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    24 September 2010, Volume 24 Issue 5
    Water Resource and Environment
    Nd-Pb Isotopic Composition Characteristics and Geological Significances of Granitoids with Different Ages in Inner Mongolia
    LI Da-Peng, CHEN Yue-Long, WANG Zhong, LIU Chang-Zheng
    2010, 24(5):  821-831. 
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    Inner Mongolia connects two different tectonic units with distinct evolution histories,i. e. the Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt and the North China Block together. Through studies of the Sm-Nd and Pb isotopes of 30 granitoids with different ages from various locations, the Nd and Pb isotopic differences of the XingMeng Orogen and the North China Block are discussed to reveal their evolution processes. The Nd model ages of granitoids in the North China Block are pre-Mesoproterozoic. The Nd isotopic characters show three crustal accretion stages of the North China Block during the Archean, Late Paleozoic, and Early Mesozoic (Triassic). The Nd model ages of granitoids in the Xing-Meng Orogen are after Paleoproterozoic, which focus in Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic. The Nd isotopic features indicate a continuous injection of mantle material from Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic. The initial Pb isotope ratios of granitoids in the XingMeng Orogen are generally higher than that of the North China Block. In the North China Block in Inner Mongolia, the granitoids that crystalled in Late Paleozoic could contain material from the Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt directly or indirectly, while in Mesozoic, the North China Block and the Xing-Meng Orogen were jointed together and evolved as a whole.

    Characteristics of Sr Isotopes and Rare Earth Elements of Cap Carbonates in Doushantuo Formation in the Three Gorges Area
    YAN Bin, ZHU Xiang-Kun, TANG Suo-Han, QI Liang
    2010, 24(5):  832-839. 
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    Rare earth elements and strontium isotopes of cap carbonates in the Three Gorges area have been studied. The results are used to examine the geochemical feature of water from which these carbonates precipitated in the Snowball Earth aftermath. The REE patterns of cap carbonates from the Jiulongwan section are characterized by LREE and HREE depleted REE distribution patterns, positive Y anomalies and high Y/Ho values, without significant La anomaly. These indicate that the cap carbonates are unlike those typicality of the normal marine carbonates, but similar to those carbonates that are deposited in the environment dominated by freshwater influx from rivers. High 87Sr/86Sr values of cap carbonates display that the source of Sr from terrestrial weathering make the seawater 87Sr/86Sr value increase after the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events. Furthermore, Ce negative anomalies show that sedimentary environment of cap carbonates was weak oxidation. REE and Sr isotope characteristics indicate the ambient water is the seawater that mixed the freshwater with a large number of terrestrial weathering in the Snowball Earth aftermath

    Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements and Geological Significations of BIFs from Jidong, Wutai and Lüliang Area
    LI Zhi-Hong, ZHU Xiang-Kun, TANG Suo-Han, LI Jin, LIU Hui
    2010, 24(5):  840-846. 
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    The results of rare earth elements of banded iron formations samples from East Hebei Province,Wutai and Lüliang of Shanxi Province are reported in this article.  Analytic results show that the BIFs have the similar characteristics: REE concentrations in BIFs are very low; the shale-normalised REE+Y patterns display depletion of light REE relative to heavy REE, high Y/Ho values and distinct positive anomalies of Eu, Y, and La. These demonstrate that the BIFs are the products of chemical sedimentation from paleo-seawater with significant input of volcanic hydrothermal fluids. Although BIFs are characterized by positive Eu anomalies, BIFs of the different type and different age show different size of positive Eu anomalies. Compared with superior BIF from Lüliang area, Algoma BIF from Jidong and Wutai shows the higher positive Eu anomalies. The Eu anomalies decreased from Middle archean-Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic BIFs and this decrease in the positive Eu anomaly with depositional age might argue for a decrease of high-temperature hydrothermal activity. The lack of negative Ce anomalies in almost of BIFs samples indicates relatively low redox levels in the local seawater.

    Fluid Inclusion Study of the Weilasituo Cu Polymetal Deposit in Inner Mongolia
    WANG Jin, HOU Qing-Ye, CHEN Yue-Long, LIU Jin-Bao, WANG Zhong
    2010, 24(5):  847-855. 
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    The studies on geologic characteristics,fluid inclusion,H and O isotopes of the Weilasituo Cu polymetal deposit showed that mineralization had experienced many stages. Based on cross-cutting relationship of veins and ore structure,four stages can be identified:quartzpyrite stage,polymetallic sulfide stage,chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-quartz stage and quartz-carbonate stage. There are four types of the fluid inclusions:liquid-rich inclusion,gas-rich inclusion, polyphase inclusion bearing daughtermineral crystals and CO2 three-phase inclusion. The fluid inclusions are oval or nearly round in shape,which are of majority and distributed disorderedly. The homogenized temperatures and salinity are from 106 ℃ to 389 ℃, and 1.23% to 9.86% NaCl eqv, respectively,  which indicate characters of intermediate temperature,low salinity and low density for the fluid. The analytic results through Laster Laman Spectroscopy suggest that the fluid is rich in CH4,CO2 and H2O. The analytic results from H and O isotopes implied that the mineralizing fluids originated from magmatic water and accompanied with participation of meteoric water. It is concluded that the Weilasituo Cu polymetal deposit was formed by the precipitation of mineralizing materials in advantaged structures. It is an intermediate temperature hydrothermal polymetal type related to the Yanshanian magmatism.

    Geologic Characteristics, Sulfur and Lead Isotope Study of the Shalitashi Lead-zinc Deposit, Southern Tianshan
    ZHANG Shu, ZHANG ZHao-Chong, HUANG He, ZHANG Dong-Yang, XUE Chun-Ji
    2010, 24(5):  856-865. 
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     The Shalitashi lead-zinc deposit located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, NW China is an important lead-zinc deposit in the southern Tianshan polymetallic metallogenic belt. The deposit occurs in the Paleozoic Maidan-Kuokeshale basin as lens, nested and tubular orebodies within the structure fracture zone in the dolomite of the middle Devonian Tuogemaiti Formation. The alteration is weakly developed in the wall rocks. The dominant sulfide minerals in the ore are sphalerite and galena. The ore structures include open-space filling and host-rock replacement. The δ34S values for the sulfide minerals range from -3.6‰ to -12.0‰ which indicates that the reduced sulfur is derived from the seawater sulfate. The 206Pb/204Pb values for sulfides range from 17.8979 to 17.9625,207Pb/204Pb from 15.5981 to 15.6023,208Pb/204Pb from 31.1863 to 38.1971, which implies that the metals were derived from the sediments with high metal contents in the Paleozoic basin. On the basis of the geology and geochemistry characteristics, the Shalitashi leadzinc deposit can be classified into Mississippi valley-type lead-zinc deposit.

    Further Investigation on Elemental Separation Using AG MP-1 Anion Exchange Resin
    SUN Jian, ZHU Xiang-Kun, TANG Suo-Han, CHEN Yue-Long
    2010, 24(5):  866-869. 
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    Methods of chromatographic separation of Cu, Fe and Zn using AG MP-1 anion exchange resin developed previously were focused mainly on the purification of ordinary geological materials.  It is unclear whether those methods are suitable for separation of some special geological materials such as Bayan Obo ore samples which show extreme enrichment of REE and Nb.  To understand whether elements including REE, Nb, Ta, Co and W can be separated from Fe, experiments were carried out using AG MP-1 anion exchange resin with 6 mol/L HCl and 2 mol/L HCl media.  The results show that the method established before can make effective separation of REE and W with Fe, and that nearly 90% of Nb and Ta can be washed out before Fe elution using 6 mol/L HCl.  The behaviors of Fe, Co and Cu observed in this investigation are consistent with previous studies.

    Thermoelectric and Thermal Decrepitation Characteristics of Pyrites from Jiapigou Gold Ore Belt, Jilin Province
    ZHANG Yu, YUAN Wan-Ming, WANG Qing-Fei, LIU Xiang-Wei, MA Nan, ZHAO Kai
    2010, 24(5):  870-879. 
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    According to the thermoelectric and thermal decrepitation characteristics of pyrites, the main gold-bearing minerals in the Jiapigou gold ore belt, this article determins the main metallogenic epoch as well as the mineralization types of each epoch and discusses the possibility of prospecting to the deep. Pyrites are mainly electric conductivity Ntype, with only a few hole-core P-type. Thermoelectric coefficient of N-type counts from -347.3 to -6.2 μV·℃-1, and that of P-type from 17.4 to 193.5 μV·℃-1; mineralizing temperature centers on 258.8 to 319.2 ℃; denudation rate lies between 50.260% and 50.485%. Decrepitation curves reflect that the mineralization of medium-low temperature (<280 ℃) is poorer than that of high temperature (>290 ℃). The comprehensive research shows that the mineralization of Jiapigou gold ore belt includes the early high-temperature epoch (-120 μV·℃-1 of thermoelectric coefficient and 320 ℃ of mineralizing temperature) and the late medium-low-temperature-epoch (-210 μV·℃-1 of thermoelectric coefficient and 270 ℃ of mineralizing temperature). The former includes both quartz vein-type and alteration mineralizations, developing both where orebody trends parallel and intersect with the main Jiapigou fault. The later comprises of quartz vein-type mineralization, superposites on the former and occurs just where the orebody trend intersects with the main Jiapigou fault. The high-temperature hydrothermal mineralization epoch is the main one. However, mineralization of multi-stage superposition is enhanced.

    Study on the Formative Mechanism of the Mixed CathaysianAngaran Floras  in Gansu of Northwest China
    SUN Ke-Qi, LIU Jun
    2010, 24(5):  880-887. 
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    This paper sums up systematically present situation and recent progress of the mixed Late Permian Cathaysian-Angaran floras in Gansu of Northwest China. The paper discusses the formative mechanism of the mixed Cathaysian- Angaran floras. During the Early Permian, the Tarim Plate, together with the North China Plate, moved northwestwards, meanwhile, the Kazakhstania and Siberia plates drifted southeastwards. During the Middle Permian, the Cathaysian continent collided with the Siberian continent along the line from the Tian-shan Mountains, Yinshan Mountains and Da Hinggan Mountains to cause the closure of an ancient ocean and the uplifting of mountain systems so that the plate collision provided  ‘a mixing’ condition between the Cathaysia flora and the Angara flora. A few mixed elements of the two floras occured in the region during the late Middle Permian. The Cathaysian and Angaran continents began to merge with each other due to the collision and connection of the Tarim and North China plates with the Kazakhstan and Siberian plates, which formed the mixed Cathaysian- Angaran floras during the Late Permian. In addition, the distribution patterns of the mixed floras may be due to plate movement, climatic differentiation, environmental change, plant migration and plant evolution in terrestrial ecosystems.

    SequenceStratigraphic Features and Their Paleogeographical Implications for the Mesoproterozoic of the Southern Margin of Wutai Mountain: A Case Study of the Chenjiazhuang Section in Wutai County of Shanxi Province, North China
    MEI Min-Xiang
    2010, 24(5):  888-899. 
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    The study area, i.e. the southern margin region of the Wutai Mountain, is a conjoining region between the Jin-Yu-Shan in the southern part and the Yanliao Rift Troughs in the northern part of the Mesoproterozoic in the North-China Craton. A set of clastic rocks of the tidalflat deposition system makes up the Changzhougou Formation, and a set of tidalflat carbonate rocks does the Gaoyuzhuang Formation, both of which constitute the Mesoproterozoic of the study area. Its bottom boundary is an angular unconformity covering the Paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group, and top boundary is a leurodiscontinuity with a stratigraphic hiatus more than 1,000 Ma underlying the Cambrian system. Thus, the incomplete strata of the Mesoproterozoic become a true example for the study of sequence stratigraphy in the Precambrian, which is the key to peek the trangressive process from the Jin-Yu-Shan in the southern part in the early period and that from the Yanliao Rift Troughs in the northern part during the Mesoproterozoic in the study area, and provides a valuable stratigraphic record to correlate strata that remain uncertain. Further, the research and introduction on sequence-sequence features that are marked by depositional successions for the Mesoproterozoic at the Chenjiazhuang section in Wutai County of Shanxi Province will provide a useful clue for further study on the Precambrian sequence stratigraphy in the North-China Craton.

    Feature of Multi Sediment-source Filling during the Late Oligocene at Baiyun Depression in the Deep-water Region, the Northern South China Sea
    LIU Zhen, ZHANG Gong-Cheng, LV Rui, SHEN Huai-Lei, GUO Rui, TIAN Ji-Xian
    2010, 24(5):  900-909. 
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    This article firstly makes a comprehensive analysis about the features of depositional system during the Late Oligocene of Baiyun depression in the deepwater region of northern South China Sea, using single well facies, seismic facies and seismic velocitylithology analysis. Study shows that transgression started developing during the Late Oligocene. Probably, the sea water entered from the east and overlaped towards the west. Main depositional system tracts of Zhuhai sequence displays the consistent feature of multi sedimentsource filling. There is a large scale S-type progradational reflection configuration prograding to the south in northeast of the depression (around BY1-2)Another large scale S-type progradational reflection configuration prograding to the northeast exists in the south of the depressionIn northwest of the depression(Well BY1-1 and the west area of it), there are two middle-sized brush-like progradational reflection configurations prograding to the south . According to the sandstone index distribution converted from seismic velocitylithology analysis, there are several relative high sandy areas in the eastern part, northern boundary, west corner, southwest and southeast direction of the depression.There are three palaeodrainage patterns in LST: northern palaeodrainage pattern (fluvialfan delta), southern palaeodrainage pattern (fan delta) and eastern palaeodrainage pattern (fan delta). There are two palaeodrainage patterns in HST: northern palaeodrainage pattern (fluvial channels-fan delta) and western palaeodrainage pattern (delta-fan delta facies). The feature of multi sedimentsource filling shows that the depositional environment during the whole Late Oligocene likely was restricted sea circumstance. The fan delta front in the gentle slope of southern Panyu low uplift and delta regime in the long axis direction of southern Baiyun depression have great significance for exploration.

    Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of Upper Triassic Tumengela Formation in Woruo Mountains, North Qiangtang Basin
    FENG Xin-Lei, FU Xiu-Gen, TAN Fu-Wen, CHEN Wen-Bin
    2010, 24(5):  910-918. 
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    The trace elements of calcareous mudstone in Tumengela Formation of Upper Triassic, north Qiangtang basin, are analyzed for discussing the sedimentary environment, source provenance and tectonic background of those sedimentary rocks. The result shows that the deep derived elements (such as nickel, copper and gallium etc.) contents of Tumengela Formation are lower than average crustal argillite value, and become lesser from the bottom to the top; while the typical continental origin elements (such as zirconium) are much richer than average crustal argillite, which means the materials from the continent are becoming dominant from the bottom to the top of Tumengela Formation. Furthermore, the elements ratios of Cr/Zr, Th/Sc, Th/U, Rb/Sr, Cr/Th of Tumengela Formation indicate that the sediment sources are seriously weathered superficial felsic materials. The distribution pattern and vertical variance character of rare earth elements of Tumengela Formation indicate that from the bottom to the top, the diversity of sedimentation with the feature of lowhigh-low-high, the change of sedimentary environment with the feature of disoxidation-oxidation-disoxidation-oxidation. The tectonic environment distinguish diagram of La-Th-Sc, Co-Th-Zr/10, Sc-Th-Zr/10, and relation diagram of La/Th-Hf, Th/Sc-Sc, combined with source rock distinguish value of Th/U, all these indicate that source material of Tumengela Formation in Woruoshan area are mainly from continental arc environment, but some material of passive continental margin environment also participate in it.

    Depositional Characters of the Sand-Mudstone in the Bottom of Bachu Formation in Tahe Oilfield
    FENG Ming-You, ZHANG Fan, WANG Xin-Zhi, BO Ren-Hai, LIU Xiao-Hong
    2010, 24(5):  919-924. 
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    The sedimentary facies and distribution of the sand-mudstone member are ambiguous due to complex lithology in the bottom of Bachu Formation, Lower Carboniferous in Tahe Oilfield. Based on detailed description and observation of drilling cores, integrated with logs, casting thin-sections and seismic attributes analysis, the sedimentary systems consisting of alluvial fan, lagoon, barrier-type coastal are identified in the study area. Flowerlike sand bodies of alluvial fan as non-reservoir developed along NE-SW direction in northern study area next to well S85, with a large set of conglomerate. Lagoon deposits distributed in axis of Akekule ancient uplift in southern study area, are made up of calcareous mudstone and marlite. Barrier island in southern study area distributes along the NEE direction, and parallels to the axis of the uplift. Fine sandstone of coastal shore facies deposited in the southwest part of working area. Sandstones of the barrier bar and shore facies are both favorable reservoirs.

    The Discriminant Plate, Distribution and Genesis of Sandstone of No.3  Submember of the Shan 2 Member in the East Ordos Basin
    LI Ming-Rui, TIAN Jing-Chun, ZHANG Qing, DOU Wei-Tan, ZHANG Hui-Ruo
    2010, 24(5):  925-933. 
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    According to exploration, there is a direct relationship between sandstone type and gas saturation in the east Ordos basin. The highproduction layer emerges from quartzose sandstone. Therefore, the emphasis of exploration and development is to explore quartzose sandstone reservoir. After calibrating well logging with core analysis, three types of spider web chart of sandstone are drawn with well logging parameters. Regression equations on quartz content of sandstone and logging parameters is established, which is used to identify the types of sandstone. The rate of accuracy is 80%. At the same time, the sandstone type plane distribution map has been drawn up with rock slice and research data. In the research area there are three zonal distributive region of quartzose sandstone. From the tectonic environment, source and sedimentary environment, the reason of that has been carried on the discussion. The primary factor was frequent coastlines influenced by regression. This research is to provide the basis for the further exploring of gas sweet point and analyzing the detritus grain component with well logging data

    Diagenetic Evolution and Controlling Factors of Deepseated Clastic Rocks in Terrestrial Fault-depressed Basin:Taking the Kongdian Formation of Dongying Fault-depressed Basin for Example
    TAN Xian-Feng, TIAN Jing-Chun, LIN Xiao-Bing, ZHANG Shou-Peng
    2010, 24(5):  934-944. 
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    Based on the analysis of thin-section analysis, scan electricity microscope observation,vitrinite reflectance,X-diffraction and physical quality analysis,the diagenetic evolution and controlling factors of Kongdian Formation in Dongying sag have been detailly researched. It is indicated that the typical diagenetic phenomenon include the intensive compaction,anhydrite cementation,multiperiod carborate cementation, multiperiod clay minerals cementation, intensive siliceous cement,intensively interpenetration replacement between minerals,solution of clastic and cementation.  The conclusion has been verified that compaction is the main cause of high pyknosis of the deep-seated clastic rocks, another cause is the cementation of anhydrite, carborate and siliceous. Solution of feldspar and carbonate cementation are the main diagenetic cause of improving the reservoir. Diagenetic evolution experiences the penecontemporaneousmiddle diagenetic stage B,part of it reaches the late diagenetic stage. The diagenetic evolution controls the pore evolution. It has been discussed that ariditysemiarid depositional environment,locating surface variation,deep-burial,and tectonic-magma activity are the key factors of controlling the diagenetic evolution and pore evolution.

    Evolution of Dolomite Crystal Textures in Feixianguan Formation of  the Northeast of Sichuan Basin, China
    YANG Bo, CAI Zhong-Xian, ZHAO Wen-Guang
    2010, 24(5):  945-950. 
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    Based on the nucleation and growth kinetics theory, the dolomite crystal can be classified according to crystal size distribution and crystal boundary shape. The evolution of the crystal texture is controlled by the chemical composition and textures of preexisting rock and dolomitic fluid. The preexisting rock can be classified into muddy limestone and muddy limestone with grains. The muddy limestone is classified as the one with uniform composition and the one with dissolved pore and cement. The muddy limestone with grains is classified as that with no alternation, with suffered corrosion and with cementation and micritization. The dolomite crystal textures in Feixianguan Formation of the NE Sichuan Basin can be cited to discuss the classification and evolution of dolomite crystal textures in dolomitic fluid with different concentration. The results show: (1)the corrosion and micritization in preexisting rock is the base of classification and evolution of dolomite crystal textures; (2)most of grains are replaced in dolomitic fluid with low concentration; (3)sucrosic dolomite is formed in foreign dolomitic fluid with high concentration.

    The Controlling Factors and Types of Carbonate Reef of Permian Changxing  Formation in Northeast of Sichuan Basin
    ZHAO Wen-Guang, GUO Tong-Lou, CA Zhong-Xian, HUANG Ren-Chun, YANG Bo
    2010, 24(5):  951-956. 
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    Organic reefs of Permian Changxing Formation have been the main reservoir in northeast of Sichuan Basin. The reef types of Permian Changxing Formation are shelf margin reef and shallow ramp reef which are distributed in both sides of LiangpingKaijiang shelf. The shelf margin reef developed in Puguang area while shallow ramp reef developed in Yuanba area. Most reefs of Permian Changxing Formation appeared at highstand stage. Compared with shallow ramp reef, shelf margin reef had the characteristics of larger scale, less reefbuilding stages and relatively homogeneous reefbuilding organisms. The reef type was controlled by tectonics and sedimentation. The tectonic difference controlled the potential of reef and the sedimentary difference controlled the scale of reef.

    Analyses of Petroleum Resources Status and Exploration Potentialities,  Yanchang Formation of Triassic in Ordos Basin
    WANG JU-Feng, DIAO Wen-Zhi, GUO Yan-Ru, ZHANG Yan-Ling
    2010, 24(5):  957-964. 
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    In order to investigate the distribution of awaiting proved resources of Yanchang Formation of Triassic in Ordos Basin and explore effective exploration regions of resources replace for keeping up a steady increase in the proven petroleum geological reserves,the article analyse the characteristics of resources and proven petroleum geological reserves in five depositional systems of Yanchang Formation. The results indicate that the middle and lower associations are the main replace regions, in which the Chang 6, Chang 8 oil layers in the middle part of the basin and the Chang 8 oil layer in the northwest and southwest depositional systems are actual exploration areas keeping production and adding reserves. The Chang 8 oil layer in the northeast depositional systems and the Chang 9, Chang 10 oil layers in the whole basin are the main replaced regions to keep steadily ascending in the following five to ten years.

    Hydrostatic Properties of Hydratebearing Sediments in Seafloor Multiphase Flow Zone
    GUAN Jin-An, LIANG De-Qing, WU Neng-You, WAN Li-Hua, DU Jian-Wei
    2010, 24(5):  965-971. 
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    The process of liquid flow,methane transport and hydrate formation in seafloor leakage sediments was a widespread phenomenon. The formed hydrate precipitated in porous pores and cemented with insitu grain matrix, thereby changed the skeleton structures and hydrostatic properties. In this paper a multiphase flow model of hydrate reservoir described the hydrate-water-gas-salt interaction in sediment pores in leakage environment had been established. The evolution of capillary pressure, porosity, relative and intrinsic permeability of sedimentary strata during hydrate forming had been estimated. According to this model the distribution of gas column in Shenhu area of north South China Sea had also been predicted. The results showed that with the continuously hydrate forming and growing in the sediment pores, the gas column would gradually become longer, and  at last near the seabed the critical gas column length could achieve its most height to be about 0.9 m.

    Experimental Research of Methane Hydrate Phase Transformation in Porous Media
    CHEN Qiang, YE Yu-Guang, LIU Chang-Ling, DIAO Shao-Bo, ZHANG Jian
    2010, 24(5):  972-978. 
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    The hydrate phase transformation process not only has effect to temperature variation in sediments, but also influences the physical properties of sediments, such as dielectric constants. It is necessary to investigate the hydrate phase transformation for making good use of hydrates resource in the future. In this paper, a welldesigned apparatus was used to study the hydrate formation and dissociation process. The result reveals that hydrate formation is controlled by subcooling degree and gas saturation. When the gas supply is enough, hydrates will be formed more easily in cooler region. Otherwise, it will be synthesized in high gas saturation place. The phase transformation of hydrates will cause the dielectric constant variation of sediments, and through the time domain reflection method, the hydrate saturation can be calculated. The stability of gas hydrate is obviously influenced by thermal stimulation,and the heat transportation efficiency of sediments is a quadratic function to heating source.

    Review: Mathematic Modeling of Natural Gas Hydrate Exploitation
    ZHANG Yu, LI Xiao-Sen, LI Gang, CHEN Chao-Yang
    2010, 24(5):  979-985. 
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    To carry out the mathematical modeling works of natural gas hydrate(NGH) exploitation, in predicting the dynamic properties of natural gas hydrate reservoir under different production models, is an important part for the development of commercial technologies for gas production from hydrate reservoir. This article reviews the progress of mathematical modeling works for NGH exploitation since last two decades. The models are classified into three sub groups, i.e. thermal model, depressurization model, and comprehensive model. Main factors that control the gas production process are analyzed, that is heat transfer, gas/water flow and hydrate dissociation. Among these models, TOUGH Fx/HYDRATE which accounts for multiphase and three exploitation methods, and can simulate the phase behavior and the flow of gas and water, has a wide range of application. The main limitation of applying the mathematic model in the NGH exploitation area is lack of reliable parameters of sediment bearing hydrate, such as permeability, thermal conductivity

    Application of Kirchhoff Prestack Migration Technology on Interpretation of Quasi Three Dimensional Seismic Data of Gas Hydrate
    PAN Wen-Yong, LEI Xin-Hua, SHA Zhi-Bin, ZHANG Xin, LEI Xin-Min, LIU Hao-Jie
    2010, 24(5):  986-992. 
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    In the course of processing quasi three dimensional seismic data of gas hydrate, the effect of poststack migration is unsatisfactory resulting from the influences of the irregularity of geometry, intense changes of folds and spatial aliasing. This paper studied the present development status of migration imaging on interpretation of quasi three dimensional seismic data of gas hydrate, and concluded the problems of poststack migration and analyzed the characteristics of main prestack migration algorithms. It is believed that Kirchhoff integral method is little effected by the irregularity of geometry and intense changes of velocity and is favorable to prestack migration processing of quasi three dimensional seismic data of gas hydrate. Kirchhoff integral method prestack migration was applied to process the quasi three dimensional seismic data collected in Shenhu area in northern South China Sea and obtained better effect than poststack migration.

    Estimation of Gas Hydrate Saturation Based on Resistivity Logging and Analysis of Estimation Error
    WANG Xiu-Juan, WU Shi-Guo, LIU Xue-Wei, GUO Yi-Qun, LU Jing-An
    2010, 24(5):  993-999. 
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    Gas hydrate saturations can be estimated from the Archie equation and the estimation error is dependent on the porosity,saturation factor and Archies parameters. From the crossplot between density porosity and formation factor of site SH2 in Shenhu area, the Archie parameters were calculated based on the watersaturated sediments. Gas hydrate saturation estimated from isotropic resistivity has an average value of 24% with a maximum value of 44%. The distribution of gas hydrate is heterogeneous in vertical. Chloride anomalies in the core samples show that the average saturation is about 25% in the pore space with a maximum value of 48%, and the thickness of gas hydrate is about 25 meters. The results show that gas hydrate saturations estimated from resistivity data by using the environment parameters in Shenhua area are similar to those estimated from chloride anomalies. The value of gas hydrate saturation estimated from resistivity data depends on the parameters of Archie parameters and the gas hydrate exponents. 

    Study on Hydrochemistry in a Riparian Site
    WANG Jun-Jie, HE Jiang-Tao, ZHANG Xin, LI Peng, LIU Yan, LIU Li-Na
    2010, 24(5):  1000-1006. 
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    This study specified a riparian site to research the effect of common surface pollutant sources to groundwater. A field investigation and a series of hydrographic geological drilling work, sampling campaigns were carried out in the riparian site. A systemic study in respect of hydrochemistry was conducted on the basis of these work. The results demonstrate that there is no obvious hydraulic connection between the polluted river and groundwater, and the hydraulic connection between the deep aquifer and shallow aquifer is weak. The chemical compositions of the shallow groundwater are mainly caused by the effect of mineral dissolution and cation exchange processes. The shallow groundwater is vulnerable to surface pollutant sources and anthropogenic activities. The chemical compositions of the deep groundwater are domained by the effect of large scale evolution of hydrogeological environment.

    Simulation of the Media Field Evolution in Palaeokarst Basin System under the Dissolution
    WANG Yun, XU Qing-Chun, XUE Liang
    2010, 24(5):  1007-1015. 
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    In order to study the evolution of media field of oil-gas reservoirs in the palaeokarst basin under the carbonate dissolution, based on groundwater flow theory and carbonate dissolution kinetics, two numerical mo-dels including a homogeneous basin and a heterogeneous basin were built to simulate the karst aquifer system development process. With fracture dissolution differences in the basin evolution progress, whether the homogeneous or heterogeneous basin, karst aquifer systems were increasingly nonhomogenized, while the erosions were focused on the fissures in the water table and near constructive bedding and other large cracks, which would form a good penetration and high-porosity reservoir. As the heterogeneity in the media field, groundwater level in the mountain areas was falling, and thick vertical fractured reservoirs were formed with strong incision on the water level. In the plain area, dissolution mainly occured around large cracks and the base level, where local corrosional fracture networks could be formed as high porosity reservoirs. Comparing the two submodels, the dominant flow field must be changed from the local to the secondary, and the secondary to the overall flow field, which the former occurred in the mountainous area, while the latter occured between the mountain and plain areas. The more smoothly the flow field converted, the more conducively the media field development. By the greater role of hydraulic conductivity in fracture network, the heterogeneous basin achieved the flow field faster and more smoothly than that of homogeneous basin, and dissolution was stronger; the porosity of the heterogeneous basin is 34% larger than that of homogeneous basin after 3,000 years

    Probability of Loess Landslide Based on Terrain and Vegetation Distribution in Loess Plateau
    YIN Hao, LIU Fei, DU Li-Xin, SUI Song-Yu
    2010, 24(5):  1016-1021. 
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    Slope terrain plays an important role in loess landslide. In Loess Plateau, the large research area is divided into 31,418 slope units with the watersheds and steam networks in the Geographic Information System (GIS). All the terrain parameters of the slope units can be got by Zonal Statistics of Spatial Analyst Tools in GIS and the topographic distribution of slope units will be shown. The probability distributions of landslides at ranges of different profile curvatures,slope,slope height and aspect are discussed using parameters of all slope units and 293 loess landslides in the study area. It is found out that the probability of loess landslides would increase with the profile curvatures,slope and height.

    Analysis and Evaluation of Soil Nutrient of Tuoketuo Area in Inner Mongolia
    ZHANG Feng-Yu, ZHU Yan, WANG Xi-Kuan, KANG Hong-Zai
    2010, 24(5):  1022-1028. 
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    Hetao Plain is a typical kind of irrigated agriculture area in Inner Mongolia. This study focused on the Tuoketuo area in the east part of Hetao Plain. Totally 1,556 samples of the surface soil were analyzed based on the GeoExpl system and four soil nutrients including organic matter, nitrogen, phosphor and kalium in the top soil were analyzed. A fuzzy comprehensive assesment using the improved Nemerow index method is carried out. The result can reasonably reflect the region's soil nutrient quality; the soil nutrient is in the middle level. Among these soil nutrients, the maximum of the level is K and the minimum is N. P and K make primary contribution to soil nutrients and N is the primary restrictive factor of soil nutrient in this area. The total level of the soil nutrient in the north and the northwest area is better than other areas of Tuoketuo. Finally, with the analysis of the soil nutrient and the terrain, three different agricultural divisions are carried out. The plain in the northwest is considered as the best agricultural area.