Geoscience

Study on the Intrusive Ages of the Granites and Metallogenic Age from Zhongteng Copper Deposit, Pinghe, Fujian Province

REN Chenghao, SHE Hongquan, KE Changhui, SUN Yandong, ZHOU Qunmao, JIAO Tianlong, LI Baoliang

2022, 36(06): 1447-1464. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.01

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Zhongteng Cu deposit, located in the Shanghang-Yunxiao tectonic magmatic metallogenic belt on the southeast margin of Cathaysian Plate, is a magmatic hydrothermal deposit. Geochemistry of the three types of granitic intrusive rocks from the ore deposit indicates that they belong to high potassium calc-alkaline series, characterized by high K₂O, low Si and low TiO₂; some rocks belong to peraluminous. Analysis on REE and trace elements has shown the granites are enriched in light rare earth elements, have weak negative europium anomaly, enriched in large ion lithophile elements (K, Rb, Th, etc.), and depleted in high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Ti, etc.). Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating of the granites gives (103.5±0.4) Ma, (102.2±0.4) Ma, (103±0.4) Ma,respectively. Zircon ε_Hf(t) values of granites is between -2.9 and 2.0,the two-stage model ages (T_DM2) are 1.04-1.35 Ga. Re-Os isotopic dating on the molybdenite samples from the ore body obtained an isochronic age of (105±2.5) Ma, indicating that the formation of Zhongteng copper deposit is mainly related to intrusive rocks formed at late stage of Yanshan period. Based on this study and newly other study results, it is reasonably to considered the granites at Zhongteng copper deposit belong to I-type, its formation and related mineralization were related to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate occurred at southeast coastal area during late Early Cretaceous Period (110-90 Ma).

Analysis of Geochemical Characteristics and Uranium Metallogenic Conditions of Mianxi Pluton in Sichuan

WANG Zhanyong, LONG Zhaodu, XIE Bo, SUN Yue, LI Juchu, XIANG Jie, FAN Yonghong

2022, 36(06): 1465-1474. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.02

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Mianxi granitic pluton is located in the northern segment of the Xikang-Yunnan Axis. In the area, there has been the occurrence of three uranium deposits, four uranium mineralization sites, and a large number of uranium anomalies (zones). With a collection of previous geological data about this granitic pluton, the paper has made a comprehensive analysis on its uranium mineralization conditions through demonstrative geochemical study and electron probe test, etc. The results show that Mianxi granitic pluton has a high content of SiO₂ averaged at 75.09% (typically 73%-78%) and high alkalinity with an average content of K₂O+Na₂O greater than 8%. It belongs to type A granite formed in the setting of extensional structure and is identified as a composite granitic pluton developed in multiple phases and stages.With a high degree of magmatic differentiation and evolution, the pluton has developed a fracture structure and extensive basic dikes represented by lamprophyre veins. There are three types of uranium mineralization in the area, i.e., lamprophyre veins, alkalic metasomatism and fractured alteration. Besides, uranium mineralization is subject to the fracture structure, lamprophyre veins and hydrothermal alteration. As proposed in the paper, the northern segment of the pluton has better conditions for uranium mineralization, so it can be targeted as the key area for further uranium exploration.

Geochemical Characteristics and Metallogenic Mechanism of the Wulade Graphite Deposit in the Qimantage Area, East Kunlun

TANG Mingying, HUA Lei, DING Zhengjiang, DONG Zhenkun, WANG Weixiao, ZHAI Xiaozhi, WANG Rujie, ZHENG Chenglong

2022, 36(06): 1475-1485. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.03

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The Wulade graphite deposit is a newly discovered crystalline graphite deposit in the Qimantage area, East Kunlun. The banded, lamellar and minor lenticular ore bodies occur in the banded marble strata of the Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Formation, which are mainly composed of graphite marble. In this paper, we carried out the geochemical and carbon isotope analysis and shed new light on metallogenic mechanism of the deposit. Results show that the graphite marbles have low silicon and alkali, and high LOI and calcium contents. They show enrichment of Ba, Rb, Th, Sr, P, and depletion of K, Zr, Ti, as well as low total REE concentrations. These rocks are characterized by enrichment of light REE and depletion of heavy REE, with a moderate negative Eu anomaly and weak negative Ce anomaly. These geochemical features suggest that the ore-forming protolith is sedimentary limestone strata in shallow water environment, with diagenetic environment of anoxic reduction and salt water medium. The marbles in Wulade deposit have δ¹³C_PDB of +1.4‰ to +3.3‰, which is consistent with those of marine carbonatite. The graphite have δ¹³C_PDB of -5.8‰ to -5.4‰, indicating a derivation from the mixture of marble and biogenic organic sediments. Therefore, we suggest that the Triassic quartz diorite in the area provided good thermal conditions for the formation of graphite deposits. The crystalline graphite and organic sediments were formed by the early metamorphism in the protoliths; the latter reacted with the carbonate strata, further migrated and concentrated along the structural fractures, and thus formed the sedimentary metamorphic-hydrothermal transformation type graphite deposits.

Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Pinghe Crystalline Graphite Deposit in Sichuan Province

XIA Jinsheng, SUN Li, ZHANG Peng, CHEN Changkuo, WANG Junzhu, SI Jiangfu

2022, 36(06): 1486-1496. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.04

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The Pinghe scaly graphite deposit,one of the crucial graphite deposits in China,located on the Micangshan-Dabashan thrust belt of upper Yangtze Block.Field survey,mineralogical and geochemical analysis of graphite bearing metamorphic rocks were carried out to study the ore genesis of this deposit.The ore bodies are hosted in the Mawozi Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Huodiya Group.The ore bodies which conform to the wall rocks mainly display bedding to lenticular occurrence.The host rocks of the deposit are mainly graphite schists and minor graphite bearing dolomotic marbles.The average fixed carbon content of the ore bodies is 16.32%.Graphites in the ore bodies mainly show flake textures with big flakes (>0.15 mm) of 37% and small to middle flakes (<0.15 mm) of 63%.The analysis on major and trace elements indicates that the protolith of the graphite-bearing schist has affinity to terrigenious argillaceous siltstone.Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating yields the metamorphic age of the graphite-bearing schist at (751.6±4.5) Ma.The δ¹³C of graphites averages on -24.17‰,which indicates the genesis of graphite in the deposit is mainly attributed to organic carbon.Therefore,we infer that the formation of the Pinghe deposit is closely linked to an organic origin and regional metamorphism.

Geochemical Characteristic and Ore-forming Material Sources of Daping-Jinling Barite Deposit in Northern of Daba Mountain

CAO Linjie, ZHANG Yunzhou, LI Silong, WANG Zhihong, ZHANG Yao, ZHANG Han

2022, 36(06): 1497-1502. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.05

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The Daping-Jinling barite deposit is located in southern wing of the Qinling compound anticline in the southern Qinling Mountain, on the southern and western edge of the Pingli dome of Daba Mountain. The geochemical characteristic and ore-forming material sources of Daping-Jinling barite deposit in northern Daba Mountain were studied on geological background, deposit geological characteristics, carbon and oxygen isotopic and rare earth elements. The oxygen isotope compositions showed that the δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW ranged from 1.44‰ to 2.20‰, indicating that the ore-forming temperature was low-or-medium temperature(60.72-122.87 ℃). The ore and surrounding rock had similar rare earth element characteristics to reveal that the material sources of barite and surrounding rock may be the same, with high ratio of HREE/LREE, anomaly negative europium, anomaly negative cerium. The analysis of petrogenesis and tectonic environment indicates that the horizon of barite deposit is hosted the Cambrian Liujiaping Formation. The sedimentary environment is the slope facies of continental margin and provides superior conditions for the formation of $SO_{4}^{2-}$. The Sinian Dengying Formation in the underlying strata contained high abundance of Ba, which may be the main source of barium in the barite deposit.

Re-Os Isotopic Characteristics and Geological Significance of Mafic Rocks from the Xigaze Ophiolite,Tibet

LI Wenxia, ZHAO Zhidan, WANG Xiaoli, YAN Rong, LU Yuanfa

2022, 36(06): 1503-1512. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.06

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Petrology and elemental geochemistry of mafic rocks from the Xigaze ophiolite are studied so as to investigate the petrogenesis and source characteristics of the ophiolite. At the same time, Re-Os isotope geochemical constraints in formation mechanisms of the Yarlung Zangpo ophiolite is also explored. The result shows that the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element pattern of the mafic rocks is similar to the normal Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (N-MORB) with the characteristics of island arc. Combined with the characteristics of the trace elements and isotope, all of these are shown that the petrogenesis is related to subduction. The Xigaze ophiolite was formed in the SSZ environment far away from the continental crust, so it’s not contaminated by the continent crust during its development, also the alteration in Re-Os isotope systematics was not obvious. The reason of Re-Os isotopic characteristics with low Re, low Os and high ratios of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os for the mafic rocks is manifested by the source characteristics and the subduction. The multi-stage Tethyan subduction resulted in the mantle heterogeneity. During the subduction of Neo-Tethys, the mafic magma from the above-mentioned heterogeneous mantle went through the peridotite channel influenced by the early melts, leading to the Re-Os fractionation and amplifying the Os-isotope mismatch between the melt and residual mantle, that’s the petrogenesis of the Xigaze ophiolite.

Geochemical Characteristics and Prospecting on Stream Sediment Survey in Qianhongquan Area of Beishan in Gansu Province, China

CHEN Shiming, YANG Zhenxi, LEI Ziqiang, KANG Weiliang, ZHANG Jing, ZHAO Qinghu

2022, 36(06): 1513-1524. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.07

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After the regional geochemical survey and natural heavy mineral survey with the scale of 1∶200 000, a detailed geochemical survey with the scale of 1∶50 000 was implemented in Qianhongquan area of Beishan in Gansu Province, China. The sampling media in this detailed survey is stream sediments sieved between 4 and 20 meshes and 17 elements (W, Sn, Mo, Bi,Cu,Pb,Zn, Cd,Au,Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Co,Ni,Cr, Nb) were analyzed. The geochemical characteristics such as the statistical parameters of elemental concentrations, elemental assemblages based on correlation analysis and R-type cluster analysis were reported and the geochemical anomalies were determined and assessed. Based on these results of geochemical survey, four metallic prospecting areas are recognized which are Wansuishan Au metallic prospecting area controlled by the fracture zone, Heishantou Au-polymetallic prospecting area controlled by the ductile shear zone, Zhangfangshan Cu-Co-Ni polymetallic prospecting area controlled by the basic rocks, and Hongliugeda W metallic prospecting area controlled by tectonic fractures formed in acidic intrusive rocks. Furthermore, four detailed metallic targets are delineated in these prospecting areas for the future exploration works.

Ore Prospecting Effect of Cuttage Survey in Weak Anomaly Area of Stream Sediment Survey in Beishan, Gansu Province:Taking the Discovery of Heishannan Gold Mine in Yanchi as An Example

LIU Yongbiao, LI Shengye, ZHAO Jichang, FAN Xinxiang, YANG Zhenxi, CHEN Haiyun

2022, 36(06): 1525-1537. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.08

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The geochemical landscape of the study area belongs to the Gobi remnant mountain area of the arid desert in Beishan, Gansu, and several gold-weak anomalies were delineated in the area of Yanchi Heishan in Beishan by 1∶25 000 water system sediment measurement. In order to highlight the geochemical anomaly chara-cteristics of mineralization and indicator elements and improve the prospecting effect, 1∶10 000 cuttings measu-rement was carried out to achieve target area optimization of the gold weak anomaly of stream sediments, the characteristics of element combination are analyzed and summarized by correlation and R-type cluster analysis, and single element anomalies and comprehensive anomalies are circled. Two comprehensive anomalies with good metallogenic prospects are verified by means of reconnaissance and recourse, large-scale geological mapping and exploration troughs, and Heishannan gold mine in Yanchi is discovered, prospecting breakthrough in the weak anomaly area of the sediment of the stream system was achieved, which fully confirms the effectiveness of cuttings survey in geological prospecting in the arid desert Gobi remnant mountain area of Beishan river system in Gansu Province, and provides a new way for prospecting in the weak anomaly area of sediment survey in Bei-shan river system.

Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Source Rocks of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Southeastern of Junggar Basin

ZHANG Hanjing, LI Sumei, GAO Yongjin, ZHANG Lin, KE Changwei

2022, 36(06): 1538-1550. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.220

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Thermal evolution and petroleum potential of the source rocks as well as origin of the hydrocarbons discovered in the southeast Junggar Basin are not clear enough. Geochemical methods including Rock-Eval, GC-MS and carbon isotopic analysis are used to unravel relevant issues. The results show that there are obvious differences in organic matter abundance and kerogen types of the source rocks form the Permian Lucaogou Formation (P₂l) with varying thermal maturity. The total organic carbon (TOC) of the P₂l source rocks is ranged in 0.43 %-12.89 % (averaged 2.84 %), and the petroleum potential of (S₁+S₂) is in the range of 0.52-77.24 mg/g. The source rock quality can be reduced from “excellent” grade at low maturity to “moderate-poor” grade at high maturity (R_c≈0.54%-1.93%). The type of organic matter varies from type Ⅰ-Ⅱ at low maturity to type Ⅱ₂-Ⅲ at high maturity, indicating that it is necessary to properly restores the original value of the kerogen type and hydrocarbon generation potential for the high to over-mature source rocks. Distinguished characteristics of the biomarkers of the P₂l source rocks were observed: a weak advantage of pristine over phytane was observed with the ratios of Pr/Ph ranging from 0.92 to 1.81 (averaged 1.22), indicating a weakly reduced lacustrine sedimentary environment; the relative abundance of C₂₇-,C₂₈-, and C₂₉-regular steranes showed an ascending linear pattern. The source rocks are also characterized by high relative abundance of C₂₈-regular steranes (with the mean value of the C₂₈/ C₂₉-regular steranes ratio to be 0.96), low relative abundance of homohopanes with gammacerane developed, while the abundance of hopanes is low and gammacerane is moderately developed in the source rocks,indicating saline and/or water stratified paleoenvironment of the P₂l source rocks when deposited. Oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations showed that the crude oils from the Lucaogou Formation were mainly derived from the P₂l source rocks. The geochemical and geological investigations of this study shows that the P₂l source rocks with a relatively wide range of burial depth and therefore a wide range of maturity level were well developed, suggesting an excellent hydrocarbons generation potential in the area investigated. It indicates great petroleum exploration prospects for deep and shallow horizons.

Pore Characteristics and Pore Structure of the Upper Paleozoic Coal-bearing Shale Gas Reservoir in the Wuxiang Block, Qinshui Basin

ZHANG Jinqing, LI Xianqing, ZHANG Boxiang, ZHANG Xueqing, YANG Jingwei, YU Zhenfeng

2022, 36(06): 1551-1562. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.222

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Reservoir pore characteristics and pore structure are the important factors affecting the occurrence and accumulation of shale gas. In order to evaluate the properties of high evolution coal-bearing shale reservoir and shale gas reservoir performance from the marine-continental transitional facies, the pore microscopic characteristics and pore structure of the Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing shale gas reservoir in the Wuxiang block of Qinshui Basin were studied by means of scanning electron microscope, high pressure mercury injection, low temperature N₂ and CO₂ gas adsorption, micron CT scanning and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. The results show that various types of microscopic pores are developed in the Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing shale samples in the Wuxiang block of Qinshui Basin, including intergranular pores, intragranular pores and microfractures, and organic matter pores are almost not developed. The total pore volume of the samples of coal-bearing shale gas reservoir in the Wuxiang block is distributed 0.021,9~0.073,5 mL/g, with an average of 0.039,9 mL/g, and the total specific surface area is mainly distributed 11.94~46.83 m²/g, with an average of 29.16m²/g, of which mesopore (2-50 nm) and micropore (<2 nm) are the main carriers of the coal-bearing shale gas reservoir. The higher coordination number pores in coal-bearing shale, the larger the corresponding pore volume and specific surface area, and the better the pore connectivity. On the premise of little difference between the number of pores and the total pore volume, the pore structure and connectivity of the Shanxi Formation coal-bearing shale are slightly better than that of the Taiyuan Formation coal-bearing shale.

Influence of Cenozoic Diabase Intrusion on Reservoir Properties of Mudstone Wallrocks in the Yangxin Sub-depression, Subei Basin

WANG Kai, LIU Huichuan, REN Weiwei, LI Wenqi, YU Zhiqi

2022, 36(06): 1563-1573. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.221

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Traditional view holds that magmatic active area is non-permissive for oil and gas exploration, but theoretical study and exploration practices reveal that magmatism may greatly improve their reservoir properties. Up until recently, the magmatic influence on sedimentary wallrocks is unclear, and thus it is important to investigate such influence (e.g., for diabase intrusion) for oil and gas exploration. This study took well Fengye 1 of Yangxin sub-depression in the Subei Basin as an example, with the aim to investigate the influence of diabase intrusion on reservoir properties of the mudstone wallrock. Based on the core, seismic and logging data, we carried out detailed investigations on the reservoir open-space and reservoir physical properties of diabase and its contact metamorphic zone, and discussed the lithofacies, physical properties and influence on the wallrock reservoirs. Diabase intrusion in northern Jiangsu began during the Wubao Movement (ca.59 Ma). The diabase intrusive-metamorphic complex comprises four layers: central gabbro, marginal diabase, slate wallrock, and unmetamorphosed mudstone wallrock. In the slate, the im-permeable mudstones has been transformed into oil and gas reservoir. The reservoir open-space includes all kinds of pores and fractures formed by intrusion and metamorphism, as well as dissolution (dominant). The upper contact zone is thicker than the lower contact zone. Formation of the contact metamorphic mudstone reservoir was mainly controlled by the diabase intrusion, and its influence includes metamorphic consolidation, hydrothermal fracturing, condensation shrinkage and dissolution, among which dissolution may have played a key role.

Characteristics of Temporal-spatial Distribution of Fault Conduit for Hydrocarbon Migration within the Hanliu-1 Fault in Gaoyou Sag

CHEN Xingyue, LI Heyong, SUN Simin, CAO Yijun, XU Zhehang, ZOU Huayao

2022, 36(06): 1574-1584. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.225

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The Hanliu-1 fault is located on the northern border of deeply subsided area in Gaoyou sag, Subei Basin. In order to distinguish the temporal-spatial distribution of the fault conduit, fault activity rate (FAR), fault-plane geometry of the Hanliu-1 fault have been carried out for the two crucial periods of hydrocarbon migration. It is indicated that the Hanliu-1 fault was intensively active with FAR >25 m/Ma and its fault-plane geometry was featured with three obvious convex and two concave fault components during the deposition of the Sanduo Formation. Therefore, the Hanliu-1 fault was opening and three conduits occurred along the three convex fault components during this period. Since the deposition of the Yancheng Formation, the fault activity has decreased in FAR <10 m/Ma and the fault conduits have been getting closing. In conclusion, spatially, the fault conduit often occurs along convex fault component, and temporally, the fault conduit was opening as FAR >25 m/Ma and closing as FAR <10 m/Ma. As to hydrocarbon accumulation in Gaoyou sag, when the fault conduit was opening, oil migrated upwards to fill the roll-over anticline trap, and when closing, oil expelled from source rock charged immediately into the fault trap without vertical migration along the fault.

Residual Oil Distribution Characteristics and Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods in Mid-late Stages of Steam Flooding of Heavy Oil Reservoirs

SHI Lanxiang, LI Xiuluan, WANG Hongyuan, LUO Chihui, LIU Pengcheng

2022, 36(06): 1585-1593. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.224

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Aiming at shallow and medium-deep heavy oil reservoirs in China, numerical simulation is used to reveal the steam flooding development pattern in different types of heavy oil reservoirs, and the distribution characteristics of the residual oil in the mid-late stages of steam flooding. Besides, the enhanced oil recovery method of mid-late-stage steam flooding of heavy oil reservoirs is elucidated. The results show that the steam flooding development pattern in the shallow heavy oil reservoirs is basically the same as that in the medium-deep heavy oil reservoirs. In the displacement stage, the performance is good with high and stable oil rate, high oil steam ratio (OSR), and low water cut. The development stage (after steam breakthrough) is also important for steam flooding development, but the oil steam ratio is obviously lower than that in the displacement stage, indicating that the steam thermal efficiency is markedly lower in this stage. Distribution characteristics of the residual oil in different heavy oil reservoirs are similar, showing clear vertical differences, i.e., the development degree of the upper pay zone is high with low residual oil saturation, while that of the lower pay zone is low with high residual oil saturation. The lower pay zone is the main target zone for residual oil extraction. Layer by layer reverse development (from bottom to top) and multi-component assistance are effective tools for the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of mid-late-stage steam flooding. Our finding is of great significance to the development of similar reservoirs.

Application of GF-5 Satellite Hyperspectral Data to Uranium Ore Geological Prospecting in Longshoushan Area in Gansu Province

FENG Bo, DUAN Peixin, CHENG Xu, LU Huixiong, LI Ruiwei, ZHANG En, WANG Bing

2022, 36(06): 1594-1604. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.14

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Hyperspectral remote sensing technology is widely used in geological prospecting. Gaofen-5 (GF-5 for short) is China’s first hyperspectral comprehensive observation satellite, which has hyperspectral resolution remote sensing data of 330 spectral segments. To improve our understanding, it is necessary to explore the application effect and potential of GF-5 space hyperspectral remote sensing technology to unveil the relevant processes in uranium geological prospecting. This study used hyperspectral data in Longshoushan metallogenic belt, Gansu Province, to carry on hyperspectral data processing and alteration information extraction study. GF-5 hyperspectral band repair was innovatively realized. By constructing standard spectral library and diagnostic spectrum, MNF algorithm, PPI algorithm and SAM spectral angle mapping technology were used to complete alteration mineral end-member extraction and spectral matching. We finally achieved the extraction of albite, calcite, quartz, chlorite, hematite and kaolin alteration minerals in our study area. Comprehensive regional uranium ore-forming geological background, by conducting ground spectrum measurement and field investigation, on the basis of accuracy verification alteration, we analyzed the space hyperspectral alteration information and metallogenic regularities, built the regional prospecting orientation model, at the same time three prospecting prediction areas were delineated, and good prospecting results were achieved. This paper provides reference for the application of GF-5 hyperspectral remote sensing in geological prospecting.

Mineral Resources Prospecting by Synthetic Application of Multi-Source Data in the Shanyangba Area, Gansu, China

LIAN Chenqin, YAO Fojun, FENG Zhiming, YANG Jianmin, JIA Xiangxiang

2022, 36(06): 1605-1612. DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.06.15

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In view of the problem that single remote sensing data can’t meet the demand of geological prospecting, this study combines radar data, optical data and other non-remote sensing data to serve geological prospecting in the Shanyangba area, Gansu. Firstly, we utilize ASTER multispectral remote sensing data with vegetation suppression method and feature vector principal component analysis to extract alteration information in the study area. Then, PALSAR radar data is applied to extract tectonic information and produce radar intensity maps from a series of processing methods including focusing, multi-viewing, filtering, radiometric calibration, geo-coding and enhancement processing. Finally, remote sensing, geological and geochemical information are integrated in the GIS platform and help to delineate the prospecting target area of exploration, which is consis-tent with a gold ore spot found in field work. The prospecting results show that the comprehensive prospecting method using radar data, optical data and other non-remote sensing data are effective and can be important guidance for gold prospecting in this area.

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