Hydrochemistry and Formation of the Yangchimi Hot Spring in the Lanping Basin of Yunnan

Abstract

Abstract:

The Yangchimi hot spring is located in the Yunlong County of Yunnan Province, China, and flows out from the karstic fractures in limestone. Quaternary sands and pebbles occur along the river valley around the spring, and Permian and Triassic carbonates outcrop and underlie the unconsolidated sediments. There are three spring orifices with water temperature of 35.6-35.9 ℃, and the total flow rate is 0.25 m³/s.The chemical characteristic of the hot spring water is as follows: pH=6.3-6.5, TDS=0.982-1.116 g/L, F^-=0.86-1.92 mg/L and H₂SiO₃=24-24.2 mg/L. The hot water belongs to HCO₃·SO₄-Ca type. The ²H and ¹⁸O isotopes of the hot spring water indicate that the hot water is of meteoric origin. The recharge altitude is estimated as 2 500 m or so, the temperature of the geothermal reservoir as 60-70 ℃, and the depth of the groundwater circulation as approximately 1 255 m. The Yangchimi hot spring lies in the carbonate in the uplift area surrounded by the redbed in the Lanping Basin in Yunnan. Groundwater receives recharge from infiltration of precipitation in the recharge area, undergoes deep circulation in the carbonate aquifer, obtains heat from heat flow and flows up to the surface in the river valley. It is an erosion karst hot spring with low temperature.

Key words: hot spring, hydrochemistry, isotope, genesis, Yunnan

CLC Number:

P641.3

WANG Jieqing, ZHOU Xun, LI Xiaolu, WANG Mengmeng, SHEN Ye, FANG Bin. Hydrochemistry and Formation of the Yangchimi Hot Spring in the Lanping Basin of Yunnan[J]. Geoscience, 2017, 31(04): 822-831.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig. 1 Simplified geological map of the Yunlong area in the Lanping Basin in Yunnan

Fig.2 The western vent (left) and the eastern vent (right) of the Yangchimi hot spring

Fig.3 Schematic map and profile showing the occurrence of the Yangchimi hot spring

Table 1 Chemical analyses of the Yangchimi hot spring(mg/L)

测试项	2016年 3月水样数据	2016年 3月水样数据	1999年《云南省志·温泉志》数据	测试项	2016年 3月水样数据	2016年 3月水样数据	1999年《云南省志·温泉志》数据	测试项	2016年 3月水样数据	2016年 3月水样数据	1999年《云南省志·温泉志》数据
测试项	YY13-1	YY13-2	YY13-A	测试项	YY13-1	YY13-2	YY13-A	测试项	YY13-1	YY13-2	YY13-A
K⁺	4.16	4.53	6.1	钡	0.048 2	0.038 6	-	偏砷酸	<0.002	<0.002	-
Na⁺	54.9	61.5	40.1	铬(6价)	0.017 7	0.011 9	-	偏硼酸	3.72	3.44	3.4
Ca²⁺	102	126	181	铅	0.019 6	0.009 44	-	偏磷酸	<0.01	<0.01	-
Mg²⁺	40.9	46.2	36.3	锰	0.010 9	0.005 23	-	游离CO₂	253	204.6	-
$NH 4 +$	<0.02	<0.02	0.28	锂	0.299	0.294	0.18	矿化度	982	1 116	759
Fe²⁺+Fe³⁺	0.37	0.45	-	锶	5.97	6.37	-	总硬度	-	-	-
$HCO 3 -$	418	436	460	溴	0.06	0.13	-	pH	6.5	6.3	7.6
Cl^-	22.8	25.6	20.9	碘	<0.02	<0.02	-	温度/℃	35.6	35.9	36
$SO 4 2 -$	338	414	220	锌	0.028 1	0.028 9	-	²²⁶Ra/(Bq/L)	0.009	0.008	-
F^-	0.86	1.92	0.92	硒	0.000 8	0.000 8	-	²²²Rn/(Bq/L)	0.02	0.02	-
$NO 3 -$	<0.08	<0.08	-	偏硅酸	24.0	24.2	-

Table 1 Chemical analyses of the Yangchimi hot spring(mg/L)

测试项	2016年 3月水样数据	2016年 3月水样数据	1999年《云南省志·温泉志》数据	测试项	2016年 3月水样数据	2016年 3月水样数据	1999年《云南省志·温泉志》数据	测试项	2016年 3月水样数据	2016年 3月水样数据	1999年《云南省志·温泉志》数据
测试项	YY13-1	YY13-2	YY13-A	测试项	YY13-1	YY13-2	YY13-A	测试项	YY13-1	YY13-2	YY13-A
K⁺	4.16	4.53	6.1	钡	0.048 2	0.038 6	-	偏砷酸	<0.002	<0.002	-
Na⁺	54.9	61.5	40.1	铬(6价)	0.017 7	0.011 9	-	偏硼酸	3.72	3.44	3.4
Ca²⁺	102	126	181	铅	0.019 6	0.009 44	-	偏磷酸	<0.01	<0.01	-
Mg²⁺	40.9	46.2	36.3	锰	0.010 9	0.005 23	-	游离CO₂	253	204.6	-
$NH 4 +$	<0.02	<0.02	0.28	锂	0.299	0.294	0.18	矿化度	982	1 116	759
Fe²⁺+Fe³⁺	0.37	0.45	-	锶	5.97	6.37	-	总硬度	-	-	-
$HCO 3 -$	418	436	460	溴	0.06	0.13	-	pH	6.5	6.3	7.6
Cl^-	22.8	25.6	20.9	碘	<0.02	<0.02	-	温度/℃	35.6	35.9	36
$SO 4 2 -$	338	414	220	锌	0.028 1	0.028 9	-	²²⁶Ra/(Bq/L)	0.009	0.008	-
F^-	0.86	1.92	0.92	硒	0.000 8	0.000 8	-	²²²Rn/(Bq/L)	0.02	0.02	-
$NO 3 -$	<0.08	<0.08	-	偏硅酸	24.0	24.2	-

Fig.4 Piper diagram showing the hot water samples in the study area

Table 2 Data of δ2H and δ18O of the hot spring water samples

温泉名称	编号	温度/℃	δ²H/ ‰	δ¹⁸O/‰
羊吃蜜温泉东泉眼	YY13-1	35.6	-97.6	-12.1
羊吃蜜温泉西泉眼	YY13-2	35.9	-92.6	-12.8
石房温泉	YY6	53.8	-81.5	-9.8
沙坝温泉	YYB1	68.7	-100.2	-10.5
曲硐温泉	YYP1	56.4	-104.1	-11.1

Fig.5 Plot of δ2H-δ18O of the hot water samples

Table 3 Estimated recharge altitude of the spring water in the study area

水样编号	标高/m	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	补给高程/m (方法1,δ²H)	补给高程/m (方法2,δ¹⁸O)	补给高程/m (方法2,δ²H)	平均值/m
YY13-1	2 020	-97.6	-12.1	3 150	1 903	2 592	2 548
YY13-2	2 020	-92.6	-12.8	2 950	2 129	2 400	2 493

Table 4 Estimated temperature of the recharge area of the hot water

水样编号	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	补给区温度/℃ (式(4),δ²H)	补给区温度/℃ (式(4),δ¹⁸O)	补给区温度/℃ (式(5),δ¹⁸O)	补给区温度/℃ (式(6),δ²H)	平均值/℃
YY13-1	-97.6	-12.1	0.43	2.16	-9.72	-1.87	-2.25
YY13-2	-92.6	-12.8	1.32	1.15	-13.7	-0.2	-2.86

Table 5 Contents of 226Ra and 222Rn of the hot water samples and the estimated age

编号	²²⁶Ra含量/(Bq/L)	²²²Rn含量/(Bq/L)	年龄/a
YY13-1	0.009	0.02	1 408
YY13-2	0.008	0.02	1 197

Table 6 Estimated temperature of the geothermal reservoir of the study area

水样编号	水温 /℃	估算热储温度/℃					热储温度取值/℃
水样编号	水温 /℃	式(8)	式(9)	式(10)	式(11)	式(12)	热储温度取值/℃
YY13-1	35.6	60.54	60.46	66.29	11.44	28.27	60~70
YY13-2	35.9	60.87	60.77	66.57	11.74	28.59	60~70

Table 7 Estimated circulation depth of the thermal groundwater in the study area

编号	G/(m/℃)	t_z/℃	t₀/℃	Z₀/m	Z/m
YY13-1	25	65	16	30	1255
YY13-2	25	65	16	30	1255

Fig.6 Mixing ratio of cold and hot water for YY13-1

Fig.7 Mixing ratio of cold and hot water for YY13-2

Table 8 Relationship between temperature, enthalpy and SiO2 contents

温度/ ℃	焓/ (4.1868 J/g)	SiO₂含量/ (mg/L)	温度/ ℃	焓/ (4.1868 J/g)	SiO₂含量/ (mg/L)
50	50	13.5	200	203.6	265
75	75	26.6	225	230.9	365
100	100.1	48	250	259.2	486
125	125.4	80	275	289	614
150	151	125	300	321	692
175	177	185

Table 9 Initial values of parameters of the Yangchimi hot spring

温泉	年平均气温/℃	冷泉SiO₂/ (mg/L)	泉口温度/℃	实测SiO₂/ (mg/L)	热水初温假定/℃
YY13-1	16.1	10	35.6	18.46	50~300
YY13-2	16.1	10	35.9	18.62	50~300

Table 10 Calculated values of X1 and X2 of the Yangchimi hot spring

温泉编号	冷热水混合比例	温度/℃
温泉编号	冷热水混合比例	50	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275	300
YY13-1	X₁	0.425	0.669	0.768	0.821	0.854	0.877	0.894	0.907	0.917	0.925	0.931
YY13-1	X₂	-1.417	0.490	0.777	0.879	0.926	0.952	0.956	0.962	0.966	0.970	0.973
YY13-2	X₁	0.416	0.664	0.764	0.818	0.852	0.875	0.892	0.905	0.915	0.924	0.930
YY13-2	X₂	-1.463	0.481	0.773	0.877	0.925	0.951	0.955	0.961	0.965	0.969	0.972

Table 11 Saturation index of the minerals in the Yangchimi hot springs

矿物	化学式	YY13-1	YY13-2	YY13-A
文石	CaCO₃	-0.48	-0.59	0.91
方解石	CaCO₃	-0.34	-0.46	1.05
白云石	CaMg(CO₃)₂	-0.67	-0.93	1.84

Fig.8 Schematic diagram showing the genesis of the Yangchimi hot spring

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