西北太平洋边缘海热流特征研究

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2019.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

西北太平洋各边缘海及其相应俯冲系统受深部构造活动等地质条件的控制,热流变化较大。在收集整理该区域最新的热流数据基础上,重点探讨西北太平洋俯冲带热结构相关理论、边缘海大洋岩石圈热演化理论模型和局部高异常热流的影响因素,总结了西北太平洋边缘海热流所反映的地质意义。研究结果表明,在西北太平洋“沟-弧-海”体系中,从“沟”到“弧”再到“边缘海”,热流密度呈“低-高-较高”的变化趋势,弧后地区整体表现为“均一高热”特征;千岛海沟、日本海沟和琉球海沟热流密度值在30.0 mW/m²左右,而对应的岛弧值为其2~3倍。弧后热流大小受到汇聚型俯冲带热结构的影响,俯冲带脱水作用导致的弧后上地幔黏度变化,地震速度降低,岩石圈弹性厚度减薄,引起小尺度地幔对流,形成弧后“均一高热”的热状态。热流的时空分布与岩石圈年龄也有关,随着岩石圈年龄增大,地表热流密度值会随之降低,热流密度值大小和离散性与其形成时间大致呈负相关。鄂霍次克海形成时代(30~65 Ma)较早,其热流密度值(86.8 mW/m²)和离散性(标准差3.727)相对较低;冲绳海槽目前还处于扩张阶段,其热流密度值(139.0 mW/m²)和离散性(标准差7.001)较高。浅层的地下水循环、断裂活动,深层的地幔部分熔融岩浆活动、弧后小尺度地幔对流、俯冲带拐角流等对局部异常热流起到一定程度的控制作用。

关键词: 边缘海, 热流密度, “沟-弧-海”体系, 热结构, 俯冲作用

Abstract:

In this study, we combined the latest collected heat flow data to illustrate the heat flow characteristics of the marginal seas and their corresponding subduction systems in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.We analyzed the relationship between the heat flow distribution and the geological background of the deep tectonic activities, mainly focusing on the thermal structural theory of Northwestern Pacific subduction zone, the theoretical model of the thermal evolution of the marginal oceanic lithosphere, and the controlling factors of the local high anomalous heat flow. We summarized the geological significance of the heat flow in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The results show that the heat flux is characterized by “low-high-relatively high” from “trench” to “arc” to “marginal sea” of the “Trench-Arc-Sea” system in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and overall the back-arc region is uniformly hot. Heat flux of the Kuril-Kamchatka, Japan and Ryukyu trenches is about 30.0 mW/m², and their corresponding island arc heat flux value is two to three times above this value. The back-arc heat flow is likely affected by the thermal structure of the subduction zone. The small-scale mantle convection, caused by the changes of upper mantle viscosity because of the subducting slab dehydration, the decrease of seismic velocity and the lithosphere elastic thickness, can explain the uniformly-hot thermal state in the back-arc environment. The spatial-temporal heat flux distribution is also related to the age of the lithosphere. As the age of the lithosphere increases, the surface heat flux decreases. Magnitude and dispersibility of the heat flux in the marginal seas are in general negatively correlated with their formation time. Formation of the Sea of Okhotsk is relatively early (30-65 Ma), and thus the heat flux (86.8 mW/m²) and standard deviation (3.727) are relatively low. In contrast,the Okinawa Trough is still expanding, thus its heat flux (139.0 mW/m²) and standard deviation (7.001) are relatively high.Shallow groundwater circulation, fault, partial melting and magma activity in the deep mantle, small-scale mantle convection and the corner flow likely control the local anomalous heat flow in the back-arc systems.

Key words: marginal sea, heat flux, “Trench-Arc-Sea” system, thermal structure, subduction

中图分类号:

P736

蒋德鑫, 姜鹍鹏, 张贺, 姜正龙. 西北太平洋边缘海热流特征研究[J]. 现代地质, 2020, 34(01): 117-129.

JIANG Dexin, JIANG Kunpeng, ZHANG He, JIANG Zhenglong. Heat Flow Characteristics in Marginal Seas of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean[J]. Geoscience, 2020, 34(01): 117-129.

图/表 7

图1 西北太平洋边缘海热流分布 EP.欧亚板块;PSP.菲律宾海板块;PP.太平洋板块;ECSSB.东海陆架盆地;OT.冲绳海槽;LS.吕宋海槽;SCS.南海;OS.鄂霍次克海;PT.菲律宾海沟;RT.琉球海沟;JT.日本海沟;KT.千岛海沟;IBT.伊豆—小笠原海沟;MT.马尼拉海沟;YT.雅浦海沟;WPB.西菲律宾海盆地;PVB.帕里西维拉海盆;JB.日本海盆;YB.大和海盆

Fig.1 Distribution map of marginal sea heat flow in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

表1 西北太平洋边缘海热流数据汇总

Table 1 Heat flux data of the marginal seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

边缘海	数据/个	均值/ (mW/m²)	最大值/ (mW/m²)	最小值/ (mW/m²)	标准差
鄂霍次克海	469	86.8	543.9	6.0	3.727
日本海	1 029	92.1	569.0	3.0	3.922
南海	409	72.6	411.0	2.5	2.831
东海	408	139.0	945.0	9.6	7.001
菲律宾海	1 800	97.3	800.0	1.7	5.532
总计	4 115	97.5	945.0	1.7	5.543

图2 西北太平洋边缘海热流剖面图(数据来源于GHFD及文献[11,12,13,14,15,16,17]) (a)鄂霍次克海热流剖面;(b)日本海东北部热流剖面;(c)日本海西南部热流剖面;(d)冲绳海槽热流剖面;(e)南海热流剖面;图中实心圆圈代表热流点;黑色实线代表该区域热流均值大小,灰色阴影部分代表热流主要分布范围;剖面热流点选取为剖面线两侧100 km内热流点投影至剖面线上的位置(剖面位置见图1)

Fig.2 Heat flow profile of the marginal seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

表2 西北太平洋主要边缘海热流数据与地质概况对比

Table 2 Comparison of heat flow data and geological settings of the major marginal seas in the northwestern PacificOcean

边缘海	热流均值/ (mW/m²)	标准差	形成时间/Ma	地壳性质 (厚度)			热源机制	边缘海成因	水热活动	沉积物厚度/m
鄂霍次克海	86.8	3.727	30~65	大洋型及过渡型 (15~30km)	高热流不活动型弧后盆地	终止扩张阶段	地幔热源	弧后扩张		2 000
日本海	92.1	3.922	20~40	大洋型及过渡型 (11~24km)	高热流不活动型弧后盆地	终止扩张阶段		弧后扩张
东海 (冲绳海槽)	139.0	7.001	0~5.3	洋陆混合过渡壳 (15~24km)	活动型弧后盆地	持续拉张阶段	幔源岩浆活动、热液循环	弧后扩张 (幔流底辟)	强	0~4 000
南海	72.6	2.831	15~32	大洋型 (4.4~9km)	活动型-不活动型弧后盆地	弧后塌陷阶段	地幔热源	弧后陆壳扩张	强 (北康盆地)
菲律宾海	97.3	5.532	35~60 (西菲律宾海) 15~28 (帕里西维拉海盆)	大洋型	高热流不活动型-活动型弧后盆地	持续拉张- 终止扩张阶段		弧后扩张		<300

图3 弧后小尺度地幔对流模式图(a)(据文献[26]修改)、鄂霍次克海地壳—上地幔结构及温度剖面(b)(据文献[64]修改)、日本西南俯冲带温度剖面(c)和日本东北俯冲带温度剖面(d)(据文献[45]修改) T.俯冲板块年龄;Pn.上地幔折射速度;VpTomog.相对50~150 km深度地幔纵波速度的层析成像速度减小值;VsTomog.相对50~150 km深度地幔横波速度的层析成像速度减小值;Vp.纵波速度;Vs.横波速度

Fig.3 Schematic diagrams of small-scale mantle convection in back-arc systems (a)(after reference [26]),crustal-upper mantle structure and temperature profile of the Sea of Okhotsk (b)(after reference[64]), temperature profile of SW Japan subduction zone (c) and temperature profile of NE Japan subduction zone (d)(after reference[45])

图4 大洋热流与洋底年龄关系图彩色阴影框代表各边缘海年龄与实测热流变化范围;灰色阴影折线代表理论曲线的标准偏差线

Fig.4 Correlation diagram between ocean heat flow and ocean floor age

图5 西北太平洋各边缘海热流值频率分布直方图 N.热流数据个数;T.边缘海形成时代;1 HFU=41.848 mW/m2

Fig.5 Heat flow distribution histograms of the marginal seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

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