成矿流体运移与就位及其构造控制机理:以胶东焦家金矿带为例

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.092

现代地质 ›› 2024, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (04): 873-891.DOI: 10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.092

• 构造物理化学理论和方法 • 上一篇下一篇

成矿流体运移与就位及其构造控制机理:以胶东焦家金矿带为例

张龙啸¹^,²(), 杨立强¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 杨伟¹^,², 谢东¹^,²

1.中国地质大学(北京)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室,北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京)深时数字地球前沿科学中心,北京 100083
3.山东省地质科学研究院自然资源部金矿成矿过程与资源利用重点实验室,山东济南 250013
4.山东省地质科学研究院山东省金属矿产成矿地质过程与资源利用重点实验室,山东济南 250013

出版日期:2024-08-10 发布日期:2024-10-16
通信作者: 杨立强,男,教授,博士生导师,1971年出生,主要从事矿床学及矿产普查与勘探的教学和科研工作。Email:lqyang@cugb.edu.cn。
作者简介:张龙啸,男,硕士研究生,2001年出生,主要从事矿床学的研究。Email:zhanglongxiao2023@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42130801);国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFA0708603);高等学校学科创新引智计划2.0(BP0719021);中国地质大学深时数字地球前沿科学中心“深时数字地球”中央高校科技领军人才团队项目(2652023001);地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室专项基金(MSFGPMR201804)

Migration and Emplacement of Ore-forming Fluids and Their Structural Controlling Mechanisms: An Example from Jiaojia Gold Belt in Jiaodong Peninsula

ZHANG Longxiao¹^,²(), YANG Liqiang¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), YANG Wei¹^,², XIE Dong¹^,²

1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing),Beijing 100083, China
2. Frontiers Science Center for Deep Time Digital Earth, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resources Utilization,Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan,Shandong 250013, China
4. Key Laboratory of Metallogenic-Geologic Processes and Comprehensive Utilization of Minerals Resources in Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan,Shandong 250013, China

Published:2024-08-10 Online:2024-10-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

热液成矿系统的形成受控于构造运动引发的成矿流体运移和就位,构造是一级控矿因素,成矿流体的运移与就位则为构造控矿理论的核心。以流体压力差为主导、综合水力梯度和热传导等多种或单一主导因素驱动流体在围岩中由断层、裂隙和孔隙组成的输运通道中运移。流体在构造裂隙或孔隙中发生化学反应、流体混合和不混溶作用、流体沸腾都会导致流体物理化学性质发生变化,导致成矿物质沉淀;流体运移形式影响着矿化形式的表达,以管道流形式在宏观断层和裂隙中运移的流体以形成规模较大且矿化程度高的脉状矿体为主,而在围岩微米级裂隙和孔隙中广泛发育的渗透流多形成矿化品位稳定、规模中等的细脉-浸染状矿体。构造变形与流体压力、应力状态之间的动态耦合导致矿体的时空定位,断层阀-泵吸机制是解释造山型金成矿作用最具代表性的构造-流体耦合成矿动力学模型。胶东焦家金矿带中矿床的形成与分布受到焦家断裂带上一、二、三级断裂构造的联合控制:压剪性的焦家断裂为一级控矿构造,控制了广泛的以绢英岩化为主的热液蚀变作用和破碎带蚀变岩型金矿体的形成与就位;在其下盘张剪性的望儿山断裂为二级控矿构造,热液蚀变相对较弱,发育过渡型金矿体;三级控矿构造为以鲍李断裂为主的数十条张剪性断裂和节理系,蚀变-矿化程度最弱,主要控制石英脉型金矿体的产出。寺庄金矿床矿体三维几何学结构研究表明从I号到Ⅲ号矿体群的形态扁平程度增加,说明成矿流体输运方式由渗透流向管道流的空间演变,矿体产状差异则反映成矿流体运移方向也发生了变化。进一步研究需融合多学科方法和成果,特别是深入剖析显微-超显微变形组构与成矿流体行为耦合关系,构建逼近实际的多尺度构造-流体耦合成矿模型,揭示热液成矿系统形成的精细过程和机理。

关键词: 热液成矿系统, 成矿流体运移与就位, 构造控矿, 构造-流体成矿动力学, 焦家金矿带

Abstract:

Hydrothermal ore-forming system can be controlled by the migration and placement of ore-forming fluids induced by tectonic movement.Structure is the primary ore-controlling factor, and the migration and placement of ore-forming fluids are the core theory of tectonic ore-controlling.Multiple or single dominant factors, such as fluid pressure differences, integrated hydraulic gradients, and heat conduction, drive fluid migration within transport channels formed by faults, cracks, and pores in the surrounding rocks.Chemical reactions of fluids in structural cracks or pores, fluid mixing and immiscibility, and fluid boiling lead to changes in the physical and chemical properties of the fluids, resulting in the precipitation of ore-forming materials.Fluid migration patterns affect the form of mineralization.Fluid migrating through macroscopic faults and fractures, resembling pipeline flow, primarily forms large vein ore bodies with high mineralization.However, permeation flow, which widely develops in micron-scale cracks and pores of surrounding rock, mostly forms fine veins and disseminated ore bodies with stable mineralization grade and medium scale.The dynamic coupling between tectonic deformation, fluid pressure, and stress state leads to the temporal and spatial occurrence of the ore body.The fault valve-pumping mechanism is the most representative tectonic-fluid coupling model to explain orogenic gold mineralization.The formation and distribution of deposits in the Jiaojia gold belt are controlled by three-order fault structures.The compression-shear Jiaojia fault is a first-order ore-controlling structure, which governs the extensive hydrothermal alteration dominated by sericitization and the placement of altered rock type gold ore bodies within fracture zones.The Wangershan fault, a tensile shear structure in its footwall, serves as a secondary ore-controlling structure, where hydrothermal alteration is relatively weaker, resulting in the development transitional gold ore-body.The third-order ore-controlling structure consists of dozens of tensile-shear faults and joint systems dominated by the Baoli fault, which exhibits the weakest degree of alteration and mineralization.This structure mainly controls the occurrence of quartz vein-type gold orebodies.The study of the three-dimensional geometry of the ore-body in Sizhuang gold deposit shows that the morphological flatness of the ore-body group increase from No.I ore body to No.Ⅲ ore body.This indicates the spatial evolution of ore-forming fluid transport from infiltration to pipeline flow, and the differences in ore-body occurrence reflect changes in ore-forming fluid migration directions.Further research needs to integrate results from multidisciplinary studies, especially conducting in-depth analysis of the coupling relationship between micro-ultra-microscopic deformation fabric and ore-forming fluid behaviors.This includes constructing a multi-scale structure-fluid coupling ore-forming model that closely mimics reality and reveals the intricate processes and mechanisms of hydrothermal ore-forming system.

Key words: hydrothermal ore-forming system, migration and emplacement of ore-forming fluids, structural ore-controlling, structure-fluid metallogenic dynamics, Jiaojia gold belt

中图分类号:

张龙啸, 杨立强, 杨伟, 谢东. 成矿流体运移与就位及其构造控制机理:以胶东焦家金矿带为例[J]. 现代地质, 2024, 38(04): 873-891.

ZHANG Longxiao, YANG Liqiang, YANG Wei, XIE Dong. Migration and Emplacement of Ore-forming Fluids and Their Structural Controlling Mechanisms: An Example from Jiaojia Gold Belt in Jiaodong Peninsula[J]. Geoscience, 2024, 38(04): 873-891.

图/表 11

表1 各类矿床的成矿流体性质与构造控制

Table 1 List of ore-forming fluid properties and structural controls of various ore deposits

矿床	流体包裹体的均一温度(℃)	流体包裹体盐度特征(%)	流体组成	流体来源	成矿压力 (bar)	成矿深度 (km)	主控矿因素	资料来源
MVT密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床	75~175	20±5	富含Pb、Zn,Cu等金属元素;挥发性组分为CO₂、CH₄	海水、部分大气降水	几百到上千巴之间	1~1.8	层控	[26-27]
VMS火山成因块状硫化物矿床	100~360	5~10	富含Cu、Pb、Zn等金属元素;挥发性组分为CO₂、CH₄、N₂	海底热液:海水、岩浆热液	/	/	层控	[28-29]
浅成热液矿床	100~450	0~40	富含各种金属元素;挥发分为CO₂、H₂S、CH₄、N₂和SO₂	岩浆热液、大气降水	100~500	1~1.5	断裂系统控制	[30-31]
斑岩型Cu-Mo矿	100~900	0~60	富含Cu、Mo、Na、K、Fe等金属元素的高盐度流体	岩浆热液	几十到几百巴,有时高达1000 bar左右	1~6	断裂系统控制	[32-33]
矽卡岩型矿床	100~600	0~60	富含W、Mo、Cu、Pb、Zn等金属元素	岩浆热液、变质热液、部分大气降水	不同类型的矽卡岩矿床有着不同的成矿压力	1~4.5	褶皱、断裂构造控制	[4]
卡林型金矿	100~300	0~7	富含以Au为主的各种金属元素;主要挥发分为CO₂、H₂S	岩浆热液、变质热液、大气降水	不同类型的卡林型金矿有着不同的成矿压力	2 km左右,甚至达到数千米	层控	[34-35]
造山型金矿	150~350	0~10	富含Na、Ca、K、Mg等金属元素;为H₂O-CO₂-NaCl体系	岩浆热液、变质热液和深循环大气降水	500~1500	3~10	断裂系统控制	[3,36]
胶东型金矿	260~340	2~10	富含Na、K、Mg、Ca等金属元素;为H₂O-CO₂-NaCl-CH₄体系	深部岩浆热液与大气水混合	900~2400	2~10	断裂系统控制	[37-39]

图1 岩石破裂条件与形成的裂隙类型[15,25] (a)—(d) 应力莫尔圆与完整岩石包络线表示岩石发生破裂的条件;(e) 不同应力差下形成的不同裂隙类型

Fig.1 Fracture conditions and fracture types of rocks[15,25]

图2 孔隙流体因子和差应力作用下的岩石破裂模式图[25,50]

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of failure modes in the pore fluid factor-differential stress space[25,50]

图3 岩石孔隙类型的示意图[25]

Fig.3 Schematic illustration of classes of rock pores[25]

图4 流体通道渐进演化模型[15,24] (a)流体通道的生长演化模型(红线AB代表主干通道,箭头指示流体的流动方向);(b) 微裂隙渗透流随应力的演化(初始渗透流为k0,在εcrit处达到渗流阈值);详细说明见正文

Fig.4 Progressive evolution model of fluid pathways[15,24]

图5 溶解短路过程示意图[63](蓝色区域表示流体沿裂隙流动发生流体-岩石相互作用导致裂隙边缘的溶解,红色箭头表示流体流动方向。详细说明见正文)

Fig.5 Schematic illustration of development of the dissolution short circuit[63]

图6 沿着一个扩张的断裂带AB流体压力随深度和时间的变化[15](流体在t1时刻沿低渗盖层的破裂区向上运移,在t2时刻因膨胀导致的流体压力降低而向下运移,流体流动方向用箭头表示。详细说明见正文)

Fig.6 Variation of fluid pressure with depth over time along a dilatant fault zone AB[15]

图7 有限元模型模拟在断层周围的垂直面内压力驱动的流体流动模式[15,25] (在远离断层的位置保持垂直的静岩流体压力梯度,等值线表示流体压力与静岩压力的差异,浅蓝色区域表示流体压力在静岩压力之下,深蓝色区域表示流体压力在静岩压力之上。红色线段表示断层或剪切带,黑色箭头表示流体运移矢量,其长度与流速相对应。详细说明见正文)

Fig.7 Finite element model simulating pressure-driven fluid-flow pattern in a vertical plane around a fault[15,25]

图8 断层阀-泵吸模式中流体压力演化过程[7,21,121] (a)断层阀模式下张剪性断层中脉体的破裂-愈合过程形成的层压式矿化;(b) 压剪性断层中的扩容空间中由泵吸模式形成的石英脉;(c) 与幕式构造活动导致流体压力演化相关的断层阀和泵吸模式

Fig.8 Evolution of fluid pressure in fault valve-pumping mode[7,21,121]

图9 焦家金矿田地质图和剖面图[13,93] (a) 焦家金矿田主要断裂及矿床分布图;(b) 焦家金矿剖面图;(c) 望儿山金矿剖面图;(d) 村东金矿剖面图

Fig.9 Geologic map and cross-sections of the Jiaojia gold field[13,93]

图10 焦家金矿田“菱形”构造控矿格架

Fig.10 Rhomboid structure control in the Jiaojia gold field

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成矿流体运移与就位及其构造控制机理:以胶东焦家金矿带为例

Migration and Emplacement of Ore-forming Fluids and Their Structural Controlling Mechanisms: An Example from Jiaojia Gold Belt in Jiaodong Peninsula

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