Distribution and Influencing Factors of Cadmium Geochemical Fractions of Soils at Carbonate Covering Area in Hengxian and Xiangzhou of Guangxi

Abstract

Abstract:

The carbonate covering area is about 96,372 km², accounting for about 40.7% of district land area in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The heavy metals in soil formed from the carbonate weathering were enriched commonly, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). Preliminary evaluation results showed that there was no corresponding relation between Cd uptake of crops and Cd content in soil. Crops which exceed food safety standards always grew in the soil with low Cd content.Soil with high Cd content generally contained bauxite, Fe-Mn nodules and other particles.In order to discuss factors affecting geochemical fractions of Cadmium, we determined geochemical fractions of cadmium and other soil properties in two study areas in relation to bauxite and Fe-Mn nodules. Soils in the Hengxian area were with bauxite and Fe-Mn nodules. Soils in the Xiangzhou area were without bauxite and Fe-Mn nodules.The results show that: (1) In Xiangzhou area, the Cd content of soil was mainly bounded to mobile fraction and the bioavailability of Cd was high. In Hengxian area, Cd was mainly bounded to residue fraction, the bioavailability was low.(2) Soil pH and organic matter were important factors controlling the Cd mobility.Soil pH value 6.0 is the abrupt change point of the Cd mobility,contents of ion-exchange Cd reached maximum in soil pH value 6.0 in Xiangzhou soils. The percentage of mobile fraction Cd was increasing with soil pH decreasing in Hengxian soils. (3) Cd in mobile fraction was correlated positively with organic matter in Xiangzhou soils, which indicated that Cd is weakly adsorbed by organic matter in soil. Cd fraction has no obvious correlation with organic matter in Hengxian soil. (4) The Cd content of soil with bauxite was high, which occurred in the residual fraction in Hengxian. So, it was not harmful to animals or plants.

Key words: Guangxi, carbonate, cadmium fractions, pH, organic matter

CLC Number:

P595
X142

LIU Xu, GU Qiubei, YANG Qiong, YU Tao, ZHANG Qizuan. Distribution and Influencing Factors of Cadmium Geochemical Fractions of Soils at Carbonate Covering Area in Hengxian and Xiangzhou of Guangxi[J]. Geoscience, 2017, 31(02): 374-385.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig.1 The picture of primary bauxite and the bauxite in soil in Hengxian

Table 1 The different particle size of bauxite, Fe-Mn nodules of soil in Hengxian

目数/目	>10	10~20	20~40	40~60	60~80	80~100	100~120	<120
比例/%	20.44	27.46	11.09	5.61	3.49	2.99	2.08	26.84

Fig.2 Location of the study area in Guangxi

Table 2 Requirements of detection limits to various fractions of Cd

元素	检出限/(mg/kg)
元素	水溶态	离子交换态	碳酸盐态	腐殖酸态	铁锰氧化态	强有机态	残渣态
Cd	0.005	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03

Table 3 Analyzing inspection limits

含量范围/(mg/kg)	相对双差(RD)/%
≤3倍方法检出限	80
>3倍方法检出限	60

Table 4 The accuracy and precision requirements of daily analysis

含量范围	准确度		精密度
含量范围	ΔlgC(GBW)= $l g C i ˉ - l g C s$ )		λ= $∑ i = 1 n (C i - C s) 2 4 - 1$
检出限3倍以内	≤0.12	0.17
检出限3倍以上	≤0.10	0.15
1%~5%	≤0.07	0.10
>5%	≤0.05	0.08

Table 4 The accuracy and precision requirements of daily analysis

含量范围	准确度		精密度
含量范围	ΔlgC(GBW)= $l g C i ˉ - l g C s$ )		λ= $∑ i = 1 n (C i - C s) 2 4 - 1$
检出限3倍以内	≤0.12	0.17
检出限3倍以上	≤0.10	0.15
1%~5%	≤0.07	0.10
>5%	≤0.05	0.08

Table 5 The accuracy and precision of Cd fractions,pH and TOC of soil

指标	Cd形态							pH	TOC
指标	水溶态	离子态	碳酸盐态	腐殖酸态	铁锰态	强有机态	残渣态	pH	TOC
准确度/%				4.54				0.01	0.02
精密度/%	0.00	15.22	15.96	14.89	10.68	9.44	8.95	0.00	0.03

Table 6 The content and percentages of different Cd fractions in Hengxian and Xiangzhou soil

地区	平均值	水溶态	离子交换态	碳酸盐结合态	腐殖酸结合态	铁锰氧化态	强有机结合态	残渣态	各态加和
横县	含量/(mg/kg)	0.011	0.079	0.036	0.037	0.076	0.01	0.391	0.661
n=30	比例/%	1.66	11.87	5.47	5.58	11.50	4.73	59.18	100.00
象州	含量/(mg/kg)	0.001	0.05	0.024	0.026	0.022	0.012	0.028	0.164
n=30	比例/%	0.61	31.01	14.63	15.80	13.47	7.47	17.02	100.00

Fig.3 The percentages of different Cd fractions in Xiangzhou soil

Fig.4 The percentages of different Cd fractions in Hengxian soil

Fig.5 The correlations between different Cd fractions contents and total Cd in soil of Hengxian

Fig.6 The correlations between different Cd fractions contents and total Cd in soil of Xiangzhou

Fig.7 The comparison of different Cd fractions content with soil pH changing in Hengxian

Fig.8 The trend of Cd in ion exchangeable fraction content with soil pH changing in Xiangzhou

Fig.9 The comparison chart of different Cd fractions content with soil pH changing in Xiangzhou

Fig.10 The trend of Cd total content with TOC changing in Xiangzhou and Hengxian

Fig.11 The trend of different Cd fractions content with TOC changing in Xiangzhou

Fig.12 The trend of different Cd fractions content with TOC changing in Hengxian

Fig.13 The trend of Cd in residual fraction content with soil pH changing in Hengxian

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