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    20 February 2010, Volume 24 Issue 1
    Water Resource and Environment
    Metallogenic System and Prediction of Mo-Au Polymetallic Deposits in East Qinling
    XIAO Rong-ge, BAI Feng-jun, YUAN Zhen-lei, FENG Jian-zhi, ZHANG Zong-heng
    2010, 24(1):  1-10. 
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    According to regional metallogenic theory, East Qinling structural belt can be divided into the southern margin of North China paleocontinent, orogenic belts of North Qinling and South Qinling, and the fourth tectonic unit of the Yangtze paleocontinent. The South and North Qinling orogenic belts are bound by the Shangdan suturefault zone, forming the boundary of North China paleocontinent and South China paleocontinent. Fractures and Yanshanian magmatic rocks are well developed within the East Qinling structural belt. The study area is located at the margin of the block, with dual mesa sedimentary structure composed of basement and caprocks. The basement consists of Archean Taihua Group metamorphic rock and Xionger Group volcanic rocks and Yanshanian magmatic rocks, which constitutes ore source rocks in this area. Ore source rocks are characterized by depletion in Cu and enrichment in W, Mo, Zn, Pb, Au and Ag in the caprocks. Mineral resources are rich in this area, and dominated by hyrdothermal genetic MoAu polymetallic deposits.  Based on the genesis of oreforming fluid and other geological actions, three metallogenic systems are classified, including magmatic hydrothermal metallogenic MoAu polymetallic deposits, volcanic hydrothermal metallogenic system and tectonic hydrothermal metallogenic system. They are correspondingly related to early Yanshannian hydrothermal activities, Xiongernian volcanic hydrothermal and Mesozoic tectonic hydrothermal activities. Meanwhile, the key metallogenic areas within the study area are predicted based on the analysis of regional tectonic natures of the three tectonic activities.

    Mineralization and Material Sources in the Xiaoqinling Gold Deposit
    FENG Jian-zhi
    2010, 24(1):  11-17. 
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    According to the formation and evolution of granitegreenstone terrain of Taihua Group in the Xiaoqinling district,based on the characteristics of compositions of major elements, trace elements and rareearth elements, gold evolution, metallogenic geochemistry and physical chemistry in the Xiaoqinling gold deposits are discussed. We think that Taihua Group is one of the gold sources of deposit formation, and the Wenyu granite body of Yanshan stage, in a close relation to the gold deposits in Xiaoqinling district, is formed by remelting of Taihua Group and its below crust mantle substance. The Wenyu granite body controls the gold abnormity and distribution of gold deposits, but it only offers thermal power and offers no gold oreforming substance. The Xiaoqinling deposits belong to hydrotherm type; the metallogenic hydrotherm is mainly magmatic water, which mixed some meteoric water to form the deposits. The metallogenic hydrotherm belongs to weak acidalkalescent,and  metallogenic temperature is moderately high.

    Geological Characteristics and Genesis of the Jingdonggou Gold Depositin Pingwu County, Sichuan Province
    HUANG Chang-hua,ZHANG Cheng-jiang,LIU Zhi-heng
    2010, 24(1):  18-25. 
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    Jindonggou gold deposit is a small gold deposit located in Pingwu County,north of Sichuan Province. Based on a studied geological characteristics of the Jindonggou gold deposit,the authors measured the homogenization temperature,salinity,chemical composition,as well as H and O isotopic compositions of the fluid inclusions of the quartz, measured S isotopic composition of the metal sulfide(pyrite,galena and sphalerite),and systematically discussed the metallogenesis of the gold deposit. The results show that the deposit belongs to epithermal gold deposit type. The ore forming source comes from the epimetamorphic clastic rocks of Smx(Silurian System). This gold deposit is characterized by a poor content of sulfide minerals (below 1%). Metallogenic fluid is composed of atmospheric precipitation. The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions ranges from 125 ℃ to 185 ℃,belonging to epithermal gold deposit type. The metallogenesis of the Jindonggou gold deposit is divided in to four stages,i.e.the formation of gold source bed in the sedimentation,the formation of derivative gold source bed in the regional metamorphism, the formation of the gold deposit in the hydrothermalism and hypergenesis. The regional shear zone movement is likely the major factor leading to activation,migration and concentration of Au. The conclusions are significant for realization of the deposit genesis and mineral exploration.

    Ore-forming Fluid Geochemistry of the K-feldspar Quartz-vein-typed  Molybdenum Deposit in Songxian County, Henan Province
    BAI Feng-jun,ZHAO Tai-ping,XIAO Rong-ge,LIU Guo-ying
    2010, 24(1):  26-33. 
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    Zhifang molybdenum deposit in Songxian County of Henan Province is a K-feldspar quartz-vein-typed deposit occurring along the strata of Middle Proterozoic volcanic rock. The stratiformlike and lenticular mineralized quartz veins, with a thickness ranging from 0.35 to 5.0 m, appear parallel and dense and have a conformable contact with enclosing rocks. The mineralized quartz veins can be classified into three stages. The early stage quartz veins without ore is compact and massive. The quartz veins of middle stage are molybdenum mineralized while the quartz veins of late stage are small veins containing quartz and carbonate but no ore. Geochemical study shows that the oreforming material comes mainly from volcanic hydrothermal fluid and ore-forming time is consistent with that of late Xiong'er volcanic eruption stage. Ore-forming fluid compositions, eigenvalue of liquid facies components, and H and O isotopes show that the mixed fluid of medium and high temperature results from high temperatured geological action. Fluid inclusions show that ore-formation results from the interaction of immiscible fluid and ebullition of hydrothermal fluid. The metallogenic pressure is 28×105 to 68×105 Pa, suggesting that ore-formation results from the packing of hydrothermal fluid into volcanic edifice under low pressure and epithermal condition.

    Features of Sulfur Isotope of the Jiashengpan Lead-Zinc-Sulfur Deposit in Inner Mongolia and Its Genesis Significance
    FU Chao, WANG Jian-ping, PENG Run-min, LIU Jia-jun, LIU Zhen-jiang
    2010, 24(1):  34-41. 
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    The Jiashengpan lead-zinc-sulfur deposit, located in Langshan-Zhaertaishan mineralization belt in the western part of northern margin of North China Platform, rich in Mesoproterozoic Zhaertaishan Group, is obviously stratabound and controlled by synchronous fault. The ore bodies are mainly composed of layered, conglomeratic and disseminated ores. The sulfur isotopic compositions of the sulfides from ores show that the values of δ34S from the early depositional ores ranging from 17.0‰ to 31.5‰ with an average of 23.9‰ are similar to the values of δ34S from the late reticulated ores ranging from 13.1‰ to 31.1‰ with an average of 24.1‰, indicating the same origin from sea sulphate. The late hydrothermal event is weak and the volcanic activities have little effect on the mineralization. The values of δ34S from the host rocks ranging from 7.7‰ to 15.1‰ with an average of 10.2‰, are smaller than those of the ores obviously and belong to the marine deposition. The Varisian granite to the north of the ore bodies has limited effect on the ore bodies.

    Characteristics of Sulfide Minerals in Dongmozhazhua Lead-zinc Deposit, Qinghai Province, and Their Genetic Significance
    CONG Yuan, CHEN Jian-ping,DONG Qing-ji, HAO Jin-hua
    2010, 24(1):  42-51. 
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    The Dongmozhazhua ore deposit is a new largesize lead-zinc deposit in the south of Qinghai Province. Based on a considerable number of polished ore sections as well as massive spectrum and electron microprobe analyses, the systematic study on ore minerals is finished. The results show that the ore mineral is intermediate-temperature hydrothermal mineral association. Wall rock alteration is intermediatetemperature alteration. Sulfide isotope has the characteristic of the sulfides isotope in massive sulfide deposit. Combining the study results, it is believed that Dongmozhazhua leadzinc deposit has experienced three stages mineralization. In the stage of marine dolomite sedimentation, there exist hydrothermal sedimentationexhalation mineralization of sphalerite, pyrite and else metal sulfides. The structure environment of the back (front) arc basin is characterized by development of massive sulfide leadzinc deposits. In the late tectonic activity and hydrothermal process, the leadzinc deposit maybe occur hydrothermal superimposition and reformation. Therefore, the Dongmozhazhua leadzinc deposit has characteristics of the multistage and superimposed metallization.

    Sulfur and Lead Isotope Composition and Tracing for the Sources of Ore-Forming Materials in the Mengya'a Pb-Zn Deposit,Tibet
    WANG Li-qiang,GU Xue-xiang,CHENG Wen-bin1TANG Ju-xing
    2010, 24(1):  52-58. 
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    The Mengyaa leadzinc deposit in Tibet is located in the eastern section of Gangdise metallogenic belt. The ore body mainly occurs as stratoid form in the skarn and skarnization marble of the Middle CarboniferousUpper Permian Laigu Formation, distributed nearly EW direction. Based on analysis of the oreforming geological conditions, this paper studies systematically the composition characteristics of S, Pb isotopes in the ore and discusses the sources of the oreforming materials. Studies have shown that the composition of S isotope in ore sulfides has a narrow variation range and a tower distributional effects. The δ34S∑S of the oreforming hydrothermal system is about 5.2‰, which presents a characteristic of sulfur from magmatic origin. The Pb isotopic composition of ore sulfides is stable and the ore lead is ordinary common lead. Ore lead derived from magma, which came from partial melting of the upper crust in Early Cretaceous. 

    Prospecting Model of Comprehensive Information of Sawusi Pb-Zn Deposit in Altai, Xinjiang
    LIU Guo-ren,DONG Lian-hui,SHANG Hai-jun,ZHU Chang-xi,ZHAO Hua,HE Li-xin,
    2010, 24(1):  59-68. 
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    The Sawusi Pb-Zn deposit is situated at the southern rim of Siberia plate. The deposit is hosted in felsic volcanic flows, volcanoclastics interlayered with terrigenous clastics and carbonates of the Kangbutiebao Formation of Early Devonian. The deposit is genetically related with marine volcano activities. The mineralization corresponds well with the 1∶50,000 Ag-As-Zn-Bi-Cu-Mo-Au-Sb-Co-Ni geochemical anomalies, and single element anomalies, such as Ag, As, Pb and Zn, are nearly matched with the distributions of the orebodies, especially for Zn the anomalous center is almost coherent with the distribution of the orebodies. Geophysical anomalies also showed high values of chargeability, low resistivity, and matched well with ground mineralized/altered zones. The magnetic anomalies are matched well with the IP (Induced Polarization )anomalies, but its anomaly width is narrower than that of the IP. The sounding IP and TEM (Transient Electromagnetic Method)anomalous zones intersect three mineralized zones which are located on the No.Ⅱ mineralized/altered zones. After comprehensive analysis of geological setting, geochemical anomalous zones, geophysical anomalies of Sawusi Pb-Zn deposit, the geologicalgeophysicalgeochemical model of the mineralization is established.

    Element Geochemical Characteristics of the Wangjiazhuang Banded Magnetite-quartzite Deposit in Yuanping City, Shanxi Province, and Its Geological Significance
    ZHANG Yan, GU Xue-xiang, LI You-he, DONG Shu-yi, CHENG Wen-bin
    2010, 24(1):  69-79. 
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    The Wangjiazhuang iron deposit in Shanxi Province is a typical case of banded iron formation in the Wutaishan area. The orebearing rock is magnetitequartzite, with wall rocks mainly being amphibolite, amphibolemetadolerite and quartz schist. Through the restoration of the metamorphic rocks, we conclude that the protolith are principally volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks in the area evolved from the tholeiite series to the calcalkaline series, along with some terrestrial clastics. The negative anomalies of HFSE, high contents of LILE and a low ratio of Y/Nb show that this area was in an islandarc and active continental margin tectonic setting. REE patterns of the magnetitequartzite demonstrate a right inclined curve with slightly LREE enrichment. Eu shows a slightly positive anomaly and Ce shows a slightly negative anomaly. This REE characteristics show that BIF was formed in a typical marine environment. It is predicted that hightemperature hydrothermal fluids created during oceanic crust subduction in the Neoarchean played a considerable role in the formation of BIF. The slightly Eu positive anomaly suggests that the volcanic activity of the area was weak, so hightemperature hydrothermal fluids in the bottom of the ocean played a minor role. The correlatability between BIF and its wall rocks in the primitive mantlenormalized incompatible element spider diagrams suggests that they have the same or similar material source and diagenetic environment, as well as belonging to a same depositional basin, but with different deposition processes and conditions, respectively.

    Genesis Study of Magnetiterich Ore in Gongchangling Iron Deposit,Liaoning
    LIU Jun,JIN Shu-yun
    2010, 24(1):  80-88. 
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    Based on the conclusion of the geological characteristics of Gongchangling iron deposit in Liaoning, this study analyzed the characteristics of major elements, trace elements and REE in magnetite quartzite and magnetiterich ore, and tested their composition of oxygen isotopes. The results show that: (1)the contents of Fe and SiO2 in magnetiterich ore and magnetite quartzite are much different, while the contents of other elements are less. (2)The characteristics of trace elements in magnetiterich ore and magnetite quartzite are very similar to each other, the most types of REE distribution are also same, too. The main curves of REE distribution are a little bit rightinclined or just flat, and positive Eu anomaly which express the coherence and inheritability of these two ores. (3)The δ18O variation range of magnetite is -4.5‰ to 1.8‰ in magnetite quartzite, this range includes that of magnetiterich ore, which is similar to the geological occurrence of magnetiterich ore that occurrence in magnetite quartzite. It indicates that magnetiterich ore is formed by rebuilding the magnetic quartzite by hydrothermal water with negative δ18O. (4)Magnetiterich ore should be formed by metasomatism and desilicification  of hydrothermal metamorphic water(temperature at 500 ℃ or more and low values of δ18O, generally negative) with banded magnetite quartzite.

    Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Pattern of Nanling Ultra Poor Magnetite in Songxian,Henan
    ZHOU Hong-chun,LIU Chuan-quan,LI Zhong-ming,WANG Liu-lin,SUN Dan,CUI Chuan-sheng
    2010, 24(1):  89-97. 
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    Along with the fast development of national economy, the traditional iron resources are more and more scarce, it is urgent to seek and to develop nontraditional iron resources. The Nanling ultra poor magnetite can be imputed nontraditional mineral resource with mFe content of 10.20%. Through the contrast analysis on the chemical constitution of the magnetic iron ore and the plagioclaseamphibolite in Nanling ultra poor magnetite, and the analysis of graphs of (Fe+Al+Ti)(Ca+Mg) and (FeO+Fe2O3+TiO2)Al2O3MgO, combining the geological features of mining area and the ore body characteristics, the conclusion can be drawn as follows: the plagioclaseamphibolites including magnetite and the plagioclaseamphibolite in Nanling mining area are formed from the oceanic tholeiite with rich iron after the deteriorating, and their genesis types should be the ultrapoor iron deposit of weathered residual origin. The prospecting indicators have been cleared initially, and the prospecting pattern has also been established,its significant for exploration of mineral deposits such as Nanling.

    Platinum Group Elements (PGE) Geochemistry of the Ore-Bearing Intrusive Body I from the Baimazhai Cu-Ni Deposit in the Ailaoshan Jinshajiang Tectonic Zone and Its Significance
    QI Xue-xiang,ZHU Lu-hua,LI Zhi-qun
    2010, 24(1):  98-106. 
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    The mafic-ultramafic intrusive rock body I is the largest for Baimazhai Cu-Ni deposit distributed in the Ailaoshan-Jinshajiang tectonic zone. It is a ringlike body consisting of orebearing peridotite, mineralized pyroxenite and gabbro phase zones from the center to margin. Accordingly, the contents of SiO2,TiO2,Al2O3,CaO,Na2O and K2O are increasing gradually, and that of TFe and MgO are decreasing as well; the concentrations of ∑REEs, and LREE/HREE ratios are increasing gradually from the central phase to outer phase. Along the same direction, δEu shows negative to positive anomalies; the abundance of the large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and high field strength elements varies increasingly, but the contents of magmatophile elements have a reversal evolutive trend. The PGE distributive patterns are the PtPd type, the Pt/Pd ratios of 0.32-0.68 are between the values of enriched sulfide tholeiite (0.38) and primitive upper mantle (1.36), and the similarity of partition patterns of chondritenormalized REE, MORB-normalized trace element and primitive mantle normalized PGE for the rocks of the three phase zones, indicate the Baimazhai intrusive body I formed by the evolution, liquation, intrusion and diagenesismetallogenesis of basaltic magma. The fact that stable sedimentary succession outcropped in the deposit district, intrusive contact relationships between the sediments and the intrusion and the Zr-Y-Nb diagram of the ring rock body shows the Baimazhai intrusion body formed in an intracontinent. The lower Ti content, strongly Th positive anomaly, and the Th/Ta ratios, Th/Nb ratios, Pd/Pt ratios and the primitive mantle normalized Ir-group patterns for Baimazhai intrusive body I, which are different from those of the Emeishan basalt and typical mantle plume basalts, but similar to those of basalts from a continental rift, suggest that the Baimazhai intrusive body I are probably formed in the tectonic settings of continental rift.

    Characteristics and Origin of Platinum-group Minerals in Wen'geqi Mafic-ultramafic Complex, Guyang County, Inner Mongolia
    ZHAO Xing-guo1, SU Shang-guo,WANG Shui-jiong,YANG Shuai-shi, HOU Jian-guang
    2010, 24(1):  107-111. 
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    Three kinds of platinum group minerals (PGMs) are found in the Wengeqi maficultramafic complex in Guyang County, Inner Mongolia. They are sperrylite which occurs together with magnetite and chlorite, and mertieite and kotulskite which occur together with pyrite. Based on field observations and electron microprobe analysis, PGMs mainly occur in websterite, and the websterite is distributed in maficultramafic complex as a dike. The distribution, occurrence and characteristics of PGMs in the Wengeqi maficultramafic complex show that magmatism plays an important role in the formation of platinum group element ore deposits;and the post magmatic hydrothermal fluids also affect on the migration and concentrtion of PGMs.

    Dating and Petrochemistry of the Beijige Pluton in Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia
    LIU Chang-feng, ZHANG Hao-ran, YU Yang-sen, ZHOU Zhi-guang, LIU Wen-can
    2010, 24(1):  112-119. 
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    The Beijige pluton is located in the Siziwangqi area, Inner Mongolia, tectonically belongs to the Xing-Meng orogenic belt, lying on the southern margin of the Erdaojing-Chaganwula-Honggeer suture zone. It is predominantly composed of syenogranite. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating and petrochemical analysis have been carried out in order to understand the formation age and natures of the pluton. As a result, zircons from syenogranite give a LA-ICP-MS mean U-Pb age of (264.0±3.4)Ma(MSWD =1.5). Petrochemical data indicate that syenogranite belong to high-alkaline series (K2O+Na2O=8.0%-9.29 %, K2O/Na2O=1.20-2.59), low Rb/Sr ratios (2.4-4.2), rich in LILE((La/Yb)N =3.1-13.6), deplete in HFSE show an affinity to I-type granite. The main dark mineral and accessory mineral of syenogranite are biotite and sphere, with abundant mafic microgranular enclaves, a common feature of KCG, which formed in the transition stage of continental subduction and collision. In the discrimination diagrams, all samples fall into the syn-collision area. Geochronological and petrochemical data imply that the Beijige pluton is related to a syn-collisional regime, maybe triggered by an extensive underplating.

    The Exhalativesedimentary Evidence of the Bainiuchang Ag-polymetallic Deposit, Yunnan, China: Constraints from Geochemistry of Host-rocks
    ZHU Chao-hui, LIU Shu-xia, ZHANG Qian, GU De-min
    2010, 24(1):  120-130. 
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    Studying if there took place extensive exhalative-sedimentary activities in the southeast Yunnan Province has been one of key factors to constrain origin of the Gejiu, Bainiuchang, and Dulong polymetallic deposits. The authors systematically study the geochemistry characteristics of host-rocks in the Bainiuchang Ag-polymetallic deposit in this paper. The host-rocks have the same distribution area with the sea-floor volcano or hotwater origin chert. Then normalized REE distribution patterns of hostrocks can be divided into two groups: One group with higher total REE contents indicates more normal sediments attendance. The other group with lower total REE contents possesses the similar normalized REE distribution patterns and parameters with rich-tourmaline banded hydrothermal sediments in the Canada Sullivan deposit and banded chert in iron-bearing formations in the Canada Agnico-Eugle deposit. And the pairs of trace elements show the similar characteristics with modern sea-floor hydrothermal sediments. In addition, the contents of As, Sb and Ag are similar with that of chert in the Dachang and the Gejiu mining districts. Based on above of all, it is indicated that the Bainiuchang Ag-polymetallic deposit is exhalative-sedimentary origin.

    Deep Structure beneath the Cenozoic Volcanic Zone in the Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Its Cause of Formation Discussion
    ZHENG Hong-wei, LI Ting-dong, GAO Rui, HE Ri-Zheng
    2010, 24(1):  131-139. 
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    There are a lot of Cenozoic potassic and ultrapotassic lavas in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, their existing is an enigma.We have collected all the available arrival time data recorded by the temporary seismic stations and phase reports from the International Seismological Center in Tibet and its surrounding areas.In the tomographic inversion, we have used 139,021 P-wave arrival times from 9,649 teleseismic events recorded by 305 seismic stations.Tomographic images show that the frontier of the lithospheric mantle of Indian plate (ILM) subducted beneath the center of Qiangtang terrane, and there is a great scale vertical low-velocity zone from deep to surface at the frontier of ILM.It supplies a channel for deep mantle upwelling.Hot materials of deep asthenospheric mantle might flow upward along the channel,then potassic and ultrapotassic lavas erupted in the northern Tibet.Cenozoic potassic and ultrapotassic lavas in the north Tibet are the direct result of northward subducting of ILM.

    Geochemical Research on Rare Earth Elements of Argillaceous Rocks of Upper-Jurassic and Cretaceous in the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin
    YANG Guo-chen,YU Bing-song,CHEN Jian-jiang,YAO Ji-ming,LI Shan-ying,WU Yun-hui
    2010, 24(1):  140-150. 
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     REE of the Upper-Jurassic and Cretaceous argillaceous rocks from the western Sichuan foreland basin were tested and analyzed, and the geochemical characteristics of REE, sedimentary environments, provenance properties and tectonic settings of provenances of argillaceous rocks from the research area were also discussed. Current study shows that tectonic provinces and sedimentary environments have a control to a certain extent on the REE characteristics and sedimentary differentiation of REE of argillaceous rocks, and that REE characteristics of argillaceous rocks were mainly reconstructed to a certain extent by sedimentation. Although the testing samples present dominantly significant LREE enrichment, lowabundance HREE and negative Eu anomaly, most of them display obviously negative Ce anomaly. Results suggest that all argillaceous rocks have high differentiation degree and stably average differentiation degree from Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous. A sedimentary environmental model characterized by overall oxidation and local deoxidation was suggested for the argillaceous rocks in research area. Source rocks are mainly sedimentary rocks and granitic rocks, probably with a few locallyinvolved basalt components. Analysis of provenances of argillaceous rocks show that the tectonic setting is mainly continental island arc and partly passive continental margin.

    On the Geochemical Characteristics, Provenance and Paleoweathering Degree of Triassic Xikang Group in Ruoergai Area in Sichuan Province
    BAI Xian-zhou, HE Ming-you, WANG Yu-ting, YANG Xue-jun
    2010, 24(1):  151-157. 
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    Through a comprehensive study on the major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements of fluvial sand of Triassic Xikang Group in Ruoergai area in Sichuan Province, this paper found that the fluvial sand of this area has the same contents of SiO2, P2O5 and MnO as that in PAAS. It is enriched in Na2O, CaO and poored in Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O and TiO2.The content of trace element W is far greater than the supracrustal abundance. The contents of Nb and Ta are far lower than the supracrustal abundance, but it is about same as lower crustal abundance. The contents of Sc are lower than the supracrustal abundance. Petrogenic element Sr is a little higher than crustal abundance. The capacity of rare earth elements is relatively higher. The average value is 133.97×10-6, which is close to 112×10-6-the capacity of rare earth elements in the crust. Light rare earth elements are richer than heavy rare earth elements. It has medium negative europium anomaly. The distribution curves of rare earth elements show a consistent rightward declined light rare earth elements enrichment pattern. It is thought that its geochemical characteristics are similar with that of continental arc and passive continental margin sediment. To sum up other geological data, it is concluded that Kangdian old land is a possible provenance region of fluvial sand of Triassic Xikang Group in Ruoergai area.

    Geological Characteristics and Developing-prospecting Prospects of Oil Shale in Tongchuan-Huangling District, Shaanxi Province
    BAI Yun-lai, ZHAO Ying-cheng, XU Dong,MA Yu-hu
    2010, 24(1):  158-165. 
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    Oil shale is becoming a research hot point with decreasing increasingly in hydrocarbon resources at present. There are abundant oil shale resources in Ordos basin. Oil shale resources in Ordos basin account for 60% of that in middlewest China and rank the first among all basins in China. The main bed of oil shale is the upper part of  lower segment of Yanchang Formation (Ty), and  was formed in late stage of Middle Triassic period. According to field observations, the outcrops of oil shales are mainly distributed in TongchuanYijunHuangling. The thickness of main ore beds is generally 2-36 m. The oilbearing ratio range is from 1.8% to 13.7%;caloric value range is from 1.66 to 11.45 MJ/kg and type of  kerabitumen is I-II1; ratio of hydrocarbon-producing is 400 kg/t(moderatebetter). The proved resources amount is around 100×108 t and reserves amount is closely 1  ×108 t in this area. It is pointed out  that oil shales were formed in depositional environment with fresh water,nearshore,powerful reduction,rich content of organic material according to different data and belong to semi-deep lacustrine facies in  large inland lake. The burial of oil shale is shallow; reserves of oil shales are large;and traffic condition is advantageous in the area. If  oil shales are well developed, not only preliminary economic benefits may be acquired, but also precious experience in developing oil shale  in Ordos basin may be gained. Besides, oil shales in Tongchuan-Huangling are the nearest to Xi-an, having great significance for developing.

    Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Mg-rich Marblesof the Zhuanmiao Borate Ore District in Eastern Liaoning
    ZHANG Yan-fei, LIU Jing-dang, YANG Zi-rong
    2010, 24(1):  166-174. 
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    Mg-rich marble is the mainly host rock of borate deposit in Zhuanmiao borate ore district in Eastern Liaoning. The petrologic features,chemistry of the whole rock,REE and trace elements, and C,O isotope geochemistries of Mgrich marble are studied in this paper. The results show that Mg-rich marble has the characteristics of magmatic carbonatite: the major elements indicate that the rock is rich in Mg and Si. With relatively high trace elements contents of B,F,Rb,Cs,Th,U and comparatively low contents of V,Cr,Co,Ni,HFSE, the related ratios are similar to those of magmatic carbonatite. The  contents of REE are relatively low,showing a LREE-rich pattern in the figure of chondrite-normalized REEpattern,and in concordance with ultramafic peridotite in Houxianyu. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of whole-rock samples lie within ranges of -2.6‰ to +5.59‰ for δ13C and 12.91‰ to 20.95‰ for δ18OThe δ13C and δ18O values of Mg-rich marble fall on the zone of primary and marine carbonatite in the diagram of δ18O-δ13C.The contents of carbon and oxygen isotope are higher than those of magmatic carbonatite all over the world,which may be concerned with the contamination of crustal materials.

    Retrograde Reactions of Garnet Pyroxenite Inclusion within Marble from Rongcheng, Northern Sulu UHPM Terrane
    CAI Zhi-hui, TANG Zhe-min, LIANG Feng-hua, CHEN Fang-yuan, ZHANG Li-jun
    2010, 24(1):  175-186. 
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    Garnet pyroxenite inclusions within marble, from Rongcheng, northern Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terrane are studied in detail.The garnet pyroxenite samples are divided into three parts (core, mantle and rim) according to their petrographic characteristics.The core of the retrograded garnet pyroxenite is composed of garnet and clinopyroxene.In the mantle, fine grained symplectites of hornblende and epidote occur along the garnet and clinopyrocene grains.It is suggested that these symplectites are developed from  garnet and clinopyroxene reacted with fluids from the wall rock.The reaction was not completed which is evidenced by the  larger hornblende and clinopyroxene relics remained in the retrograded garnet pyroxenite mantle.The larger hornblende came from the clinopyroxene.The rim of the retrograded garnet pyroxenite is composed of hornblende and epidote.The results of Laser Raman experiments indicate no coesite existed in the retrograded garnet pyroxenite, whereas coesites are found in all other type of rocks near these sample sites.It is likely that the garnet pyroxenite also proceeded the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic condition.The reason of absence of coesite in the rock is merely that the primary rocks are ultramafic.

    Characteristics of Clay Mineralogy of Late Oligocene Sediments in Xunhua Basin, Qinghai Province and Their Implications for Palaeoclimate
    YIN Ke, HONG Han-lie,LI Rong-biao, QIANG Tai,ZHANG Ke-xin,WANG Jin-rong
    2010, 24(1):  187-194. 
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    Mineral compositions and palaeoclimatic indicator of palygorskite of the Late Oligocene sediments in Xunhua basin, Qinghai,were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The results show that mineral compositions of the sediments are smectite, illite, palygorskite and chlorite, and the fibrous or acicular palygorskites are typically authigenic,which grew along the edges or the surfaces of platy smectite, respectively. Palygorskite is a characteristic clay mineral under semiarid and arid climate conditions, the occurrence of palygorskite in the Late Oligocene sediments in Xunhua basin is indicative of an arid palaeoclimate condition, which is consistent with the clay mineral assemblage and illite crystallinity. The relative content and crystallinity of palygorskite show an continuous increase from the lower to the upper portion, reflecting the increasing aridity. The arid palaeoclimate probably resulted from the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or the global cooling event.