三种热电效应的相互关系研究及应用进展

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2023.115

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,随着化石能源引起的环境污染加剧,可持续发展理论的兴起以及我国“双碳”政策的出台和执行,基于热电效应的各种技术在地热勘探开发、传感器供电与热能发电等领域的应用越来越广泛。热电效应主要包括塞贝克效应、帕尔帖效应和汤姆逊效应。关于这三种热电效应的基本原理的文献很多,但是论述其基本原理、相互关系以及应用场景适应性的报道很少。本文系统地阐述了这三种热电效应的基本原理及其相互关系,描述表征这三种热电效应的热电系数之间的关系表达式。在此基础上,概述基于这三种热电效应技术各自的优缺点、不同的应用场景以及适应性。同时,讨论了这些热电技术在多个领域,尤其是在地热能勘探与开发利用等清洁能源领域方面的应用进展。

关键词: 塞贝克效应, 帕尔帖效应, 汤姆逊效应, 热电效应

Abstract:

In recent years, as pollution from fossil fuels has worsened, sustainable development has gained prominence, and Chinese “Double Carbon” policy has been implemented.The use of thermoelectric technologies has increased in areas such as geothermal exploration and development, sensor batteries, and thermoelectric power generation.The thermoelectric effects mainly include the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect, and the Thomson effect.There is abundant literature describing the basic principles of the three thermoelectric effects.However, there is a scarcity of reports that simultaneously address their principles, interrelations, and application scenarios.In this study, the basic principles and interrelations of the three thermoelectric effects are elucidated.We outline the strengths, weakness, and diverse application scenarios of these technologies based on three thermoelectric effects.Furthermore, we discussed the progress of thermoelectric technology applications in various fields, particularly in clean energy, such as geothermal energy exploration and utilization.

Key words: Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, Thomson effect, thermoelectric effect

中图分类号:

P314.2

王磊, 李克文, 朱昱昊, 何继富, 陈金龙, 杨路余, 杨国栋. 三种热电效应的相互关系研究及应用进展[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(06): 1594-1606.

WANG Lei, LI Kewen, ZHU Yuhao, HE Jifu, CHEN Jinlong, YANG Luyu, YANG Guodong. Research on Interconnection Between Three Thermoelectric Effects and Progress in Their Applications[J]. Geoscience, 2024, 38(06): 1594-1606.

图/表 18

图1 塞贝克效应示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the Seebeck effect

图2 PN型半导体温差发电原理图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of PN semiconductor thermoelectric power generation

图3 半导体材料优值的研究进展[17]

Fig.3 Research progress of the superior value of semiconductor materials[17]

图4 帕尔帖效应(制冷、加热)示意图 (a)P型半导体A点为正极、N型半导体B点为负极时,上部连接点处放热、温度升高;(b)P型半导体A点为负极、N型半导体B点为正极,上部连接点处吸热、温度降低

Fig.4 Schematic diagrams of the Peltier effect (cooling and heating)

图5 汤姆逊效应(吸热、放热)示意图 (a)汤姆逊放热效应;(b)汤姆逊吸热效应

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the Thomson effect

表1 各类空间电源的性能比较[26]

Table 1 Performance comparison of various space power supplies[26]

名称	寿命	功率范围(W)	成本	主要应用
化学电池	数天	<103	低	短期任务
燃料电池	1~3个月	可至1000	较高	短期任务
太阳能电池	1~5年	可至1000	较高	近地空间或阳光充足
温差发电器	10年	<500	高	近地空间或阳光充足

图6 同位素温差电池的基本组件[27]

Fig.6 Basic components of the RT[27]

图7 好奇号火星车尾部装有同位素温差电源[28]

Fig.7 Curiosity rover’s self-portrait on Mars, featuring its MMRTG electrical power source[28]

图8 进行现场测试的TEG装置[33]

Fig.8 TEG apparatus used for field tests in Bottle Rock[33]

图9 在Bottle Rock地热田进行TEG装置现场试验[33] (a) 在Bottle Rock地热田安装的新型TEG装置进行了现场测试;(b)在Bottle Rock地热田的实地测试地点

Fig.9 TEG apparatus and the field test site at the Bottle Rock geothermal field[33]

图10 井下发电系统示意图[34] (a) 直井中的井下发电系统;(b) 水平井中的井下发电系统

Fig.10 Schematic diagram of the underground power generation system[34]

图11 太阳能温差发电系统结构示意图[37]

Fig.11 Structural diagram of the solar-thermoelectric power generation system[37]

图12 热伏发电冰箱结构示意图[40]

Fig.12 Structural diagram of the thermovolt power generation refrigerator[40]

图13 红外线探测器结构[41]

Fig.13 Structure of the infrared detector[41]

图14 哈勃太空望远镜中使用热电制冷技术热保护板

Fig.14 Hubble Space Telescope with thermoelectric cooling technology for thermal protection panels

图15 不同ZT值热伏发电材料的发电效率随热端温度的变化(冷端温度固定为300 K)[50]

Fig.15 Graph depicting the relationship between power generation efficiency and hot end temperature for thermovoltaic materials with varying ZT values (cold end temperature fixed at 300 K)[50]

图16 热伏发电效率随流体流量的变化图[33](1 lb/h=0.45 L/h)

Fig.16 Efficiency of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) at different flow rates[33]

图17 热伏发电成本随温差的变化[30,33]

Fig.17 Variation in thermal power generation cost with temperature difference[30,33]

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