Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Zhuhe Hot Springs in Zhaojue, Sichuan Province

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2021.061

Abstract

Abstract:

Zhaojue, a national-level poverty-stricken county in Sichuan Province, is located in the extended Ganzi-Xinlong-Litang geothermal field. Revealing the geothermal heat cycling mechanism of Ganzi-Xinlong-Litang geothermal field in western Sichuan would help to alleviate local poverty and rationally develop and utilize geothermal resources. In this study, the Zhuhe hot springs in Zhaojue were analyzed for their hydrochemistry and H-O stable isotopes. The results show that the Zhuhe hot springs are HCO₃-Na-type, whilst the temperature of the supply area is about 14.71 ℃, and the supply elevation is 3,345-3,560 m. The mixing model and the silicon-enthalpy model were used to estimate the proportion of cold water mixing in large hot springs, which yielded 77.00% and 75.95%, respectively. Similar estimation yielded 81.00% and 78.61%, respectively, for small hot springs. The depths of heat storage cycle were estimated to be 3,426.38-3,766.81 m. Formation of the Zhuhe hot springs are likely controlled by the Mufoshan and Zhuhe faults. During the deep geothermal circulation, the spring water likely mixed with shallow cold water and reacted with the wallrocks. The exposed surface formed the medium-low temperature geothermal resource centered on “large hot spring and small hot spring”.

Key words: Zhuhe hot spring, hydrogeochemistry, genetic model, Si-enthalpy model, western Sichuan

CLC Number:

P314
P641.3

LU Li, CHEN Yudao, DAI Junge, WANG Zhe, ZOU Shengzhang, FAN Lianjie, LIN Yongsheng, ZHOU Changsong. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Zhuhe Hot Springs in Zhaojue, Sichuan Province[J]. Geoscience, 2021, 35(03): 703-710.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Simplified geologic map of Zhuhe hot springs in Zhaojue, Sichuan Province

Table 1 Chemical analysis results of water samples from Zhuhe

水样		pH		As		Hg		Sr		Cr⁶⁺		Cd		Co		Cu		Pb		Al
QB13(大温泉)		8.09		<0.000 09		<0.000 07		0.26		<0.002		<0.000 06		<0.000 03		0.000 6		<0.000 07		0.012 8
QB13-1(小温泉)		7.91		<0.000 09		<0.000 07		0.25		<0.002		<0.000 06		<0.000 03		0.000 2		<0.000 07		0.003 5
ZJB040(冷泉)		7.85		<0.000 09		<0.000 07		0.16		<0.002		<0.000 06		0.3		<0.000 09		0.000 3		0.091 5
水样	Zn		Mn		Ni		Se		Ba		Ag		K⁺		Na⁺		Ca²⁺		Mg²⁺
QB13(大温泉)		<0.000 8		0.004		<0.000 07		0.000 2		0.079 5		<0.000 03		4.62		50.62		15.67		1.63
QB13-1(小温泉)		<0.000 8		<0.000 06		0.000 2		0.000 6		0.050 2		<0.000 03		3.66		40.74		21.70		2.56
ZJB040(冷泉)		<0.000 8		0.033 1		0.001 1		<0.09		0.026 7		<0.000 03		1.29		2.69		42.35		9.39
水样		$NH 4 +$		F^-		Cl^-		$SO 4 2 -$		$HCO 3 -$		$NO 3 -$		$NO 2 -$		$PO 4 3 -$		SiO₂		偏硅酸
QB13(大温泉)		<0.02		1.59		6.71		10.73		155.23		0.38		<0.002		<0.02		43.94		57.12
QB13-1(小温泉)		0.02		1.20		5.86		10.28		166.87		1.00		<0.002		<0.02		41.42		53.85
ZJB040(冷泉)		<0.02		0.10		3.91		4.84		151.80		9.37		0		0.06		7.09		9.22

Table 1 Chemical analysis results of water samples from Zhuhe

水样		pH		As		Hg		Sr		Cr⁶⁺		Cd		Co		Cu		Pb		Al
QB13(大温泉)		8.09		<0.000 09		<0.000 07		0.26		<0.002		<0.000 06		<0.000 03		0.000 6		<0.000 07		0.012 8
QB13-1(小温泉)		7.91		<0.000 09		<0.000 07		0.25		<0.002		<0.000 06		<0.000 03		0.000 2		<0.000 07		0.003 5
ZJB040(冷泉)		7.85		<0.000 09		<0.000 07		0.16		<0.002		<0.000 06		0.3		<0.000 09		0.000 3		0.091 5
水样	Zn		Mn		Ni		Se		Ba		Ag		K⁺		Na⁺		Ca²⁺		Mg²⁺
QB13(大温泉)		<0.000 8		0.004		<0.000 07		0.000 2		0.079 5		<0.000 03		4.62		50.62		15.67		1.63
QB13-1(小温泉)		<0.000 8		<0.000 06		0.000 2		0.000 6		0.050 2		<0.000 03		3.66		40.74		21.70		2.56
ZJB040(冷泉)		<0.000 8		0.033 1		0.001 1		<0.09		0.026 7		<0.000 03		1.29		2.69		42.35		9.39
水样		$NH 4 +$		F^-		Cl^-		$SO 4 2 -$		$HCO 3 -$		$NO 3 -$		$NO 2 -$		$PO 4 3 -$		SiO₂		偏硅酸
QB13(大温泉)		<0.02		1.59		6.71		10.73		155.23		0.38		<0.002		<0.02		43.94		57.12
QB13-1(小温泉)		0.02		1.20		5.86		10.28		166.87		1.00		<0.002		<0.02		41.42		53.85
ZJB040(冷泉)		<0.02		0.10		3.91		4.84		151.80		9.37		0		0.06		7.09		9.22

Table 2 Water temperature and H-O isotopic data

序号	水样	水温/℃	δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰
1	QB13(大温泉)	48	-98.2	-12.31
2	QB13-1(小温泉)	43	-93.9	-11.68
3	ZJB040(冷泉)	12	-	-

Fig.2 δD vs. δ18O plot for the Zhuhe water samples

Table 3 Relations between temperature, enthalpy and SiO2 content in hot springs at Zhuhe

温度 /℃	焓/ (4.1868J/g)	SiO₂含量/ (mg/L)	温度 /℃	焓/ (4.1868J/g)	SiO₂含量/ (mg/L)
50	50.0	13.5	200	203.6	265.0
75	75.0	26.6	225	230.9	365.0
100	100.1	48.0	250	259.2	486.0
125	125.4	80.0	275	289.0	614.0
150	151.0	125.0	300	321.0	692.0
175	177.0	185.0

Table 4 Calculation results of cold water mixing proportion for Zhuhe hot spring with silicon-enthalpyequation

温度/℃	大温泉		小温泉
温度/℃	X₁	X₂	X₁	X₂
50	0.052 6	-4.748 8	0.184 2	-4.355 7
75	0.428 6	-0.888 8	0.507 9	-0.759 6
100	0.591 4	0.099 2	0.648 1	0.160 8
125	0.682 5	0.494 6	0.726 6	0.529 1
150	0.741 0	0.687 5	0.777 0	0.708 8
175	0.781 8	0.792 9	0.812 1	0.807 0
200	0.812 1	0.857 1	0.838 2	0.866 9
225	0.835 5	0.897 0	0.858 4	0.904 1
250	0.854 4	0.923 1	0.874 6	0.928 3
275	0.870 0	0.939 3	0.888 1	0.943 4
300	0.883 5	0.946 2	0.899 7	0.949 9

Fig.3 Relations between hypothesized water temperature and cold water incursion ratio for large hot spring (a) and small hot spring (b) at Zhuhe

Fig.4 Silicon enthalpy model of the large and small hot springs at Zhuhe

Table 5 Estimated circulation depth of thermal storage in the Zhuhe hot springs

序号	温泉点	温度/℃	热循环深度/m	最终温度/℃	最终热循环深度/m
1	大温泉	96.65	1 844.47	171.0	3 426.38
2	小温泉	94.18	1 791.91	187.0	3 766.81

Fig.5 Genetic model of the Zhuhe hot springs

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