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    20 August 2007, Volume 21 Issue Suppl
    Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology
    AThe Review of Experimental Study of Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity and the Suggestions on Launching Such Study in China
    LI Huai-ming,ZHAI Shi-kui,YU Zeng-hui
    2007, 21(Suppl):  1-5. 
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    Experimental study is the main method to study the modern seafloor hydrothermal activity, which has been the hot topic for its important scientific significance and huge resource value. In this paper, firstly, several reactors usually used for experimental simulation are introduced; secondly, the emphasis was put on the review of experimental study aimed to the modern seafloor hydrothermal activity in recent 30 years; finally, based on this, some advices were provided on launching such experimental study in this field in China.

    AGeochemical Evidence for Exhalative Genesis of the Dajing Sn-polymetallic Deposit in Inner Mongolia, China
    WANG Chang-ming, ZHANG Shou-ting, DENG Jun
    2007, 21(Suppl):  6-11. 
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    The Dajing deposit in Linxi County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,is a large scale Sn-Cu-Ag-Zn-Pb deposit in the southern section of the Da Hinggan area where Jurassic-Cretaceous volcanic-plutonic rocks are wide spread.So was regarded as epigenetic hydrothermal deposit in genetic  connection with the Mesozoic magmatism. By studying geochemical characteristics of the Dajing deposit associated with some deposit geological characteristics, the following research achievements have been obtained:(1)a geochemical study on geochemical compositions,trace elements and rare earth elements on the ores and mineral from the Dajing Sn-polymetallic deposit showed that the deposit might be of syngenetic hydrothermal sedimentary origin;(2)the relationship between carbon and oxygen isotopes in hydrothermal sedimentary rocks were comparable overall with many sedex-type sulfide ores and associated exhalites,implying a similar genesis for these deposits;(3)the lead isotope data of the ores indicate that subaqueous exhalative mineralization occured during the basin evolution at the Permian time in the Dajing deposit.

    The Discovery of Gypsum Near the P/T Boundary of the Meishan Section in China and Its Simulation Experiment
    CAI Hou-an, LIANG Han-dong, LI Bao-fang, MEI Ya-qing, ZHANG Jun
    2007, 21(Suppl):  12-16. 
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    Meishan section, located at Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, has been confirmed as the “Golden Spike”. The geochemical event layer lies on the 25th white clay and the 26th black clay. The macro mineral analysis shows that the sedimentary of carbonate is disconnected in the geochemical event layer, especially carbonate minerals is not detected in the clay of the 25th, which is replaced by a plenty of gypsum. The paper includes the characterization and analysis of the gypsum separated from the white clay and the experiment simulating the ancient environment of gypsum formation. The result shows that most gypsum in the 25th white clay of Meishan Section is automorphic crystal particles and part of them grows on particle of stone or clay mineral. The ancient environment of the gypsum formation may be the buffer solution ofHSO-4—SO2-4and the paper further infers the pH value is between 1.12 and 2.16, which provides  a new evidence for the hypothesis of ocean sulfation near the boundary of Permian and Triassic.

    Research on Structural Quantification and Balanced Section of Guojuzi Sag in Chezhen Depression, Dongying
    2007, 21(Suppl):  17-20. 
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    The technique of balanced section is a combination of geological thought and computer technique, which improves the research for fault structure up to quantitative stage. The theory is that the length, area(2D) or volume(3D) of the strata are balanced in the inline section. According to the principle of the balanced geological cross-section and theory of structural geology,this paper discusses some problems that may affect the reconstruction of  paleotectonics when using the “back stripping” method in constructing evolution sections.Four balanced sections are inversed using 2DMOVE software and the structural evolution characteristics of Guojuzi Sag are analyzed and the quantitative conclusion is drawn. It is indicated that the lower part of Shasi member, middle and lower part of Shasan member, Shayi member and Dongying formation are formed in rapid tectonic descent stages, and the extend ratio in southnorth orientation section is 2.5 times of that in eastwest section. Structural quantification research can provide foundation for analysis of sedimentary filling history, reservoir distribution, migration pathway and accumulation pattern.

    Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry of Marine Ferromanganese Deposits
    LI Jiang-shan, FANG Nian-qiao, ZHANG Zhen-guo, LI Hui-yong, MA Hong
    2007, 21(Suppl):  21-25. 
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    According to the different genesis, marine ferromanganese deposits can be classified into hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits, diagenetic ferromanganese deposits and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits. REEs in hydrogenetic and diagenetic ferromanganese deposits from Pacific and Indian Ocean were analyzed by ICP-MS, and were compared with REEs in the representative hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits, to understand the characteristics of REEs and the internal relationship between REEs and growth environment of hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits, diagenetic ferromanganese deposits and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits. There are significantly differences in rare earth elements characteristics among the three types. These indicate that hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits grow in relative stability and similar oxidizing environment; diagenetic ferromanganese deposits form in sub-oxidizing to reducing environment, but at some periods, parts of them may be affected by hydrogenesis; whereas hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits come from hydrothermal fluid and seawater, and there are great differences of growth environment among hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits in different areas.

    Research Status of the Carboniferous Reefs in the Southern China
    ZHANG Yong-li, GONG En-pu, GUAN Chang-qing, SUN Bao-liang, CHEN He
    2007, 21(Suppl):  26-29. 
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    The maturity of Carboniferous reefs is low in the southern China. The reef-building organism is very monotonous, only one or two main builders in each reef-building stage. The reefs are all relatively small and are not broadly distributed. The Carboniferous reefs of southern China reveal that reef development is a gradual re-establishment process after the reef-building community having completely collapsed by the extinction event in late Devonian. There was worldwide absence of metazoan framework reef in Carboniferous, but larger size metazoan framework reefs developed in Early and Late Carboniferous of the southern China. This is the most important feature of the Carboniferous reefs in the southern China.

    Analysis on Structure Control Characteristics of Cu-polymetallic Deposits in the Southern Section of the Da Hinggan Mountains, Inner Mongolia
    XU Yi, ZHANG Shou-ting, WANG Chang-ming, LIU Xiao-ji
    2007, 21(Suppl):  30-34. 
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    Lying in Inner Mongolia, the southern section of  the Da Hinggan Mountains is one of the most important polymetallic belts in China. In this region, mineral deposits are obviously controlled by structures which are mainly folds and fractures. The basic pattern of structures is in NE direction. Mineral deposits (points) are dominantly distributed in the intersections of NE, NNE, NW and EW fractures. They display strongly zoning and gradually changing. The ore bodies disconnectedly distribute along the fractures as irregular veins or lens. The preferable ore-finding areas are the intersections of different directions fractures or the sections of faults where the attitude changed.

    Analysis of Vibrational Spectra for Li-tourmaline with Color Zonings
    LIN Shan-yuan, LIU Yan, CAI Ke-qin,GE Wen-sheng
    2007, 21(Suppl):  35-40. 
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    The different crystal structures and chemical compositions in tourmalines with color zonings account for the inhomogeneous physical characters of these tourmalines. EMPA, IR and Raman spectrometers were used to detect four groups of tourmalines and crystal structures and chemical compositions of these crystals were discussed. The chemical compositions of these tourmalines indicated that the amount of TFe and TMn are greatly connected with the color causes of tourmalines. Four groups of tourmalines were assigned to Li-tourmalines because of the chemical compositions and characters of infrared spectra. The chemical composition also can tell us that the amount of SiO2  cause the shifts of Si-O and [Si6O18]12-.

    Petrograph and Mineralogy of Two Types of Ore From the Daixian Rutile Deposit, Shanxi, China
    JIA Xiu-ming,LI Sheng-rong, PANG Er-cheng, SHI Guang-hai, WU Zhen, LI Kong-liang
    2007, 21(Suppl):  41-48. 
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    According to colour of rutile, ores of the Daixian rutile deposit, the second biggest rutile deposit in China, can be classified into two types: red and black ore; the red ore generally occurred at upper part of the deposit, overlying the black ore without distinct border. These two ores have contrasting mineral associations: anthothyllite (Ath)+plagioclase(Pl)+rutile(Rut)+magnesiohornblende(Mhb)+alkline fledspar (Afs) for red ore and anthothyllite+phlogopite(Phl)+epsode(Ep)+Rutile for black ore. A chemical reaction was suggested as Mhb+Afs→Ath+/-Pl+/-Phl(?)based on petrographical observations in red rutile ore, Pl is possibly the transitional phase and complete reactants are Ath + Phl (?). The mineral associations of black ore is thus inferred to be more complete reactants of this reaction. As for rutiles, red rutiles are homogeneous in composition while black ones bear ilmenite exsolution lamellae of up to 2 μm in thickness. We concluded that it is the existence of the lamellae that causes color difference between these two rutiles. The rutile-hosted rocks are metamorphic rocks with amphibolite face, but more work should be done to discuss features of their protolith. This investigation have implications for better mining, selecting and utilizing this deposit.

    The Main Controlling Factors of Oil Fullness of Lithologic Reservoirs, Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,Shandong
    ZHANG Jun, JIANG Zhen-xue, PANG Xiong-qi, ZHANG Xiao-bo, LIN Shi-guo
    2007, 21(Suppl):  49-54. 
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    Dongying Depression is the typical continent rift basin, and many lithologic traps developed in the basin. Because the main controlling factors and mechanism of oil accumulation are not understood well, the next exploration disposition for lithologic reservoir is seriously controlled. On the basis of the data about 249 lithologic traps collected in the oil field, included good, middle, bad oil fullness and even no oil, the controlling factors of oil fullness were analyzed. The factor-analysis methods were used to find the main controlling factors. The research indicates that the plane and sectional distances between sand body and oil source center, petrophysical quality of sandstone body and the sandstone body size, for example thickness and area, are the main controlling factors of oil fullness for lithologic reservoirs. The relationship of oil fullness and distance is reverse ratio and there is no lithologic reservoir when the distance is longer than 24 km in Dongying Depression. The relationship of oil fullness and petrophysical quality is direct ratio and it goes against oil accumulation when the porosity is less than 10% and permeability is less than 1.3×10-3 μm2. With the sand body size bigger, the oil fullness is increased and then decreased, the corresponding inflexion is 2 m thickness and 0.3 km2 area.

    The Characteristic and Control of Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Faults in Peacock River Slope,Tarim Basin
    ZHANG Xiang-xiang,CUI Yong-gang,JIANG Hui
    2007, 21(Suppl):  55-57. 
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    The faults of Peacock river slope are divided into one first order fault that is Peacock river fault and others are second order. The faults are mainly NW to NWW and NE to NEE strike directions and develop in sections. The activities of faults are multiple phases and inherited. The faults of Peacock river slope develop imbricate thrusting, back thrusting, relative thrusting, “Y”pattern structural styles. The faults control the hydrocarbon accumulation on connecting resource rock,developing fault traps, improving reservoir rock condition and controlling the hydrocarbon accumulation scale.

    AThe Study of Diagenetic Facies of Sandstone Reservoirs of Upper Es2 of Paleogene in Zhanhua Sag,Bohai Bay Basin
    ZHANG Peng-fei, CHEN Shi-yue, ZHANG Ming-jun, YAN Ji-hua
    2007, 21(Suppl):  58-62. 
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    Zhanhua sag is the sub-tectonic unit of the Jiyang depression in Bohaiwan Basin. In order to find out the regularities of distribution and the characteristics of the reservoir in Upper Es2 of the Zhanhua sag, based on the data of the core,well-logging,seism,thin-section and the physical property in 84 wells, the characteristics of the sedimentary and diagenetic evolution of the reservoir are studied systemically. The reservoir primarily appeared in some microfacies, such as the fan-delta subaqueous distributary channel, mouth bar, beach-bar in the littoral and shallow lake. The reservoir is primarily lithoclastic quartz sandstone and lithic sandstone; the pore is chiefly primary pore;and the porosity and permeability of the reservoir are between 8% and 24%, 1×10-3μm2and 100×10-3μm2 respectively. Applying the theory of the diagenetic facies and cluster methods, the reservoir is classified into three types, which are respectively weak compaction and clay cementation, middle compaction, strong compaction and solution. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of three facies, the distribution ichnography of the diagenetic facies is completed.

    The Difficulty and Countermeasure of the High Sulfurous Gas Fields Development
    CEN Fang,LI Zhi-ping,LAI Feng-peng,HUANG Zhi-wen,XU Jin-jin
    2007, 21(Suppl):  63-65. 
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    To develop the high sulfurous gas fields safely and efficiently, the features and difficulties of the high sulfurous gas fields different from the general gas fields should be given. Then pertinent countermeasures were put forward to solve the questions and guide high sulfurous gas fields development. According to analysis on many fields materials, the high sulfurous gas fields development had four dissimilar unique features and difficulties: serious sour corrosion, serious sulfur deposition, easy hydrate formation and rigorous desulfuration. Based on the difficulty of high sulfurous gas fields development, pertinent countermeasures to guide high sulfurous gas fields development are put forward, enhancing the prevention and curing study of hydrogen sulfide corrosion, sulfur deposition, hydrate, and desulfidate techniques.

    A Study of Water Injection and Production in Carbonate Reservoir
    TU Xing-wan, LI Zhi-ping, ZHANG Xi-ting, HUANG Zhi-wen
    2007, 21(Suppl):  66-68. 
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    Given consideration to the situation of fast descending of production and the recovery factor in Tahe oilfield, the water injection and production were experimentalized on the spot. The experiment separated oil and water, supplied the reservoir energy, made speed the oil flow into well bore, added the lift energy, and enhanced the production and the recovery factor of the reservoir by using the principle of gravitative differentiation. The result of onthespot experiment in well T707 indicates that water injection and production are feasible and available. By applying the measure to 32 oil wells, the increment of oil production was 13 to 285 t and the increment in period was 55 to 3,105 t. Therefore, the technology is a new effective production mode in carbonated reservoir.

    A Weighting Factor Decision Method to Choose the Candidate Wells for Fracturing and Acidizing
    LIU Fang-yu, LI Zhi-ping, HUANG Zhi-wen
    2007, 21(Suppl):  69-73. 
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    Fracturing and acidizing are the most important stimulation treatment and are widely used in almost every oilfield. To obtain good treatment effectualness, it is important to select appropriate working wells. Based on the theoretical research and field application, this paper gave a weighting factor decision method to choose the candidate wells for fracturing and acidizing, which is helpful to boost the stimulation treatment effectualness.

    Deliverability Optimization Analysis in Horizontal Wells with Perforated Completions
    WANG Shu-ping,LI Zhi-ping,ZOU Cun-you,HUANG Zhi-wen,LI Yu-quan,DENG Min
    2007, 21(Suppl):  74-78. 
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    Perforated completion is a main way of horizontal well completions. Now in most cases the calculation of horizontal well deliverability is on the basis of the whole horizontal wellbore length. At the same time, fluid flow is regarded as infinite conductivity in the horizontal wellbore. However, horizontal wellbore pressure drawdown does exist and cannot be ignored. In the aim of maximum output and even Darcy velocity distribution, based on filtration theory and fluid mechanics and taking into account of wellbore pressure drawdown and interdependence effect of formation flow and wellbore flow, this paper analyzed the effect of horizontal wellbore perforation degree (perforation wellbore length/ horizontal wellbore length),perforation position and density on the horizontal well deliverability. Findings show as followings: horizontal wellbore perforation degree has an optimal control range; perforation position close to the end of horizontal wellborn can improve horizontal well deliverability; changing perforation density along horizontal wellborn is not as effective to horizontal well deliverability as to Darcy velocity distribution. Through the study of the thesis, horizontal well perforation scheme can be optimized and supported by scientific theory analysis.

    Research on Building Tourism Geological Landscape Classification Decision Tree Method
    PANG Shu-ying, YANG Shi-yu
    2007, 21(Suppl):  79-82. 
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    The data mining technology is applied to tourism geological landscape classification.The property of tourism geological landscape is summarized from many layers. By using depth prior rule of the building decision tree model, the projects of landscape unit partition are given. The tourism geological resources for the region of Three Parallel Rivers are analyzed quantitatively. Integrating the complex data mining arithmetic and theory of the tourism geological landscape, the bases of analyzing data and studying ways are established to explore tourism values with visual theory.

    Study on the Integrative Utilization of Red Mud from Alumina Industry
    SUN Zhao-xue
    2007, 21(Suppl):  83-87. 
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    Based on the analysis of the discharge, environment empoison and disposal difficulty of the alumina industry red mud, the program for the integrative utilization on the basis of circular economy are put forward. The measures of the Aluminum Corporation of China are depicted in detail. It is of guidance to the sustatinalbe development for the alumina industry.

    Research on the Cause and Development Approach of Crisis Mines
    YU Guang,YUAN Ai-guo
    2007, 21(Suppl):  88-92. 
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    At present, with the exhausting of mineral resources, many mines of China are faced with crisis. Therefore, it is a pressing task to realize the problems of the crisis mines and find the best approach to solve them not only for mining enterprises and the whole society, but also for the government, especially the central government. The actuality of crisis mines is analyzed objectively, in which the inner causes and external causes are discovered; the new approach of realizing a benign development is putting forward, in order to seek the new substitutable resources, extend the longevity of crisis mines, elongate the service time, and ensure the economic development and social stabilization. These suggestions are prospective to be reference for the government of mineral cities and central government to draw the policy.

    Research on the Countermeasures for Sustainable Development of Resource-exhausted Cities——Taking Fuxin City as a Case
    ZHANG Da-lin,LUO Yue-feng
    2007, 21(Suppl):  93-97. 
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    Resources cities,developed with the exploitation and utilization of mineral, have played an important role in social economic construction in the past several decades in China. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, these cities are faced serious challenge to their existences and developments under socialist market economic system. Therefore, the key to sustainable development of resources cities lies to rational exploitation and utilization of resources as well as level of the exploitation and utilization. Taking Fuxin City, Liaoning Province as an example, this paper discussed the optimal mode and effective countermeasures to adjust the sustainable development capability in the evolution process of resources-based city.

    Rebuilding the Mineral Resources Price System
    WU Yuan-yuan
    2007, 21(Suppl):  98-103. 
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    The market oriented economic system reform in China has improved China's high-speed economy development, which has substantially increased the requirements for  mineral resources. The mineral resources pricing system was built within China's plan oriented economic system, which enticed extensive economy and waste of resources.  With the development of China's economy, the conflict on mineral resources between high demand and big waste called for a reform on the mineral resources pricing system. Through literature review and analysis, some new components to construct the mineral resources price system are suggested.

    Thoughts about the Sustainable Development Strategy of Resources City: A Case from Panjin
    WANG Zheng-dong
    2007, 21(Suppl):  104-108. 
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    Panjin is a petrochemical city dominated by oil and gas resources, which has explored oil and gas for 30 years. With the development and exploration of oil and gas, the contradictions among resources exploitation, economic development, city and countryside relationship, space development degree and orders and so on are strengthened. It is necessary that the powerful development policy adjusted can carry out the harmony between the scientific exploitation and the sustainable development of Panjin city. Several suggestions on the resources exploitation and the sustainable development of Panjin city are put forward such as insisting on the realistic resources reserves of Panjin city, applying market economic mechanism, optimizing the configuration of resources, merging the oil-field and local government administration, making an overall plan, combination and coordination, complementary superiority, highlighting the an emphasis, and strengthening the security ability of resources sustainable development. It is pointed out that the sustainable utilization of resources promotes the sustainable development of regional economy in Panjin city.

    Economic Structure Change of Tongchuan as a Resources City
    WU Qian-jin
    2007, 21(Suppl):  109-111. 
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    Sustainable development of resources cities has been a intricate problem in the world. Tongchuan, as a typical resources city on coal mining, has to take preventive measures against resources exhaustion. To accelerate economic transformation and fulfill sustainable development will be great strategic tasks for Tongchuan in the future. Through giving concrete evidences and analysis of economic features and existing problems of Tongchuan, on the basis of summarizing the works on economic transformation in the past years and drawing on the successful experiences of other cities in this regard, the ideas for transforming the resource-based economies of Tongchuan are presented; concrete measures are put forward to adjust and optimize industrial structure and accomplish industrial upgrading, to carry out the strategy of urbanization and perfect urban facilities, and finally to solve the development problems and create good conditions for economic transformation. Beneficial references for Tongchuan in economic and social sustainable development are summarized as well.

    Value Orientation of Chinese Energy Resources Strategy Construction in “After Petroleum Age”
    WANG Gui-lan
    2007, 21(Suppl):  112-117. 
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    In recent years, with the Middle East conflict, highly raised petroleum price and the increasing independency of petroleum importation, the energy resources supply safety problem of China had caused widely concerns. This paper implored formal research methods to indicate that the objective economical origin of energy resources crisis in “after-petroleum age” was the three unconquerable contradictions in the petroleum system by sufficient data. From the analysis of Chinese internal petroleum resources endowment and the political possibility of external resources importation, the author concluded that Chinese petroleum system could not sustain the peaceful improvement process. Aiming at the access of the core issue of Chinese energy resources safety  system, the author constructs the optional economic model of energy technology exploitation opportunity, and testifies  that China can not stabilize the economic and safe foundation of peacefully improvement without regarding the exploitation and utilization of new energy as the key mission of the Chinese energy resources safety development strategy.

    Water Resources Sustainable Development Strategy and Allocation of Huaibei City,Anhui Province
    HUA Jian-hui
    2007, 21(Suppl):  118-122. 
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    Huaibei City is a typical city where it is lack of water caused by overly using karstic water. Water shortage has been a key restrictive factor in carrying out the development goal in new period from the development of economy and society nowadays and in the future. The characteristics of water resources and the problem in the water resources development and utilization of Huaibei City are analyzed, the water resources allocation and development strategy of Huaibei City are provided, and the research has important meaning in carrying out the development goal in new period.

    A Primary Study on the Practice of Metropolitan Planning Based on the Theory of Intensive Exploitation in Land
    WU Tian-jun
    2007, 21(Suppl):  123-127. 
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    Under the guidance of land resources intensive exploitation theory, and through the benefit analysis on Xinxiang's circumstances, it is concluded that actualizing metropolitan planning is the better way to promote the sustainable development of Xinxiang's economy and society. Some countermeasures and suggestions based on Xinxiang's practice are put forward to use for reference by  other districts’ development as well.

    Using the Theory of Circular Economy to Promote Sustainable Utilization of Land Resource
    YANG Zhong-hua,LI Tao
    2007, 21(Suppl):  128-133. 
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    Being the important carrier of each kind of activity, the land has acted a more and more important role in the modernized economy development process. However, it is important to manage to use the limited land resource sustainably. On the basis of the theory of circular economy, the concept of sustainable development of land resource was proposed; and the uniformity of the theory of circular economy and the sustainable utilization of land resource has expounded. The necessity of using theory of circular economy in the use and management of land was introduced; and the management model of sustainable land utilization, which takes the land management of ecology service as a key,and coordinates the functions of superintendent (government), the market and the user, was proposed.

    Establishment of Resource-saving Urbanization Patterns Explored
    NIU Yan-jun
    2007, 21(Suppl):  134-138. 
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    According to the analysis of the present resources, the resources demands of the urbanization development are forecasted, and the  current   problems in the course of resource utilization are put forward. Combining the foreign experience and moral in the urbanization development, the countermeasures of the urbanization development are given.

    The Feasibility Analysis of Different Frequency Combination Observations in Different GNSS
    WANG Qian-xin, CHEN Zheng-yang, GONG You-xing
    2007, 21(Suppl):  139-141. 
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    This paper discusses different frequency combination observations of Galileo/GPS systems. Firstly, the author analyses the research significance of combination observations in different GNSS. Secondly, the author analyses the present study status of combination observations in internal and external. Thirdly, the author points out the main problems presently. Fourthly, the author proved the feasibility of different frequency observations in different GNSS. Lastly, some valuable conclusions are drawn.

    Optimizing Seed Point Selection in RPCCL Clustering and Dimensionality Reduction of High Dimensions' Data
    LIU Xue-feng, JI Guang-rong, CHENG Jun-na, FU Min
    2007, 21(Suppl):  142-147. 
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    RPCCL (rival penalization controlled competitive learning) algorithm has been extensively used in clustering problems of the aerial remote sensing hyper-spectral data but its performance is sensitive to the selection of the initial cluster center. This paper, therefore, further investigates the RPCCL and proposes an optimizing seed point selection which chooses non-neighbor data points of the greatest local density as seed points. Compared to the existing RPCCL with random seed points, the clustering by this RPCCL with selecting seed points can converge more stably and effectively. Moreover, it is applicable to deal with the data in red tide and oil spill aerial remote sensing hyper-spectral data image. Additionally, the efficiency of the clustering is very low because of the redundancy of high dimensions in the hyper-spectral data. Therefore a dimensionality reduction method is described to solve this problem. The experiments show the promising results of this improved RPCCL approach and the dimensionality reduction implementation.

    Determination of Region Quasi-geoid Using GPS/Levelling Data
    SONG Lei , HUANG Teng , FANG Jian
    2007, 21(Suppl):  148-151. 
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    In order to use the height information of GPS observation and to translate ellipsoid height into normal height of observation point, the 1.5′×1.5′ distinguish rate region quasi-geoid has been constructed with geometry method,using C grade GPS control-web and Levelling data. The modeled quasi-geoid height anomaly was compared with C grade GPS/Levelling and D grade GPS/Level in  height anomaly. The accuracy of  inner and outer were all excelled than 30 cm. This shows that the accuracy of region quasi-geoid is centimeter grade.

    DEM Terrain Characteristic Fractal Based on Hypergraph
    OU Jian-liang, BAO Feng, WANG Wei-an
    2007, 21(Suppl):  152-156. 
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    It is a fundamental problem on how to obtain more accurate and integral structural characteristics from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) as possible in geoinformatics. This paper presented a new method as Terrain-Characteristic Hyper-Relationship (TCHR), which is based on mathematical hypergraph and terrain characteristic logical relationship. Hypergraph's edge in finite-set theory is defined to contain uncertain number of vertices. Based on hypergraph, DEM and its characteristic data can be formed into two hyper-classes, and characteristic line can be treated as the certain number of orderly vertices’sub-set additionally with its other properties. It is available to build a new idea for characteristic extraction based on the logic hyper-relationship between DEM and local area's structure characteristic. Thus method is proved to be useful to obtain more integrated and correct characteristic lines from the grid DEM.

    Drawdown Analysis about Carbonate Rock Fracture and Cave Reservoir and Software Development
    ZOU Cun-you, LI Zhi-ping, WAN Yi-wen, ZHANG Shi-hao
    2007, 21(Suppl):  157-160. 
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    The conventional method to research carbonate reservoir is to take it as a continual media and construct model, but this  is not the answer for underground substance. The paper adapts a discontinuous way to rebuild a new model by dividing reservoir into three systems: fracture system, cave system and matrix system and getting a drawdown formula which suits to carbonate reservoir; consequently, the way to get reservoir parameters is deduced in the paper. On the base of the theory research, the software is developed and the drawdown test data from fracture and cave reservoir can be explained in the software quickly and accurately. Through the analysis of more than ten well data, the method and software have advantage of easy operation, accurate result and can serve for oil and gas field.

    Optimizing Fracturing Parameters on Low-permeability Reservoir
    GU Li-bing, LI Zhi-ping,HOU Xiu-lin, ZHOU Jin-ying
    2007, 21(Suppl):  161-164. 
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    About 60% petroleum reserves are low-permeability reservoirs in China now. Fracturing is needed in order to improve productivity of these reservoirs. The research of optimizing fracturing parameters by the use of numerical simulation can offer theory guidance to actually working design. Firstly, mathematics pattern was founded. Then,  different values of radius,flow conductivity and direction of fractures were calculated,and their effects on productivity and water cut were analyzed. Computation results indicate that this method can improve the effect of fracturing in low-permeability reservoir, and optimal values of fracturing parameters do exist.

    Application of Fractal Theory on the Inhomogeneity of Reservoir:Taking Chang 2 Member Reservoir in Qiaozhen, the Ordos Basin as an Example
    DU Hai-feng,YU Xing-he
    2007, 21(Suppl):  165-169. 
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    Yanchang Formation reservoir of the Ordos Basin is litho-oil reservoir. The inhomogeneity of reservoir is very strong.  The Ordos basin reservoir inhomogeneity researching is based on linear interpolation. The inhomogeneity of reservoir is a type of nonlinear change process. The normal interpolation can not interpret true situation of the reservoir. Based on the reservoir characteristics of the statistics self-similar, fractional Brownian motion, fractional  Gaussian noise, using fractal interpolation, the reservoir homogeneity of Chang 2 Members of the Yanchang Formation in Qiaozhen of the Ordos Basin is studied. Based on the computational result, it can be known that the computational result is similar to the measured value in the same sand body. In the different sand body the two values have great difference. The research of reservoir inhomogeneity must base on the sedimentary facies. Knowing the sand spreading and sand body morphology, using fractal interpolation method, the result can approximate true situation of the reservoir.

    Physical Modeling and Present Situation of Hydraulic Fracturing
    MA Feng , ZHONG Jian-hua,LIU Li
    2007, 21(Suppl):  170-176. 
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    Hydraulic fracturing, an important cracking mean of the crust, plays an important role in the migration of the petroleum and in the hydorcarbon seeping process from source rocks. Research on micro-characteristics of the cores which are cracked by water power is rather weak, and their forming mechanism is only restricted within theoretic discussion in addition to relatively few supports from interrelated experiments. Hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted using composite samples consisting of micrite (muddy siltstone)  sandstone in order to understanding relationship between  hydraulic fracturing and rock types in sedimentary basin. The lower permeability rocks,micrite and muddy siltstone which modeled the crust of overpressure system have been broken by overpressure fluid, while the sandstones modeled the uncompacted belt of overpressure system have been not broken. The experimental results coincide with the theoretical analysis and field observation of hydraulic fracturing.

    Analysis on Downhole Pressure in Fracturing Flowback Process
    HUANG Zhi-wen, LI Zhi-ping, LEI Ting, WANG Shu-ping, ZOU Cun-you
    2007, 21(Suppl):  177-180. 
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    The hydraulic fracturing has become an important approach in stimulation of well. The pressure evaluation to every process in fracturing implement is required in split knowledge and fracturing appraisal. There is no matured method at all aims to downhole pressure in fracture fluid flowback process. This paper illustrates the flowback physical process on the basis of fracture fluid filtrating in reservoir. The conception of high pressure zone around fracturing is also introduced. And at same time, the fracture split is looked as an assemble of transient point source. A mathematical model describing fluid flowback process is created represented along with a set of equations using Green's function. Differential computing to the theoretical model is running and the fitting analysis comparing the model with the realistic testing data give out the quantizing results. This paper provides a new analysis method to study the downhole pressure in fracture fluid flowback process, and supplies a theoretical foundation to the fracturing implement and the fracturing performance appraisal.

    Study on Treatment Municipal Wastewater with Electro-coagulation
    HU Wei-wu, FENG Chuan-ping, LI Miao, WAN Li
    2007, 21(Suppl):  181-185. 
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    The treatment of municipal wastewater with chemical coagulation and electro-coagulation was an effective technology. The experiment was carried out with CaO, Ca(OH)2 and FeCl3  as the flocculants. Mixing time and the amount of reagent being used were investigated. It showed that the treatment effect was the best with 0.1%(m/V)Ca(OH)2 and 0.1mL/100mL FeCl3(40%,m/V) as the flocculants and mixing time is 5 minutes. The left SS and turbidity were 6 mg/L and 3.5 NTU, respectively. The SS removal ratio was up to 97%. The residual COD and TP were 166 mg/L and 3.66 mg/L, respectively. During the electro-coagulation,the COD removal ratio and the TP removal ratio were up to 87.1% and 97.5% at a current density of 20 mA/cm2 using 0.3‰ H2O2 as a reagent in 20 minutes. It reached the first class discharge standard of China national wastewater(COD<50 mg/L,TP<0.5 mg/L).

    Drilling Technology in Development of Geothermic Resources
    NG Cheng-ya,LUO Yin-guang,LI Jian-hong
    2007, 21(Suppl):  186-189. 
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    The paper mainly describes the characters of the structure and geography based on the drilling equipments of the geothermal resource in Yunnan Province, and introduces drilling technology and method used recently. Some problems existed in the work daily, such as drilling bits types selected, hole-protecting and hole-cementation, water stop and so on, are analyzed. Some sugestions on improving geothermic drilling technology in Yunnan Province are put forward.

    Application and New Creation of V-shaped Draining and Divertying Grooves on Preventing and Curing Mud-rock Flows in Yunnan
    WANG Jian-qiang
    2007, 21(Suppl):  190-195. 
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    The technology of V-shaped draining and diverting grooves has been used in preventing and curing mud-rock flows in Yunnan since 1990, about 30 mudrock flows have been cured by using this technology, and it has been practiced and summed up. This paper mainly focuses on an introduction of the features of mud-rock flows of Yunnan, the theory basis of V-shaped grooves and the technological achievement of preventing and curing mud-rock flows by spreading this technology.

    Study on the Development and Utilization of the Water Resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Cities Group
    DONG Fu-yin
    2007, 21(Suppl):  196-201. 
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    The environment of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities group, the development and utilization situation of the water resources are analyzed, and the problems in developing course are pointed out. Some directive constructive suggestion and countermeasures are put forward to promote the sustainable evolution of the economy and society, which are significant for the reasonable arrangement and scientific utilization of the water resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities group, the suggestion is in favor of the establishment of the water resources program as well.

    Research on Distortion Monitoring of Dongfeng Shafts in Sihe Coal Mine
    HONG You-tang, YAN Jian-bing
    2007, 21(Suppl):  202-204. 
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    Based on the analysis of distortion of Dongfeng shafts in the Sihe coal mine,this paper comes up with measuring displacement of shaft site by GPS and relative displacement of shafts by baseline.After six periodic measurements,the reasons and laws of shafts distortion are obtained.