Geochemical Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soils and Soil Quality Evaluation of Green Food Production in the Yongqing County of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2023.015

Abstract

Abstract:

To ensure food safety in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yongqing County (Langfang City, Hebei Province) was selected as the research area. A total of 412 surface and 410 deep soil samples were collected to determine the concentration of eight heavy metals, i.e., As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. Meanwhile, the enrichment factor and potential ecological risk were used to evaluate the degree of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk. The results showed that the average concentrations of eight heavy metals in surface (deep) soil in Yongqing region are As 9.44 mg/kg (8.93 mg/kg), Cd 0.16 mg/kg (0.10 mg/kg), Cr 64.4 mg/kg (62.3 mg/kg), Cu 24.6 mg/kg (20.7 mg/kg), Hg 0.41 mg/kg (0.20 mg/kg), Ni 27.7 mg/kg (27.7 mg/kg), Pb 20.7 mg/kg (18.2 mg/kg) and Zn 72.8 mg/kg (57.5 mg/kg), respectively. The spatial distribution of heavy metal concentration shows a pattern of high in the southwest and low in the northeast. Based on the enrichment factor (EF), the eight heavy metals could be divided into three categories: (1) Hg (2.18) is strongly influenced by human activities; (2) Pb (1.14), Cu (1.22), Zn (1.29) and Cd (1.63) are controlled by natural geological background and human activities; (3) Ni (1.01), Cr (1.05) and As (1.09) are mainly controlled by natural geological background. Results of the environmental quality assessment showed that the local soil is largely safe to use, and the risk area is only 1.1 km², accounting for 0.14% of the total area. The area that meets the evaluation standards for green food production is about 756.62 km², accounting for 99.43% of the total area. Among them, the area of irrigated land, dry land, orchards in accordance with the standard accounted for 98.94%, 99.29% and 99.59% of the total area of their respective land categories. In terms of ecological risk, the soil comprehensive ecological risk index of the local dryland, irrigated land and orchard agricultural land is largely low, accounting for 95.63%, 77.37% and 98.35%, respectively. Only dry land (0.13 km²) and irrigated land (0.03 km²) have a few higher ecological risk areas, which deserve further ecological evaluation. In conclusion, although heavy metal contents in some areas at Yongqing are affected by human activities, most areas have low ecological risk. In this study, the area that meets the evaluation standards for green food production and low comprehensive potential ecological risk is determined as the most suitable for large-scale green food production. This area is 669.12 km², accounting for 87.93% of the total area. Our results provide a scientific basis for local production, planting and planning management of green agricultural products.

Key words: soil, heavy metal, ecological risk, green food, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

CLC Number:

HU Qinghai, WANG Xueqiu, HAN Zhixuan, CHENG Xiaomeng, WU Hui, TIAN Mi, LIU Futian, SUN Binbin, CHEN Weiming, DU Xuemiao, LIU Bin, CUI Xingtao. Geochemical Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soils and Soil Quality Evaluation of Green Food Production in the Yongqing County of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region[J]. Geoscience, 2023, 37(03): 778-789.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1 Spatial location map of the Yongqing county (a) and soil sampling sites in the Yongqing county (b)

Table 1 Analytical methods and quality control of thisstudy

测试指标	样品处理方法	测试方法	检出限 (mg/kg)	检出率 (%)	合格率(%)
测试指标	样品处理方法	测试方法	检出限 (mg/kg)	检出率 (%)	标准物质	重复样
As	王水溶样	HG-AFS	1	99.9	100	97.6
Cd	酸溶	ICP-MS	0.03	100	100	95.2
Cr	粉末压片	XRF	5	100	100	100
Cu	酸溶	ICP-MS	1	100	100	100
Hg	王水溶样	CV-AFS	0.0005	100	100	95.1
Ni	酸溶	ICP-MS	2	100	100	100
Pb	酸溶	ICP-MS	2	100	100	100
Zn	酸溶	ICP-OES	4	100	100	100
Sc	酸溶	ICP-MS	1	100	100	97.6
pH		POT	0.1(无量纲)	100	100	100

Table 2 Enrichment factors and categories of pollution

富集因子	富集程度	污染等级
EF<2	无或低富集	无或低
2≤EF<5	中度富集	中度
5≤EF<20	偏高富集	偏高
20≤EF<40	高富集	高
EF≥40	极高富集	极高

Table 3 Risk screening values and control values for soil pollution of agricultural land and environmental quality requirement of green food production area

类型	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
农用地土壤污染风险筛选值
pH≤5.5	40	0.3	150	50	1.3	60	70	200
5.5<pH≤6.5	40	0.3	150	50	1.8	70	90	200
6.5<pH≤7.5	30	0.3	200	100	2.4	100	120	250
pH>7.5	25	0.6	250	100	3.4	190	170	300
农用地土壤污染风险管制值
pH≤5.5	200	1.5	800	250^*	2.0	300^*	400	1000^*
5.5<pH≤6.5	150	2.0	850	250^*	2.5	350^*	500	1000^*
6.5<pH≤7.5	120	3.0	1000	500^*	4.0	500^*	700	1250^*
pH>7.5	100	4.0	1300	500^*	6.0	950^*	1000	1500^*
绿色食品产地环境质量要求
pH<6.5	25	0.3	120	50	0.25		50
6.5≤pH≤7.5	20	0.3	120	60	0.30		50
pH>7.5	20	0.4	120	60	0.35		50

Table 4 Ecological risk index and risk intensity grade

$E r i$	单项重金属潜在生态风险等级	RI	综合潜在生态风险等级
$E r i$ <40	低	RI<110	低
40≤ $E r i$ <80	中	110≤RI<220	中
80≤ $E r i$ <160	较重	220≤RI<440	重
160≤ $E r i$ <320	重	RI≥440	严重
$E r i$ ≥320	严重

Table 4 Ecological risk index and risk intensity grade

$E r i$	单项重金属潜在生态风险等级	RI	综合潜在生态风险等级
$E r i$ <40	低	RI<110	低
40≤ $E r i$ <80	中	110≤RI<220	中
80≤ $E r i$ <160	较重	220≤RI<440	重
160≤ $E r i$ <320	重	RI≥440	严重
$E r i$ ≥320	严重

Table 5 Statistics of heavy metals in the soil in the Yongqing county

参数	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn	Sc	pH
表层土壤
最大值	17.50	621.0	211.0	399.0	242.0	45.0	31.8	303.0	18.2	9.39
最小值	4.28	60.4	48.9	11.7	2.57	17.3	13.5	38.6	7.2	6.68
平均值	9.44	160.0	64.4	24.6	41.3	27.7	20.7	72.8	10.7	8.53
中位数	9.34	152.0	61.5	21.8	36.2	26.9	20.2	67.0	10.3	8.53
标准偏差	2.33	53.09	13.46	20.17	25.61	5.00	2.99	26.70	1.89	0.25
变异系数(%)	24.65	33.27	20.89	81.90	62.00	18.07	14.44	36.70	17.58	2.94
廊坊地区表层土壤均值^[26]	10.2	160	66.9		38.0		24.0
深层土壤
最大值	18.2	247.0	101.0	42.2	111.0	46.4	29.7	105.0	19.1	9.71
最小值	4.54	42.8	41.5	9.56	8.90	17.2	13.2	35.4	6.8	8.12
平均值	8.93	104.0	62.3	20.7	20.4	27.7	18.2	57.5	10.8	8.75
中位数	8.17	91.6	58.9	18.7	17.2	26.1	17.4	53.4	10.1	8.73
标准偏差	3.04	39.55	12.79	7.35	10.22	7.23	3.36	16.22	2.57	0.25
变异系数(%)	34.06	38.01	20.51	35.42	50.06	26.06	18.42	28.19	23.78	2.83
廊坊地区深层土壤均值^[26]	10.2	110	66.4		17.0		21.5
河北省土壤背景值^[24]	13.6	94.0	68.3	21.8	36.0	30.8	21.5	78.4
中国土壤背景值^[24]	11.2	97.0	61.0	22.6	65.0	26.9	26.0	74.2
绿色食品产地环境质量^[10]	20.0	400	120	60.0	350	60.0	50.0	300

Fig.2 Geochemical maps of eight heavy metal contents in surface soils in the Yongqing county(unit: mg/kg)

Fig.3 Box plot of enrichment factors of heavy metals in the soil in the Yongqing county

Fig.4 Comprehensive grade map of soil environmental geochemistry in the Yongqing county

Fig.5 Environmental quality grade map of green food producing area in the Yongqing county

Table 6 Heavy metals and comprehensive potential ecological risk intensity for the soil in the Yongqing county

参数	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn	综合潜在生态风险指数
样品数	412	412	412	412	412	412	412	412	412
最大值	19.02	117.16	6.88	86.84	179.42	8.59	7.23	4.41	249.53
最小值	4.65	11.39	1.59	2.54	1.90	3.31	3.08	0.56	38.50
算数平均值	10.26	30.11	2.10	5.35	30.61	5.28	4.70	1.06	89.47
几何平均值	9.96	28.76	2.07	4.95	26.86	5.20	4.66	1.01	85.65
中位数	10.15	28.64	2.00	4.73	26.83	5.14	4.60	0.97	86.06
标准偏差	2.53	10.02	0.44	4.38	18.97	0.95	0.68	0.39	28.01
变异系数(%)	24.65	33.27	20.89	81.90	61.98	18.07	14.44	36.70	31.31

Fig.6 Boxplot of potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals for the soil in the Yongqing county

Fig.7 Comprehensive grade map of potential ecological risk assessment for the soil in Yongqing county

Table 7 Quantity statistics of comprehensive ecological risk levels of agricultural land soil in theYongqing county

综合潜在生态风险等级分区	旱地		水浇地		果园
综合潜在生态风险等级分区	面积 (km²)	比例 (%)	面积 (km²)	比例 (%)	面积 (km²)	比例 (%)
低等生态风险区	173.04	95.63	191.81	77.37	73.86	98.35
中等生态风险区	7.77	4.29	56.06	22.61	1.24	1.65
高等生态风险区	0.13	0.07	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.00

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