Table of Content

19 October 2012, Volume 26 Issue 5

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Geochemistry

Geochemical Characteristics of Soil Selenium in Farmland of Hainan Island

YANG Zhong-Fang, TU Chao, HOU Jing-Xie, YANG Yi, FU Yang-Rong, DIAO Xiang-Lei

2012, 26(5):  837-849. 

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Selenium is one of the most important trace elements for human and animal, which also has a bright application future. The research of geochemical distribution and bioavailability controlling factors of soil selenium has important significance. In this paper, characteristics and influencing factors of soil selenium content all over the Hainan Island covering the range of 27,426 km² were summarized. The results showed that the selenium full and selenium rich soil was up to 69.98% of the study area and topsoil selenium content to a certain extent inherited into the soil parent rock (or deep soil), but the difference among soil parent rock formation generated enrichment or dilution of soil selenium content. Further studies have shown that the selenium content in soil has a significant positive correlation with organic carbon, aluminum oxide, total iron oxide, manganese, and the CIA, indicating that the clay minerals, organic carbon, iron and manganese oxides in the soil and weathering and leaching extent were playing important roles in the geochemical behaviors of selenium, while these indicators were important parameters to affect the bioavailability of soil selenium. The bioavailability of soil selenium reduced with increasing content of soil organic carbon, clay, CEC and other indicators. In the study area, when the soil pH is higher than 6.5, the soil selenium content is lower. While the soil pH is lower than 6.5, the soil selenium content increase with the pH decreasing. As the soil pH is 5.5 to 7.5, the bioavailability of soil selenium is relatively higher. Therefore, developing selenium rich agricultural products not only is based on the total level of Se in the soil but also the range of content of the soil pH, TOC, CEC, clay and other indicators should be considered.

Geochemical Circling of Soil Se on the Southern Song Nen Plain, Heilongjiang Province

JIA Hua-Ji, YANG Zhong-Fang, XUE Yuan, CUI Yu-Jun, LI Yan-Sheng, HOU Jing-Xie, TU Chao

2012, 26(5):  850-858. 

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Selenium is an important trace element in the eco-environment in the aspect of the human, plant and animal health. In this paper, circling of the soil Se was studied by sampling the input endmembers of soil Se, such as atmospheric deposition, irrigation water and chemical fertilizer, as well as the output endmembers such as the harvested plant parts and soil seepage water, as the further study based on the multi purpose geochemical survey (MPGS). The input and output fluxes of the endmembers were calculated and the accumulation rate of soil Se was predicted. Three aspects were found as the following:  in general, the study area has a low soil Se level with the area of soil Se deficiency and potential deficiency covering 35.20% of the whole area; the maximum soil Se input comes from the wet and dry atmospheric deposition, and the maximum soil Se output endmember is the soil seepage water; soil Se in the study area shows a state of net accumulation, and the area of Se deficiency and potential deficiency will decrease from 35.20% to 31.7% in 20 years.

Content and Distribution of Selenium in Soil of Beijing Plain

GUO Chi, YANG Zhong-Fang, RUAN Qi-He, HU Sheng-Yang, ZHOU E-Nan, FENG Hui

2012, 26(5):  859-864. 

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 Based on geochemical study of soil, the high selenium soil in Beijing Plain was discovered distributing discontinuously around the west of plain and scatters in the city. The content of selenium in surface soil is from 0.04 to 5.26 mg/kg, with the average value of 0.20 mg/kg. The content of selenium in deep soil is from 0.043 to 0.22 mg/kg, with the average value of 0.081 mg/kg. The selenium tends to enrich in the surface soil. The content of selenium in shale is higher than that in other types of rocks. The source of selenium in soils is from the weathering of Se-rich carbonaceous rocks in the west part of Beijing. Studies show that the soil organic matter is closely related to selenium,and that organic matter plays a key role in adsorption and fixation of selenium in surface soil.

Soil Quality Geochemical Evaluation of Chengdu Economic Area

LIU Ying-Beng, CHEN Wen-De, HU Wei, BANG Pei-Hao

2012, 26(5):  865-872. 

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 Through testing heavy metal elements and useful elements content in soil of Chengdu Economic Area, this paper, referring to relative national or industrial standard, carried through geochemical gradation based on soil environmental quality and nutrient quality, and finally evaluated the soil quality from geochemistry. The results indicated as follows: the soil quality of Chengdu Economic Area mainly belonged to the third and fourth grade, taking up 56.05% of the survey area. Such soil was comparatively clean and with relatively enough nutrients, suitable for agricultural producing. The next was soil of the fifth and sixth grade quality, accounting for 39.02% of the whole area. Such soil was polluted in different degree and was of few nutrients, so required more management. The area of soil of the first and second grade quality accounted for only 4.95%. Such soil was ideal for developing green or pollutionfree agriculture, and should be protected and utilized reasonably.

Study and Application on Land Quality Geochemical Assessment Methods: Taking Panjin City as an Example

XU Cheng-An, YANG Zhong-Fang, YANG Xiao-Bei, WU Ai-Jun, GUAN Yu-Bei

2012, 26(5):  873-878. 

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 Land quality geochemical assessment model is built using the analytic hierarchy process and membership functions. Taking the status map spots as the evaluation unit, cultivated land quality in Panjin area is assessed on geochemistry. The results of comprehensive evaluation on the fertility indicators and environmental indicators, showed that farming environment quality of Panjin area is in good condition, and that 88.04% arable land area grading fromⅠto Ⅲ quality belongs to the rice growing regions. The assessment provides a reliable geochemical data for the scientific management of land and the development of characteristic agriculture.

Study on Geochemical Assessment of Land Quality and Green Productivity Evaluation in Da'an City, Jilin Province

WANG Li-Qing, HONG Yuan-Yuan, TU Chao, YANG Zhong-Fang, BAI Rong-Jie

2012, 26(5):  879-885. 

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 Controlling the land resources quantity, strengthening the farmland quality management and the mana gement of ecological protection are very important works at present. This article takes the southeast area of Da an City in Jilin Province for example, based on the study of land quality geochemical evaluation results and farmland classification with harmful elements integrated, to assess the level of land quality grade. The results indicate that 72.61 percent of the study area is assessed above third class. Land quality is generally good in the study area, the area of excellent and good land is relatively large, which were mainly chernozem, and the poor land is mainly saline alkali soil or salinized meadow soil. By trying to combine the productivity evaluation in the agricultural land classification results and the element contents in the geochemical assessment of land quality, the green productivity evaluation is formed.

Storage and Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Inner Mongolia

FU Shu-Sai, JIA Hua-Ji, YANG Zhong-Fang, LI Juan

2012, 26(5):  886-895. 

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 Based on 461 soil profiles from various data sources of Inner Mongolia, the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) and reserves (SOCR) of 0-20 cm and the whole profile in Inner Mongolia are estimated. The spatial distribution of SOCD was mapped within ArcGIS and the factors affecting SOCR and its distribution were discussed. It was found that the soil organic carbon density in 0-20 cm of Inner Mongolia is between 0.63 and 15.93 kg·m^-2, and the average is 3.68 kg·m^-2. Whereas the carbon density of the whole profile is between 0.22-68.77 kg·m^-2 and the average is 10.35 kg·m^-2. There are differences among the soil types for this value. And the SOCR in 0-20 cm of Inner Mongolia are 4.10 Pg. Meanwhile, SOCR of the whole profile are 10.79 Pg. SOCD is controlled by various geographical factors such as temperature, precipitation, vegetation and land use type etc. Estimation result showed that when mean annual temperatures rise by 1℃, the release of soil organic carbon in Inner Mongolia region is about 0.91 Pg.

Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Analysis of Soil Carbon Source/Sink Factors in Qinghai Province

ZHONG Cong, YANG Zhong-Fang, JIA Hua-Ji, HOU Jing-Xie, JIANG Wei

2012, 26(5):  896-909. 

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In this paper, the soil organic carbon density of the topsoil (0-20 cm) and the 0-65 cm soil is calculated according to the data from 2,856 soil profiles which are obtained from the second soil survey of Qinghai Province. Organic carbon reserves of different soil are estimated according to the 1∶4 million digitized soil map. Dominating factor of carbon source/sink is analyzed based on the relationship between organic matter, climate, and the data of changing in land use type in different periods. Results showed opinions as follows. (1) The average weight of SOCD20 of the topsoil (0-20 cm) is 4.509 kg/m²; however, there is a significant distinction in different types of soil, with SOCR20 2.953 Pg. The average weight of SOCD65 of the soil profile is 13.597 kg/ m², with SOCR65 8904 Pg. Generally, as it is limited by the climate, the soil types, the vegetation types and the altitude, the SOCD in Qinghai Province appears a zonal distribution which decreases  from southeast to northwest.（2）Organic carbon content of Qinghai Province declined significantly in recent 30 years. (3) Our study predicted the carbon source in Qinghai Tibet Plateau under the influence of global change, according to the tend analysis of mean annual temperature in recent 50 years, which is of great importance to the global change. With the anthropogenic factors, the release of soil carbon because of the transformation of land use types, such as changing grassland to arable soil, is also a main carbon source in the study area.

A Review of the Research on Persistent Organic Pollutants in Tibetan Plateau

YUAN Guo-Li, LANG Xin-Xin, SUN Tian-He

2012, 26(5):  910-916. 

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Due to the unique geographical conditions, Tibetan Plateau is an ideal place for researchers to study geochemical processes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in natural environment, such as transportation and transformation. The mechanism of mountain cold trapping of POPs could be observed in Tibetan Plateau since its average altitude of more than 4,000 m. The distribution of POPs should rarely be secondly destroyed from few human activities. The precipitation history of POPs could be completely recorded in ices due to so many glaciers in plateau. With research about POPs being done in Tibetan plateau, the importance and significance of the work are gradually recognized. This article intends to review these reports about POPs research so far in plateau area, and focuses on monitoring results in some environmental media. Also, the research results about source and the transportation of POPs are also summarized in this review. In the end, some prospects for future research about POPs in Tibetan Plateau are also proposed.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Soil from Central Tibetan Plateau, China: CongenersDistribution and Controlling Factors

XIE Wei, SUN Tian-He, HAN Feng, YUAN Guo-Li

2012, 26(5):  917-925. 

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Surface soil samples were collected at 16 stations across central Tibetan Plateau. The concentration and composition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), soil organic carbon, minerals and particle size distribution were determined to assess the level and identify the influence of soil on PBDEs. The soil concentration of ΣPBDEs ranged from 17.03-298.29 ng/kg (dw). The fraction of BDEs from mono to hexa brominated DEs contributes approximately 90% of the ΣPBDEs. There are 42 BDE congeners were detected in all, among which BDE-3 was the most abundant, followed by BDE-2 and BDE-1. A wide variety of other congeners were also detected including BDE.209, with the average concentration 1.25 ng/kg(dw). It suggested the PBDEs in the study area were transported by long range atmospheric transport (LRAT). This influence of clay minerals on each fraction of BDEs is similar to that obtained for SOC The coefficient of determination (r2) is higher for the clays than for SOC. The results of correlation analysis suggest that, in Tibetan Plateau, clay minerals are one of main factors to affect the distribution of PBDEs in soil.

Comparison Study on Toxicity of Different Nanoscale Zero valent Iron

WANG Jing-Jiao, Chen-Jia-Wei

2012, 26(5):  926-931. 

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 Nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) particle is a kind of efficient materials for remediation of many pollutants in the environment; however, the potential toxicity of nano particles might be a risk to small size effects. We investigated the toxicity of nZVI toward gram negative Escherichia coli, using coated nZVI supported nZVI and bare nZVI, which are widely used for in situ remediation.Supported nZVI showed the best dispersion performance while bare nZVI the worst. All the three materials showed toxic to Escherichia coli and supported nZVIs toxicity was obviously mitigated.It indicates that the modified nZVI has a physical barrier hindering direct contact between nZVI and bacteria, which is related to electrosteric repulsion.This research emphasizes that the potential risk assessment of nanomaterials are very important before their use.

A Study on Bentonite supported Nano Iron for Removal of Cr (Ⅵ) in Groundwater

LI Chen-Hua, CHEN Jia-Wei

2012, 26(5):  932-938. 

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With the development of living standard and urbanization, groundwater pollution is becoming serious. It is hazardous to human health, ecotope and social security with the heavy metal and organic field pollutants. The issues of Cr(Ⅵ) contaminated groundwater are paid more attention on recently. As Cr(Ⅵ) has high toxicity and mobility in water compared to Cr(Ⅲ), it is very important to deposit chromium by reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) into Cr(Ⅲ) using nano iron; therefore, the contaminants in source region are stabilized and indiffused from all around. While the agglomeration and oxidation of nano iron is often unavoidable due to the very small particles, it is essential to study the disperse and stability of nano iron. In this paper, bentonite was used as a porous based support material for synthesized nano iron. The results showed as follows. (1) Bentonite supported nano iron particles are well sphere scattering on the bentonite. (2) The removal efficiency of B-NZVI is better than NZVI comparing the same iron content (1 g/L) B-NZVI, NZVI and 1 g/L bentonite. Reduction kinetics of Cr(VI) by B-NZVI were described by a pseudo first order reaction. Kinetics studies of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction using B-NZVI suggested that the reactivity of NZVI particles supported on bentonite were decreased significantly with the decrease of initial iron content. (3) Column experiments showed that B-NZVI was no migratory in the column packed silicon dioxide and it indicated B-NZVI is suitably applied in point source pollution. Breakthrough curve of Cr(Ⅵ) in the column was obtained for reference to application.

Environmental Geochemical Characteristics of the Sediments in the Yangtze River and Its Ecological Risk Assessmen

LI Juan, YANG Zhong-Fang, JIA Hua-Ji, HOU Jing-Xie, FU Shu-Sai

2012, 26(5):  939-946. 

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 In order to study and discuss the ecological risk of the sediments in the Yangtze River, sediment samples were collected at 62 sites along the Yangtze River from the main stream and main tributaries. First the characteristics of element composition and heavy metal accumulation were analyzed and the results showed that the differences of macro element content in space were caused by the content change of mineral elements carried by the river. We also found the enrichment degrees of the five elements (Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Hg) were relatively high and abnormal. Ecological risk assessment for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Hg was also given by means of potential ecological risk index. The evaluation results showed, according to the potential pollution level by heavy metals along the Yangtze River basin, that it is most serious in Xiang River region of Hunan Province and Tongling region of Anhui Province. The second most seriously contaminated zones consist of Sichuan, Chongqing and Jiangxi. Pollutions have certain relations with mining explorations and distribution of industry, largely caused by human factors. According to the pollution levels of different elements, Cd, As, and Hg turned out to be the worst, followed by Cu, Zn, Pb, while Cr, Mn, Co and Ni were basically not contaminated in the Yangtze River basin. Our research on sediments in the Yangtze River provides a scientific basis and theoretical reference for further studying about sediments  geochemistry process and environmental protection.

Evaluation on Soil Environmental Quality in the Hetao Area of Inner Mongolia

BAO Feng-Qin, LI You-Guo, LI Jing, HAO Xiao-Lin, MA Zhi-Chao, DIAO Li-Juan

2012, 26(5):  947-952. 

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Soil pollution is an important factor which inhibits agricultural sustainable development. Soil environmental quality is related to geological conditions, natural conditions and human activities.This paper mainly used the surface soil geochemical data from multi purpose regional geochemical investigation and grading standards of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn with reference to  the Soil Environment Quality Standard  (GB15618-1995), then classified and evaluated the single element environmental quality of soil in the Hetao area of Inner Mongolia. Based on classifying single element environmental quality and grading the worst level in the unit of soil environmental quality method we evaluated the soil comprehensive environmental quality in the study area.Using single element evaluation and comprehensive evaluation，it can be concluded that the total situation of the soil environmental quality is good in the study area, and that the environment is green and harmless in the mostly part of the study area.

Study on Environmental Criteria for Heavy Metal of  Farmland Soil in Chengdu Plain

WANG Ying, HOU Jing-Xie, YANG Zhong-Fang, YANG Xiao-Yan, JIN Li-Xin, LI Zhong-Hui

2012, 26(5):  953-962. 

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Soil heavy metal pollution has become a major factor in restricting development of human society. The principal impediment in the remediation of contaminated sites and in the protection of groundwater quality is the lack of appropriate standards for heavy metals in soils. There are no standards applicable to predict the potential for groundwater contamination by heavy metals in Sichuan. This paper aimed to provide the environmental criteria of heavy metals in Chengdu Plain farmland for the purpose of protecting the drinking water. The results indicated that:(1) the partition coefficient(Kd)of As，Cd，Hg and Pb were quite different in different types of soil; (2) environmental criteria of Hg and Cd were much close in different types of soil，while Hg was 0.3 μg/g and Cd were in the range of 0.3 μg/g to 0.5 μg/g. In contrast，environmental criteria of As and Pb were much different，for As were 18 μg/g to 24 μg/g and Pb were 24 μg/g to 41 μg/g；(3) heavy metals in the study area were basically below the given environmental criteria except Cd，Pb and Hg in a few types of soil. These results played an important role in risk assessment for the study area.

Distribution and Assessment of Heavy Metals in Topsoil of Capital Steel Factory in Beijing, China

HAN Feng, SUN Tian-He, YUAN Guo-Li, HUANG Yong

2012, 26(5):  963-971. 

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The concentration of Fe，Cr，Ni，V，As，Cd，Pb，Cu，Zn，Hg were investigated for 400 topsoil samples collected from Capital Steel Factory. The results of cluster analysis and the principal component analysis showed that the heavy metals can be mainly divided into four groups. The first group included Ni，V，As，and their mean concentrations were lower than that of the nature background. They may be primarily controlled by natural sources such as soils parent materials. The second group included Cd，Cu，Pb，Zn，and mean concentrations exceeded the nature background values. They may be derived from the anthropogenic sources, particularly traffic and smelter. The PIanalyzing results showed that the soil was lightly polluted by Cu，Pb，Zn and were moderately polluted by Cd with the hotspots located in residential area. The third group were Fe and Cr, and the highest concentrations of them distributed in industrial area and partial residential area. They may be mainly affected by natural sources and anthropogenic sources. The fourth group was Hg with the features of non-point sources associated with human activities. The highest concentration distributed in river area. In general，attention should be paid to the subsequently environmental damage and potential human health risk in this area because parts of the topsoil were polluted by the heavy metals. Our study provides a significant reference for soil pollution risk assessment and land using plan of Capital Steel Factory in the future.

Investigation on the Soil Environmental Pollution Degree of Yinchuan Basin Using the Geochemical Survey Data

GAO Yu, YANG Zhong-Fang, ZHANG Ling-Yan, TU Chao

2012, 26(5):  972-974. 

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Being chronically accumulated in the pedosphere, the heavy metal elements and other elements bring certain influences on the environment and consequently were harmful to the food chain. The division on pollution degree of soil elements is of great importance to acquire current soil environment situation. Based on the multiobjective regional geochemical survey data, in this paper, heavy metal elements including Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr according to soil environmental quality level Ⅰ standard value and F element according to level Ⅰ recommended value were chosen to calculated the pollution index by Nemerow formula and finally used to drew the figure of soil pollution levels, respectively. As a result, the Yinchuan basin would be divided into cleaning area, basic cleaning area, initial pollution area, light pollution area, moderate pollution area and severe pollution area, and additionally the pollution sources were also analyzed and summarized.

Concentration Characteristics and Seasonal Trend of Main Heavy Metal Elements of PM2-5 in Beijing

XU Yang, CEN Kuang, Stefan Norra, Nina Schleicher, CHEN Yuan

2012, 26(5):  975-982. 

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 Based on the data of the systematic sampling and analysis of PM2-5 from April 18, 2005 to September 27, 2008 at the east gate of China University of Geosciences, and the newest ambient air quality standard (GB3095-2012), some valuable results were derived from primary analysis on mass concentration characteristics and seasonal variations of PM2-5 and main heavy metal elements Cd, Pb, As, Cu and Zn in it. The results showed that the mass concentration of PM2-5 ranged between 13.1 and 171 μg/m3  with the median of 65.6 μg/m3 for the whole sampling period from spring 2005 to spring 2008, that exceeded the limiting value 35 μg/m3 of the national standard II (GB3095-2012). This indicated that the pollution of PM2-5 was critical. The average 24 hour concentrations of PM2-5 during the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games was 40.7 μg/m3, not exceeding the national standard II. Mass concentration of heavy metal elements in PM2-5 differed between different seasons in different years. The enrichment characteristics for mass concentration of arsenic was the highest among the typical urban pollution elements in winter time. Chemical analysis indicated that diffuse pollution from many different anthropogenic emissions were the main sources of heavy metal pollution such as Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and As in PM2-5, especially for As, which need to pay more attention on it. This study is only a small contribution to the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution in Beijing.

The Distribution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Cd in Atmospheric Particulate Matter of Beijing

WEI Min, FENG Hai-Yan, YANG Zhong-Fang

2012, 26(5):  983-988. 

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 The samples of atmospheric particulate matter were collected from 11 districts/counties of Beijing, the content distribution characteristics in TSP, PM10 and PM2-5, and geochemical characteristics of Cd in them （TSP, PM10, PM2-5) were analyzed，the ecological risk of Cd in atmospheric particulates was assessed. The results indicated that the mass concentration of PM2-5 exceeded the standard highest among three particle sizes of atmospheric particulates in Beijing. With heavy metals in PM10, most of them are concentrated in PM2-5. Except Miyun and Tongzhou, the concentration level of Cd in three particle sizes of atmospheric particulates is TSP＞PM10＞PM2-5. Comparing with different functional areas, the mass concentration of Cd in the park is higher than that in the education area and farmland area, so the environmental quality problems in the park should arouse the relevant departments  concern. Although the non-cancer risk of Cd of atmospheric particulates is low，the non-cancer risk in Haidian district is the highest in Beijing. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the environmental health issues in Haidian district.

China National Multi-purpose Geochemical DatabaseDevelopment and Application Prospect

LIU Rong-Mei, TUN Han, XIANG Yun-Chuan, GENG Yan-Ting

2012, 26(5):  989-995. 

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Approximately over the past 10 years, China multi-purpose geochemical survey have gained vast amounts of digital resources generated on over millions samples of surfacial  material such as soils, stream sediments, waters, and rocks sampled by 30 provincial geological surveys and agencies. The national multi-purpose geochemical database representing these analyses contains in excess of 2.2 millions pieces of record using a consistent set of methods.These data will compose a complete, national-scale multi-purpose geochemical coverage of China, and will enable construction of geochemical maps, refine estimates of baseline concentrations of chemical elements in the sampled media, and provide a wide prospects for variety of studies on the geological and environmental sciences, land and resource planning, agricultural restructuring and  government's macro decision making.This paper has summarized the structure and content, construction methods, quality controlling measures, the prospects of applications of the national  multi-objective geochemical database,including the main functions of the national multi purpose geochemical information systems.

Types of Geochemical Lithofacies and Their Applications in Basin

FANG Wei-Xuan

2012, 26(5):  996-1007. 

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Types of geochemical lithofacies may be classified into oxidizing reducing lithofacies, acidityalkalinity lithofacies，salinity lithofacies，temperature lithofacies, pressure lithofacies, chemical potential lithofacies, heterochemical potential lithofacies, and heterochronous heterochemical potential lithofacies, based on geochemical dynamics of fluids and series of rock associations. In the basin analysis, geochemical lithofacies may be applied to study on rock compositions in the sedimentary basin and evolution history of basin. It can help us to restore and rebuild types and compositions of fluid field, distribution areas and migration rules of fluid field, mechanism and dynamics of fluid migrations at the large scale, and relationships of hydrothermal fluid superimposing during the deformation of basin in order to predication for mineral resource at the depth.

Geochemistry Characteristics and SHRIMP Dating of YueyashanOphiolite in Beishan Orogen

HOU Jing-Xie, WANG Zhong, LIU Jin-Bao, WANG Jin, LI Da-Feng

2012, 26(5):  1008-1018. 

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Beishan Orogen is a key area of Tianshan Xing'an Mongolian Orogen. The geological geochemical study on the ophiolite units from the region will be of great significance for the evolution research of the Central Asian orogenic belt. This research focuses on major elements, trace elements, Sr-Nd/Pb-Hf isotopic compositions and SHRIMP geochronology of the Yueyashan ophiolite suites in Beishan. The fine zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of plagiogranite is (536±7) Ma, showing that the ophiolites formed in the late Early Cambrian. The geochemical characteristics of the alteratic peridotite and metabasic rocks of the Yueyashan ophiolites indicate that the ophiolites formed in the mid-ocean ridge environment independent of island arcs.  With respect to the regional geological features,this paper suggests that the Yueyashan ophoplites formed in a tectonic setting of intraplate discordogenic fault   the original rift evolving to a limited small oceanic basin.

U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Composition of Zircons in Amphibolitefrom the Xilinhot Complex

WANG Shan-Hui , CHEN Yue-Long, LI Da-Feng

2012, 26(5):  1019-1027. 

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The Xilinhot complex is mainly composed of biotiteplagioclase gneiss, hornblende plagioclase gneiss, amphibolitic gneiss and granulite with lenticular or vein amphibolite rocks, whose formation and metamorphosed age and petrogenesis have been debating. Accurate determination of its formation and metamorphosed age is of great significance to understanding the formation and evolution of the Hinggan Mongolia Orogenic Belt. Through zircon SHRIMP UPb dating and LA-MC ICP-MS Hf isotopic analysis on zircons in plagioclase amphibolite from the Xilinhot complex, weighted average value of 206Pb/238UPb ages is (316±4)  Ma, which indicates the Xilinhot complex should not be Precambrian. According to the field observations and petrography, the complex may be a suite of Late Paleozoic volcanicsedimentary formation which had been subjected to strong deforma tion and metamorphism. According to the zircon Hf isotopic compositions of plagioclase amphibolite in the Xilinhot complex, εHf (t) value is positive (+4.1 to +17.0), it should have originated from the depleted mantle or crust mantle mixing source. A mixing calculating of depleted mantle and ancient crustal end members based on zircon Hf isotopic compositions shows that depleted mantle derived accretion component was dominant in the plagioclase amphibolite(after calculation, the crust to mantle mixing ratio is about 1∶2). Part of the zircons model ages between 1.8 Ga and 2.5 Ga suggests that Paleoproterozoic crustal materials mixed with depleted mantle derived component during the formation process of the protolith of the plagioclase amphibolite. Comparison of the Hf model age of the plagioclase amphibolite to those in the Hinggan Mongolia Orogenic Belt shows that crustal component in the plagioclase amphibolite originated from the Hinggan Mongolia Orogenic Belt. Almost consistent Hf model ages with those of zircon U-Pb dating suggest that the crustal accretion event took place in Late Palaeozoic.

Geochemical Feature of Rare Earth Elements in Major Riversof Eastern China

ZHOU Guo-Hua, SUN Ban-Ban, LIU Tie-Yuan, WEI Hua-Ling, CENG Dao-Meng, ZHANG Bi-Min

2012, 26(5):  1028-1042. 

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 River sediments(RS), suspended particulate material(SPM) and water were systematically sampled for thirtythree major rivers in eastern China during dry season between the end of 2007 to early 2008. Rare Earth Element(REE), macro elements and physico chemical indicators such as pH were determined by ICP-MS，XRF and other methods. It was found that the REE concentrations in RS, SPM and water (i.e. dissolved form-DF) were generally greater than the average of other rivers in the world.The REE concentration of RS and SPM in south rivers was usually higher than that in north rivers and rich in MREE and HREE. This regional pattern of REE was coincident with the REE abundance of upper crust and REE mineralization in China. The clayrock normalized distribution patterns of REE in RS, SPM and DF were illustrated. It presented that RS was relatively rich in MREE and HREE, SPM rich in LREE and DF rich in HREE. Dissolved concentration in north rivers were much higher than that in south rivers. Normalized Eu showed strong positive anomaly in DF except for Xiaoqinghe. This is quite different from the negative Eu anomaly normally appeared in RS and SPM, and can be explained as the results of fractionation under given physicochemical condition of river water. The anomalous contents in some rivers such as Xiaoqinghe, after standardization and regression based on Al content, can be due to anthropogenic impact.

Geochemical Characteristics of Stream Sediments and Prospecting Directionin the Chabaqi Area of Da Hinggan Mts

DAI Hui-Min, DAI Ya-Jian, MA Zhen-Dong, YANG Zhong-Fang, GONG Chuan-Dong, SUN Zhong-Lin

2012, 26(5):  1043-1050. 

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R-type cluster analysis and contrast value multiplication accumulating method were adopted to eliminate the effect of geological background during delineating the comprehensive anomalies of geochemistry. The main comprehensive anomalies are mainly located in the metamorphic rocks and the contact location with the acid intrusive bodies, and also developed along the NE and NNE faults. Three metallogenic prospective areas in the Chabaqi area were delineated based on the geological information and anomaly characteristics. Xiaodonggoutun and Pingdingshan prospective areas are the potential areas of quartz vein type and broken belt type goldcopper deposits，and the hydrothermal type (or porphyry type) deposits in Xinxingtun Deshengtun area are the main exploration direction.

Ore-forming System around Magma — Model of Spatial Zonationfor Magmatic Rock and Deposit Set

CEN Kuang, TIAN Zhao-Xue

2012, 26(5):  1051-1057. 

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 According to the spatial and original relationship between current hydrothermal metal deposits and magmatic body, and referring to the ideal mode of deposit element zone which is proposed first by Russian geochemist, this paper puts forward the ideal mode of the distribution of the magma hydrothermal deposits, which is also called “ore-forming system around magmatic rock center”. This mode is centred on the top rock mass which intrudes to the near surface surrounding rocks, and it is divided into inner zone, transition zone, medium zone and outer zone. The mode scatters by hypothermal deposits, mesothermal deposits and epithermal deposits from inner zone to outer zone regularly. Inner zone is mainly distributed by the deposits which usually form in the magmatic rock such as Nb,Ta,Hf, Li. These deposits are equiaxed shapes because they are controlled by the magmatic rocks. Transition zone is mainly distributed by hypothermal deposits such as W, Sn, Mo, Bi, which are mostly three dimensional. Medium zone is mainly distributed by mesothermal deposits such as Cu, Pb, Zn with lenticular shape and vein shape. Outer zone is mainly distributed by epithermal deposits such as Au, Hg, Sb, which are mostly nervation and beaded shape along the tectonic fissure. Ore forming around the magmatic center has its own unique formation process: after magmatic rock intruding to the hydrous surrounding rock, there is a partly high temperature field which is the key leading to the hydrothermal deposits material cycle and spatial and temporal temperature difference in the temperature field. Individuals which formed under the ideal mode are controlled by the forming condition: the depth of intrusive magmatic rock, the lithology or property of water bearing of surrounding rock; physicochemical property of magma, intrusive temperature, magma scale can all cause the integrity of magmatic center metallogenic series and shape variation.

Geochemical Research on Liumei Gold Deposit in Guigang,Guangxi,China

XIE Rong, WANG Yong, MA Li-Gong, CUI Chang-Gong

2012, 26(5):  1058-1064. 

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Liumei gold deposit is located in Fuliuling gold mining area of Longshan mine field in Guigang，Guangxi，China. The deposit belongs to carlin type gold deposit. Arsenopyrite and pyrite are the major gold bearing minerals in the deposit. In order to know the existing state of gold in the deposit，auriferous features analysis，gold leaching extraction analysis and crystal structure determination analysis on arsenopyrite and pyrite are carried out. In arsenopyrite，about 25% of the Au exist in the form of lattice，and 75% exist in the form of ultra microscopic inclusions. Fluid inclusion microthermometric and REE geochemical studies indicate that the Liumei gold deposit is a meso epithermal hydrothermal deposit，in which the mineralizing material is related to the strata.

Element Transfer Behaviors and Its Application During Lamprophyre Alteration in the Linglong Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China

GONG Qiang-Jie, ZHOU Lian-Zhuang, HU Yang, YAN Lei, ZHANG Han-Ai, GU Yu-Jie

2012, 26(5):  1065-1077. 

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Lamprophyre dikes occur commonly in the Jiaodong ore cluster area. The altered lamprophyre rock is a good object to trace the geochemical characteristics of the alteration fluid. Two pairs of fresh and altered lamprophyre rocks were collected in the Linglong gold deposit on which 56 items of major oxides and trace elements were analyzed. The results indicate that the lamprophyre is rich in K2O and the REE didnt fractionate during the lamprophyre alteration in the Linglong gold deposit. Immobile plateau is a good method to determine the immobile elements during the lamprophyre alteration which overcomes the technical default of the Isocon method for fitting a line through the zero. Two methods of mass balance calculation and element content ratio were used here to discover the rich elements resulted from the alteration.The essential difference between these two methods is that the method of mass balance calculation includes a coefficient called the mass ratio of altered rocks to parent rocks relative to the method of element content ratio. The method of element content ratio can be viewed as a special example of the mass balance calculation method when the mass ratio of altered rocks to parent rocks is near to one. The transfer path of gold ore forming fluid could be the same as that of the lamprophyre dikes in the Linglong gold deposit. The fluid which altered the lamprophyre rock was rich in K₂O, Rb, Be, Ba, W, Pb, Zn, Sb, B, Mn, Ta, and poor in Na2O, CaO, MgO, and Sr. These elements of W, Pb, Zn, Sb, B, Be, Rb, and Ba can be selected as oreforming indicator elements in the Linglong gold deposit area.

Geological Characteristics and Oreforming Process of Xuyaogou Gold Deposit in Neixiang County,Henan Province

LI Yong-Quan, ZHANG De-Hui, LI Qing-Li, TAO Juan, WANG Li-Na, WANG Jian-Meng

2012, 26(5):  1078-1085. 

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 Xuyaogou gold deposit is located in Erlangping Group stratum and controlled by ruptures of Zhuyangguan Xiaguan and Waxuezi Qiaoduan in east Qinling orogenic belt. The orebody is mainly located in the contact zone of Muhuding granite and Huoshenmiao Formation stratum. Gold ore can be divided into two type including quartz vein and alteration. Wall rock develop many types of alteration,such as silicification,sericitic alteration,chloritic alteration,potassic alteration,carbonatic alteration,pyrite and hematite alteration. The fluid inclusions in ore-bearing quartz vein mainly include gas rich and H₂O-NaCl-CO₂; homogenization temperature  are from 310 to 350 ℃, and salinity is from 2% to 7% in ore-forming period; homogenization temperature are from 300 to 340 ℃, and salinity is from 10% to 15% in late ore forming period. The ore-forming process of Xuyaogou gold deposit is very complicated,and boiling and mixing of meteoric water and igneous water occures in the ore forming period. Through comprehensive analysis,Xuyaogou gold deposit is a tectonic fragmentized belt type of gold deposit.

The Primary Halo and Deep Prospection of Liumei Gold Depositin Guigang，Guangxi

SHEN Shuo-Guan, XIE Rong, WANG Yong

2012, 26(5):  1086-1094. 

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Liumei gold deposit is located in Fuliuling gold mining district of Longshan mine field in Guigang, Guangxi, which belongs to carlin type gold deposit occurring as veins. In order to illuminate the primary halo, samples of the exploited section in the deposit have been collected systematically.The distribution of element in space indicate that Au is closely related to As, and the contour shapes of Au and As are very similar. The element As can be seen as the main Au indicator. The axial zoning sequence of the primary halo is Cu-Zn-Pb-Hg-Mo-W-Au-As-Ag-Bi-Sb, as an “antisub belt” sequence, which reveals the characteristic of ore-forming and halo-forming processes of the gold deposit with several metallogenic stages. According to the geochemical characteristics of primary halo of Liumei gold deposit, the existence of deep mineralization have been predicted.

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of Orebody 13 of HadamengouGold Deposit, Inner Mongolia

LI Shuo, LENG Chang-En, HE Zhan-Peng

2012, 26(5):  1095-1103. 

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 The No.13 ore vein of Hadamengou gold deposit in Inner Mongolia occurs mainly in the auriferous quartz K-feldspar veins. Most of the gold occur in inclusion, and a few exist in the gap of pyrite. Gold particle size is approximately 0.05-0.25 mm. Based on characteristics of ore-forming elements combination, Au and chalcophile elements such as Ag, Bi, Pb are highly correlated, which shows the gold mineralization is closely related with polymetallic sulphides. According to the data analysis, space maps are drawn and the establishment of the primary halo axial vertical zoning sequence: Au-Pb-(Ni-Co-Ag-Zn-As-Hg)-Cu-W-Bi-Sb-Mo is done as well. Multistage superposition of mineralization lead to that Ag, Sb, As and other elements anomalies coexist and zoning characteristics of part axial vertical zoning sequence is not obvious. Compared with the typical gold banding sequence, the front halo element Sb appears in the lower part of the zone sequence and the geochemical parameters take a new turn at the bottom of known bodies (near the elevation 658 m), which imply the existence of concealed orebody in the deep. The subsequent production practices also verified this speculation.

Research on Isotope Identification for Anomalous Sources of Deep Penetration Geochemistry: Two Cases of Jinwozi Au Deposit, Xinjiangand BairendabaWeilasituo Polymetallic Deposit, Inner Mongolia

LIU Xue-Min, CHEN Yue-Long, WANG Hua-Qiu

2012, 26(5):  1104-1116. 

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 Through research on lead and sulfur isotopic characteristics of different media (earthgas, finegrained soil, surrounding rock, ore) in two known concealed deposits (Jinwozi gold deposit in Xinjiang, Bairendaba Weilasituo polymetallic deposit in Inner Mongolia), the following conclusions are drawn in this paper.In these two deposits, lead isotopic ratios (208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb) generally increased from the earthgas, ores, surrounding rocks to the soil.The δ34S of anomaly zones was higher than that of soil background areas.The test of variance analysis on the lead isotopic compositions of earthgas, the lead and sulfur isotopic characteristics of soil proved no significant isotopic differences between background and abnormal areas, which preliminarily proved that it is inappropriate to trace the source of abnormal substances by lead, sulfur isotope of earthgas and soil in these two deposits.But the Pb isotopic compositions of ores and surrounding rocks in these two deposits were significantly different.That is, the surrounding rocks obviously have accumulation of radiogenic lead.However, this difference was not significantly reflected in the earthgas of background and abnormal areas.This paper discussed its reasons only from the perspective of the capture fluids.Lead, sulfur isotopic compositions in the soil were analyzed to trace the source of abnormal substances in this paper, which was not successful.Further research will adopt partial extraction method to measure lead, sulfur isotopic compositions in active phase of soil.

Comparative Studies on Geochemical Exploration Methods of PolymetallicDeposits in Grassland Area, East central Inner Mongolia

FAN Lian-Jie, MA Sheng-Meng, CEN Kuang, GUO Zhi-Juan, AI Jin-Biao

2012, 26(5):  1117-1124. 

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The ore-forming conditions in grassland area, east central Inner Mongolia is favorable, but due to the coverage of the aeolian sand, the application of standard geochemical exploration methods is limited for prospecting in the region. Soil thermomagnetic component survey, soil granule component survey and FeMn oxide survey are conducted for comparative study in 1017 highland, Dongwuqi, Inner Mongolia. The results indicate that the three measuring methods all can delineate the anomalies effectively; moreover, the anomalies determined by the three methods are fairly similar. Comparatively speaking, soil thermomagnetic survey can enhance the anomaly intensity and detect weak geochemical abnormal information, which displays the good application perspective in grassland area.