered obstacles when passing through Caotan Village and Jintian Village, it overflowed the gullies, destroying some houses and even burying villagers. The distinctive geological stratigraphy and the abundance of groundwater, triggered by seismic activities, resulted in soil’s liquefaction and mudflows’ formation, constituting crucial factors in the genesis of seismic disasters in Zhongchuan Town. Field investigations indicated the tragic burial of a family of five in Caotan Village was not the result of a typical “sand surge”, nor does it exhibit traces of “flooding”. Instead, it is attributed to secondary seismic hazards, specifically mudflows induced by the earthquake. Combined with the preservation status of cultural remains and sedimentary characteristics at the Lajia Ruins, inference suggests that the ancient earthquake 3,900 years ago, along with the resultant liquefaction of soil and the rapid flow of mud, provides a plausible explanation and reconstruction for the instantaneous catastrophe at the Lajia Ruins. The formation of the Lajia Ruins is likely unrelated to the mountainous flash floods induced by heavy rainfall and certainly not caused by the purported megaflood.

Key words: Lajia Ruins, Jishishan Earthquake, liquefied mudflow, instantaneous catastrophe, northern margin of Lajishan Mountain Fault, Yellow River

中图分类号:

P931.2

李俊磊, 张绪教, 鱼海麟, 王一凡, 张向格, 李秋蓉, 李彩虹, 张丽蕾. 青海喇家遗址极可能由地震导致的砂土液化泥流造成:“12·18”积石山地震的启示[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(01): 248-259.

LI Junlei, ZHANG Xujiao, YU Hailin, WANG Yifan, ZHANG Xiangge, LI Qiurong, LI Caihong, ZHANG Lilei. Lajia Ruins in Qinghai Province Might Be Caused by Seismic-induced Liquefaction Mudflows of Sands and Soils: Implication from the Jishishan Earthquake in Gansu Province on December 18, 2023[J]. Geoscience, 2024, 38(01): 248-259.

图/表 7

图1 黄河上游官亭盆地地貌特征 (a)拉脊山断裂带邻区地质构造简图(据文献[12]修改);(b)喇家遗址和中川乡泥流位置

Fig.1 Geographical characteristics of the Guanting Basin in the upper Yellow River

图2 喇家遗址及其考古发掘现场(发掘区位置来自文献[16]) (a)喇家遗址地貌特征;(b)F4房址中聚集死亡的人类遗骸;(c)F3房址中紧抱幼儿的母亲,仇梦晗摄

Fig.2 Lajia Ruins and its archaeological excavation sites (ruins’ location from ref.[16])

图3 甘肃积石山地震烈度图(修改自中国地震局,2023-12-22)

Fig.3 Intensity map of the Jishishan Earthquake, Gansu Province (modified from China Earthquake Administration, 2023-12-22)

图4 中川乡地震液化泥流特征 (a)地震后泥流影像;(b)泥流源区,李景鹏摄;(c)以冲沟为流通区的泥流,马宝红摄;(d)掩埋房屋的泥流堆积区,李景鹏摄

Fig.4 Characteristics of mudflow liquefied by the earthquake in Zhongchuan Town

图5 中川乡泥流的源区和堆积区特征 (a)泥流源区俯拍,李景鹏摄;(b)源区后缘表层的红黏土和倒塌的高压线塔;(c)冲沟内残留的泥流和两侧典型的黄土-古土壤;(d)被破坏的道路和水渠;(e)被3~4 m高的泥流掩埋的房屋,李景鹏摄;(f)近乎填满泥流的房屋,李景鹏摄;(g)沿巷道运动并停止的泥流,马宝红摄;(f)牌楼上高约4 m的泥流痕迹

Fig.5 Characteristics of the source and accumulation zones of the mudflow in Zhongchuan Town

图6 中川乡黄河基座阶地剖面和泥流成因图

Fig.6 Profile of the base terrace of the Yellow River in Zhongchuan Town and the genesis of mudflows

图7 近10年来的中川乡泥流源区变化(影像据谷歌地图)

Fig.7 Change in the source zone of mudflows in Zhongchuan Town over the past 10 years (after Google Earth)

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青海喇家遗址极可能由地震导致的砂土液化泥流造成:“12·18”积石山地震的启示

Lajia Ruins in Qinghai Province Might Be Caused by Seismic-induced Liquefaction Mudflows of Sands and Soils: Implication from the Jishishan Earthquake in Gansu Province on December 18, 2023

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