Characteristics and Formation of the Wangjiazhuang Alkaline Hot Spring in Xiangyun County of Yunnan

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2019.03.20

Abstract

Abstract:

The Wangjiazhuang hot spring is located in the Liuchang Township in Xiangyun County of Yunnan, China. The water samples YMD10-1 (from the Wangjia geothermal well) and YMD10-2 (from the Julong hot spring well) range in TDS from 1.49 to 1.65 g/L. The cation and anion are predominated by Na⁺and $HCO_{3}^{-}$ and the hot water is of HCO₃-Na type. The pH values of the water samples are 10.8 and 7, respectively. Because of the high $p_{co_{2}}$ in the YMD10-2 sample, the pH value measured in the field is lower than expected. The pH values measured in laboratory are 8 and 7.6, respectively, which are mainly affected by the diffe-rence in $p_{co_{2}}$, resulting in changes in the carbonate compositions in the water samples. δ ²H and δ ¹⁸O data of the hot water samples indicate that the hot spring is of meteoric origin. The recharge altitude of the hot water is estimated as 2 845-2 865 m, the temperature of the geothermal reservoir as 89-92 ℃, and the depth of the groundwater circulation as approximately 3 808-3 898 m. The age of the hot spring is estimated as 319-447 a with the ²²⁶Ra-²²²Rn method. After receiving recharge from infiltration of precipitation in the surrounding mountain areas, the groundwater undergoes deep circulation and is heated by heat flow, and flows up along the fault zone through the Quaternary sediments and emerges on the lad surface. The alkalinity of the hot spring is attributed to the reaction of feldspar with water and CO₂, resulting in high concentrations of $HCO_{3}^{-}$, and hydro-lysis of $HCO_{3}^{-}$ in solution possibly consumes H⁺ to produce OH^-. The Wangjiazhuang hot spring is used to produce alkali by local people due to high contents of Na⁺, $HCO_{3}^{-}$ and $CO_{3}^{2-}$ in the hot water.

Key words: hot spring, hydrochemistry, isotope, alkalinity, Yunnan

CLC Number:

P641.1

HUO Dongxue, ZHOU Xun, LIU Haisheng, YU Mingxiao, ZHANG Yuqi. Characteristics and Formation of the Wangjiazhuang Alkaline Hot Spring in Xiangyun County of Yunnan[J]. Geoscience, 2019, 33(03): 680-690.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the Wangjiazhuang area

Fig.2 Alkaline field of the Wangjiazhuang hot spring

Table 1 Chemical and isotopic analyses of the Wangjia-zhuang hot spring (ρB/(mg/L))

测试项	YMD 10-1	YMD 10-2	测试项	YMD 10-1	YMD 10-2
Na⁺	417	420	Li	431	490
K⁺	18.7	19.7	Si	18 900	19 900
Mg²⁺	3.15	3.95	Sc	5.67	5.88
Ca²⁺	9.33	24.4	Ti	5.11	5.33
Cl^-	10.50	10.2	V	4.04	3.45
S $O 4 2 -$	22.10	25.4	Mn	3.69	41.2
HC $O 3 -$	971	1 132	Cr	0.378	0.175
C $O 3 2 -$	36	—	Fe	<2	35
F^-	0.787	0.893	Ni	0.536	0.742
N $O 3 -$	5.72	6.08	Cu	1.18	1.01
H₂SiO₃	49.4	48.9	Zn	2.67	3.44
Br^-	—	—	Rb	51.1	54.5
CO₂	0	47.784	Mo	0.312	0.573
δ²H/‰	-109.4	-111.2	Sb	0.061	0.105
δ¹⁸O/‰	-14.4	-14.3	Cs	36.2	39.4
²²⁶Ra/(Bq/L)	0.026	0.028	Ba	463	523
²²²Rn/(Bq/L)	0.15	0.22	Eu	0.035	0.04
pH_野外	10.8	7.0	Gd	0.054	0.01
pH_室内	8	7.6	W	7.14	6.36
Eh/mV	115	32	Tl	0.142	0.365
水温/℃	32.6	37.3	U	0.129	0.139
TDS	1 494	1 642	Sr	1 968	2 300

Table 1 Chemical and isotopic analyses of the Wangjia-zhuang hot spring (ρB/(mg/L))

测试项	YMD 10-1	YMD 10-2	测试项	YMD 10-1	YMD 10-2
Na⁺	417	420	Li	431	490
K⁺	18.7	19.7	Si	18 900	19 900
Mg²⁺	3.15	3.95	Sc	5.67	5.88
Ca²⁺	9.33	24.4	Ti	5.11	5.33
Cl^-	10.50	10.2	V	4.04	3.45
S $O 4 2 -$	22.10	25.4	Mn	3.69	41.2
HC $O 3 -$	971	1 132	Cr	0.378	0.175
C $O 3 2 -$	36	—	Fe	<2	35
F^-	0.787	0.893	Ni	0.536	0.742
N $O 3 -$	5.72	6.08	Cu	1.18	1.01
H₂SiO₃	49.4	48.9	Zn	2.67	3.44
Br^-	—	—	Rb	51.1	54.5
CO₂	0	47.784	Mo	0.312	0.573
δ²H/‰	-109.4	-111.2	Sb	0.061	0.105
δ¹⁸O/‰	-14.4	-14.3	Cs	36.2	39.4
²²⁶Ra/(Bq/L)	0.026	0.028	Ba	463	523
²²²Rn/(Bq/L)	0.15	0.22	Eu	0.035	0.04
pH_野外	10.8	7.0	Gd	0.054	0.01
pH_室内	8	7.6	W	7.14	6.36
Eh/mV	115	32	Tl	0.142	0.365
水温/℃	32.6	37.3	U	0.129	0.139
TDS	1 494	1 642	Sr	1 968	2 300

Fig.3 Percent content histograms of major ions in the hot spring samples

Fig.4 Piper diagram showing the hot water samples of the Wangjiazhuang hot spring

Fig.5 Change in pH with three kinds of carbonic acids (After Freeze et al.[18])

Fig.6 Plots of δ2H-δ18O of the Wangjiazhuang hot water samples

Table 3 Estimated recharge altitudes of the hot water samples in the study area

水样编号	δ¹⁸O/‰	h₁/m	δ²H/‰	h₂/m	h平均值/m
YMD10-1	-14.4	2 645.16	-109.4	3 046.15	2 845.66
YMD10-2	-14.3	2 612.90	-111.2	3 115.38	2 864.14

Table 4 Estimated recharge temperatures of the spring water in the study area

样品编号	δ¹⁸O/‰	式(10)	式(11)	T/℃
YMD10-1	-109.4	-1.16	1.07	-0.04
YMD10-2	-111.2	-1.01	1.27	0.13

Table 5 Estimated ages of the hot spring in the study area

编号	²²⁶Ra/(Bq/L)	²²²Rn/(Bq/L)	t/a
YMD10-1	0.026	0.15	446.84
YMD10-2	0.028	0.22	319.56

Table 6 Estimated temperatures of the geothermal reservoir of the study area

水样编号	SiO₂/ (mg/L)	估算地下热储温度/℃					地下热储温度取值/℃
水样编号	SiO₂/ (mg/L)	式(13)	式(14)	式(15)	式(16)	式(17)	地下热储温度取值/℃
YMD10-1	37.98	89.92	89.41	91.80	39.31	58.64	89~92
YMD10-2	37.62	89.51	89.00	91.44	38.90	58.19	89~92

Fig.7 Na-K-Mg triangular diagram

Fig.8 SiO2 solubility curve

Table 7 Estimated circulation depths of the thermal groundwater in the study area

水样编号	G/(m/℃)	T_z1/℃	T_z2/℃	T₀/℃	Z₀/m	Z₁/m	Z₂/m
YMD10-1	42.19	89	89	-0.04	30	3 825	3 808
YMD10-2	42.19	92	92	0.13	30	3 898	3 882

Fig.9 Schematic profile showing the formation of the Wangjiazhuang hot spring

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