Ecological Effect of A Typical Sulfide Deposit in Carbonate Area —Xijikeng Lead-Zinc Mine in Guigang, Guangxi

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2020.05.09

Abstract

Abstract:

The environmental pollution effect of sulfide deposit mining is closely related to the surrounding rock properties. To a certain extent, the surrounding rock of carbonate can neutralize the acid mine drainage (AMD) produced by sulfide mining, so as to reduce the harm of AMD and heavy metals. In this paper, Xijikeng sulfide mining area in Guigang, Guangxi is selected as the research area. In order to study the ecological effects of mining of sulfide deposits in carbonate areas, the samples of ores, tailings, wastewater, surface water, suspended solids, deposits and groundwater were collected systematically in the study area, and they were measured physical and chemical indicators such as heavy metals content and pH. It is expected to provide a scientific basis for ecological hazard assessment and environmental protection of mining of sulfide deposits in similar carbonate areas. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The content such as Cd, Pb and other heavy metals in tailings and wastewater samples are relatively high, which has a great potential risk to the surface water and groundwater in the mining area; (2) For the sulfide deposit in carbonate rocks, the release of heavy metals in the mining process has a significant impact on the surface water in the mining area. But due to the neutralization of the carbonate rocks, the dissolved, suspended and deposited content of heavy metals will decrease rapidly after the surface water flows out of the mining area, and the potential risk of heavy metals is at a slight level; (3)The deep pit water in the mining area is rich in heavy metals. During the infiltration process, due to the buffering effect of a large number of Ca²⁺, $CO_{3}^{2-}$,$HCO_{3}^{-}$ in the carbonate area, the groundwater environment quality of Xijikeng mining area is good. In addition to a small number of samples near the tailings pond and mine pit ponding in the mining area do not meet the standard, the groundwater quality of surrounding villages and towns is not affected by the mining area. It is shown that carbonate rock is the natural geochemical barrier of the migration of heavy metals, which can effectively reduce the environmental pollution risk of sulfide deposits mining.

Key words: carbonate area, lead-zinc mine, heavy metals, water quality, pollution assessment, Guigang City

CLC Number:

X142
TD167

LI Bo, YANG Zhongfang, JI Wenbing, YU Tao, HOU Qingye, HE Haiyun, ZHANG Qizuan, WU Tiansheng, QIN Jianxun. Ecological Effect of A Typical Sulfide Deposit in Carbonate Area —Xijikeng Lead-Zinc Mine in Guigang, Guangxi[J]. Geoscience, 2020, 34(05): 957-969.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig.1 Brief lithologic map of the study area

Fig.2 The mining environment in Xijikeng Pb-Zn mine

Fig.3 Sampling sites of the study area

Fig.4 The environment of water sampling in the mining area

Table 1 Chemical components of ores and wall rocks samples in the study area

样品	元素指标	CaO	TFe₂O₃	MgO	S	As	Cd	Pb	Zn
矿石 (n=4)	最小值	12.03	0.26	9.00	4.24	259.0	164.0	4 190	57 100
	平均值	18.78	6.16	14.00	11.31	2 924.0	336.5	33 194	98 906
	最大值	25.82	19.46	18.24	20.96	6 257.0	528.0	82 395	146 000
围岩 (n=3)	最小值	29.38	0.13	20.42	0.12	4.40	0.10	20.00	60.00
	平均值	30.44	0.73	20.86	0.40	34.50	6.42	222.00	460.00
	最大值	31.46	1.32	21.46	0.94	66.40	15.10	466.00	916.00

Table 2 Element content of the tailings samples in the study area(n=6)

元素指标	CaO	TFe₂O₃	MgO	S	As	Cd	Pb	Zn
最小值	0.34	1.29	0.48	0.03	24.30	0.63	76.70	143.00
平均值	20.25	3.80	15.62	0.56	286.05	10.75	913.12	2 735.67
最大值	27.88	12.25	22.71	0.85	554.00	24.40	1 403.00	5 591.00
ΔC_i/%	7.81	-38.34	11.62	-95.01	-90.22	-96.80	-97.25	-97.23

Fig.5 Correlation diagrams of Cd, As and Zn in the tailings samples

Table 3 Characteristics of chemical indexes of water samples in the mining area(n=6)

样品号		Ca²⁺	S $O 4 2 -$	As	Cd	Pb	Zn	pH	水温/℃
DW1		113	351	0.000 9	0.020 0	0.027 0	7.54	7.46	32.70
DW2		915	2 159	0.002 7	0.000 9	45.600 0	0.24	11.74	31.90
DW3		666	1 572	0.001 8	0.000 9	46.600 0	0.61	11.81	34.90
DW4		62	263	0.004 8	0.000 3	0.001 4	0.04	7.38	29.90
DW5		25	18	0.002 7	0.000 1	0.001 5	<0.000 8	6.92	31.80
DW6		81	213	0.011 0	0.000 5	0.001 8	0.10	7.19	33.70
GB 25466—2010	直接排放	—	—	0.3	0.05	0.5	1.5	6~9	—
GB 25466—2010	间接排放	—	—	0.3	0.05	0.5	1.5	6~9	—

Table 3 Characteristics of chemical indexes of water samples in the mining area(n=6)

样品号		Ca²⁺	S $O 4 2 -$	As	Cd	Pb	Zn	pH	水温/℃
DW1		113	351	0.000 9	0.020 0	0.027 0	7.54	7.46	32.70
DW2		915	2 159	0.002 7	0.000 9	45.600 0	0.24	11.74	31.90
DW3		666	1 572	0.001 8	0.000 9	46.600 0	0.61	11.81	34.90
DW4		62	263	0.004 8	0.000 3	0.001 4	0.04	7.38	29.90
DW5		25	18	0.002 7	0.000 1	0.001 5	<0.000 8	6.92	31.80
DW6		81	213	0.011 0	0.000 5	0.001 8	0.10	7.19	33.70
GB 25466—2010	直接排放	—	—	0.3	0.05	0.5	1.5	6~9	—
GB 25466—2010	间接排放	—	—	0.3	0.05	0.5	1.5	6~9	—

Table 4 Chemical characteristics of surface water, suspended solids and deposits in the study area (n=7)

水期	地表水	Ca²⁺	HC $O 3 -$	S $O 4 2 -$	As	Cd	Pb	Zn	pH值	水温/℃
枯水期	最小值	11.60	38.80	8.45	0.000 7	—	0.000 1	0.010 0	6.80	21.30
	平均值	35.73	117.51	20.21	0.003 9	—	0.000 5	0.017 0	—	—
	最大值	45.40	150.00	42.40	0.011 0	—	0.000 8	0.024 0	7.62	24.40
丰水期	最小值	13.20	33.20	4.91	0.001 6	0.000 1	0.001 7	0.001 1	6.57	29.00
	平均值	33.43	99.97	17.06	0.002 5	0.000 2	0.002 2	0.042 6	—	—
	最大值	46.40	146.00	38.60	0.003 7	0.000 4	0.002 4	0.150 0	7.83	32.90
水期	悬浮物	Cd	Pb	Zn	As	底积物	Cd	Pb	Zn	As
枯水期	最小值	0.85	45.29	190.90	27.45	最小值	0.31	25.60	82.90	15.20
	平均值	2.05	147.25	776.05	53.61	平均值	0.92	65.63	279.40	24.56
	最大值	4.84	385.70	1 955.50	129.40	最大值	1.93	124.0	587.00	34.40

Table 4 Chemical characteristics of surface water, suspended solids and deposits in the study area (n=7)

水期	地表水	Ca²⁺	HC $O 3 -$	S $O 4 2 -$	As	Cd	Pb	Zn	pH值	水温/℃
枯水期	最小值	11.60	38.80	8.45	0.000 7	—	0.000 1	0.010 0	6.80	21.30
	平均值	35.73	117.51	20.21	0.003 9	—	0.000 5	0.017 0	—	—
	最大值	45.40	150.00	42.40	0.011 0	—	0.000 8	0.024 0	7.62	24.40
丰水期	最小值	13.20	33.20	4.91	0.001 6	0.000 1	0.001 7	0.001 1	6.57	29.00
	平均值	33.43	99.97	17.06	0.002 5	0.000 2	0.002 2	0.042 6	—	—
	最大值	46.40	146.00	38.60	0.003 7	0.000 4	0.002 4	0.150 0	7.83	32.90
水期	悬浮物	Cd	Pb	Zn	As	底积物	Cd	Pb	Zn	As
枯水期	最小值	0.85	45.29	190.90	27.45	最小值	0.31	25.60	82.90	15.20
	平均值	2.05	147.25	776.05	53.61	平均值	0.92	65.63	279.40	24.56
	最大值	4.84	385.70	1 955.50	129.40	最大值	1.93	124.0	587.00	34.40

Fig.6 Correlation diagram of Ca2+and pH in surface water of the study area

Fig.7 Migration of heavy metals in surface water in flood season

Table 5 Chemical components of groundwater samples in the study area(n=20)

	Ca²⁺	$S O 4 2 -$	$HC O 3 -$	As	Cd	Pb	Zn	水温/℃
最小值	26.30	14.10	98.90	0.000 4	0.000 1	0.000 4	0.001	24.50
平均值	82.08	59.17	242.60	0.003 5	0.000 9	0.026 3	0.077	—
最大值	121.00	126.00	394.00	0.013 0	0.010 0	0.510 0	0.540	32.50
Ⅲ类限值	—	≤250	—	≤0.01	≤0.005	≤0.01	≤1.00	—
Ⅳ类限值	—	≤350	—	≤0.05	≤0.01	≤0.1	≤5.00	—
Ⅴ类限值	—	>350	—	>0.05	>0.01	>0.1	>5.00	—

Table 5 Chemical components of groundwater samples in the study area(n=20)

	Ca²⁺	$S O 4 2 -$	$HC O 3 -$	As	Cd	Pb	Zn	水温/℃
最小值	26.30	14.10	98.90	0.000 4	0.000 1	0.000 4	0.001	24.50
平均值	82.08	59.17	242.60	0.003 5	0.000 9	0.026 3	0.077	—
最大值	121.00	126.00	394.00	0.013 0	0.010 0	0.510 0	0.540	32.50
Ⅲ类限值	—	≤250	—	≤0.01	≤0.005	≤0.01	≤1.00	—
Ⅳ类限值	—	≤350	—	≤0.05	≤0.01	≤0.1	≤5.00	—
Ⅴ类限值	—	>350	—	>0.05	>0.01	>0.1	>5.00	—

Fig.8 Variation of Ca2+ and HCO3- content in groundwater with sampling depth

Fig.9 Schematic diagram of groundwater samples exceeding limits in the study area

Fig.10 pH value of water samples in different seasons in the study area

Table 6 Grading standards of geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index

I_geo	级数	污染程度	$E r i$	RI	生态危害
≤0	0	清洁	<40	<150	轻微
0~1	1	轻度	≥40~80	≥150~300	中等
≥1~2	2	偏中	≥80~160	≥300~600	强
≥2~3	3	中度	≥160~320	≥600~1 200	很强
≥3~4	4	偏重	≥320	≥1 200	极强
≥4~5	5	重度	—	—	—
≥5	6	严重	—	—	—

Table 6 Grading standards of geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index

I_geo	级数	污染程度	$E r i$	RI	生态危害
≤0	0	清洁	<40	<150	轻微
0~1	1	轻度	≥40~80	≥150~300	中等
≥1~2	2	偏中	≥80~160	≥300~600	强
≥2~3	3	中度	≥160~320	≥600~1 200	很强
≥3~4	4	偏重	≥320	≥1 200	极强
≥4~5	5	重度	—	—	—
≥5	6	严重	—	—	—

Fig.11 Geo-accumulation indexes of heavy metals in suspended solids and deposits in the study area

Fig.12 Ecological risk of heavy metals in suspended solids and deposits in the study area

Fig.13 Mineral composition of the tailings and deposits samples

References 36

[1]	周珊珊. 四川汉源铅锌矿区环境地球化学特征[D]. 成都:成都理工大学, 2014: 1-2.
[2]	卢龙, 王汝成, 薛纪越, 等. 硫化物矿物的表面反应及其在矿山环境研究中的应用[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 2001,20(4):387-394.
[3]	周珊珊, 施泽明. 金属硫化物矿山环境研究[J]. 矿物学报, 2013,33(S2):733-734.
[4]	SEAL R R II, HAMMARSTROM J M, SOUTHWORTH C S, et al. Preliminary report on water quality associated with the abandoned Fontana and Hazel Creek Mines,Great Smoky Mountains National Park,North Carolina and Tennessee[R]. Reston, Virginia State: United States Geological Survey, 1998: 1-50.
[5]	HOLMSTRÖM H, LJUNGBERG J, ÖHLANDER B. Role of carbonates in mitigation of metal release from mining waste. Evidence from humidity cells tests[J]. Environmental Geology, 1999,37(4):267-280. DOI URL
[6]	郑星辉, 周春玲, 李建强, 等. 桂平市锡基坑铅锌矿床地质特征及外围找矿潜力分析[J]. 南方国土资源, 2008(9):40-42.
[7]	黄芳燕. 贵港—平南铅锌成矿带矿床成矿模式及富集规律探讨[J].南方国土资源, 2012(1):40-42.
[8]	黄海斌. 锡基坑铅锌矿采空区稳定性分析及其治理方案优化[D]. 南宁:广西大学, 2017: 7-10.
[9]	叶有乐. 贵港—平南地区铅锌铜矿床成因及找矿潜力[J].南方国土资源, 2009(7):46-48.
[10]	环境保护部, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. GB 25466—2010铅、锌工业污染物排放标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2010: 4-5.
[11]	国家环境保护总局. GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2002: 1-2.
[12]	国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB 5084—2005 农田灌溉水质标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2005: 2-3.
[13]	王兰根. 大宝山矿区多金属硫化物矿床中共生(伴生)元素的分布特点及综合利用前景分析[J]. 南方金属, 2011(6):30-32,48.
[14]	周建民, 党志, 蔡美芳, 等. 大宝山矿区污染水体中重金属的形态分布及迁移转化[J]. 环境科学研究, 2005,18(3):5-10.
[15]	黄长干, 邱业先. 江西德兴铜矿铜污染状况调查及植物修复研究[J]. 土壤通报, 2005,36(6):991-992.
[16]	许万文, 张文涛. 德兴铜矿酸性矿山废水污染分析[J].江西化工, 2004(1):87-90.
[17]	李小虎. 大型金属矿山环境污染及防治研究——以甘肃金川和白银为例[D]. 兰州:兰州大学, 2007: 54-66.
[18]	国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 14848—2017 地下水质量标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017: 1-3.
[19]	HOFMANN T, SCHUWIRTH N. Zn and Pb release of sphalerite (ZnS)-bearing mine waste tailings[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008,8(6):433-441. DOI URL
[20]	李云峰, 袁旭音, 李兵, 等. 长江下游重金属在水相—悬浮物中的分布与输移[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2010,38(6):3098-3101,3124.
[21]	路永正, 阎百兴. 重金属在松花江沉积物中的竞争吸附行为及pH的影响[J]. 环境科学研究, 2010,23(1):20-25.
[22]	段艳华, 甘义群, 郭欣欣, 等. 江汉平原高砷地下水监测场水化学特征及砷富集影响因素分析[J]. 地质科技情报, 2014,33(2):140-147.
[23]	HAKANSON L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research, 1980,14(8):975-1001. DOI URL
[24]	MULLER G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. GeoJournal, 1969,2(3):108-118.
[25]	黄飞, 王泽煌, 蔡昆争, 等. 大宝山尾矿库区水体重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究, 2016,29(11):1701-1708.
[26]	李娟, 杨忠芳, 夏学齐, 等. 长江沉积物环境地球化学特征及生态风险评价[J]. 现代地质, 2012,26(5):939-946.
[27]	MCKIBBEN M A, TALLANT B A, ANGEL J K D. , Kinetics of inorganic arsenopyrite oxidation in acidic aqueous solutions[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2008,23(2):121-135. DOI URL
[28]	卢龙, 雷良城, 林锦富, 等. 矿物表面特征和表面反应的研究现状及其应用[J]. 桂林工学院学报, 2002,22(3):354-358.
[29]	HUANG B, LI Z W, HUANG J Q, et al. Adsorption characteri-stics of Cu and Zn onto various size fractions of aggregates from red paddy soil[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014,264(15):176-183. DOI URL
[30]	吴攀, 刘丛强, 杨元根, 等. 矿山环境中(重)金属的释放迁移地球化学及其环境效应[J]. 矿物学报, 2001,21(2):213-218.
[31]	AKCIL A, KOLDAS S. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD):causes,treatment and case studies[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006,14(12/13):1139-1145. DOI URL
[32]	YU Y M, ZHU Y X, GAO Z M, et al. Rates of arsenopyrite oxidation by oxygen and Fe(III) at pH 1.8-12.6 and 15-45 ℃[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007,41(18):6460-6464. DOI URL PMID
[33]	李娟, 陆建军, 陆现彩, 等. 含硫化物方解石脉地表风化产物[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2015,45(S1):30.
[34]	张国庆, 张明美, 王少锋, 等. 含氧溶液中毒砂氧化溶解的XAFS研究[J]. 核技术, 2016,39(11):1-6.
[35]	BERGER A C, BETHKE C M, KRUMHANSL J L. A process model of natural attenuation in drainage from a historic mining district[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2000,15(5):655-666. DOI URL
[36]	朱继保, 陈繁荣, 卢龙, 等. 广东凡口Pb-Zn尾矿中重金属的表生地球化学行为及其对矿山环境修复的启示[J]. 环境科学学报, 2005,25(3):414-422.