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    20 January 2008, Volume 22 Issue 1
    Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology
    The Fluid Dynamic Processes and Its Uranium Mineralization of Sandstone-type in the Ordos Basin,China
    XUE Chun-ji, XUE Wei, KANG Ming,TU Qi-jun,YANG You-yun
    2008, 22(1):  1-8.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-002
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    The Ordos is an important energy-resource basin, and the sandstone-type uranium survey evidently develops now. The fluid dynamics and its uranium mineralization during the basin formation and evolution are essentials for the energy-resource survey and follow many interests. The fluid temperature-and pressure-field, the direction and speed of fluid flow, the geothermal gradient during the basin structure-sedimentary processes are all modeled by Basin2TM. As the formation and evolution of the basin, the basin fluid temperature and pressure increased, the fluid flow became directional and the speed rose. In the Early Cretaceous period, the basin fluid temperature was up to 250 ℃, the pressure  to(700~800)×101.33 kPa, the geothermal gradient was 38.3 ℃/km, the large-scale and long-distance basin fluid flow from the subsidence center in the middle-western part of the basin to the eastern margin of the basin along the eastern slope, and this was the key mechanism of the sandstone-type uranium mineralization at the margin of the basin mainly. A lot of alteration calcite formed in sandstones as the uranium mineralization by the basin fluid, CO2-3 or CO2 in the uranium-bearing fluids were mainly from a dehydroxyl group of organic matter and partly from the dissolution of the marine carbonate according to the C-and O-isotopic compositions(δ13CVPDB =-2.7‰ to -14.0‰,δ18OV-SMOW=18.4‰ to 20.0‰), and a carbonic uranium-acyl may be the main uranium-bearing form in the basin fluid. The alteration kaolinite's  δ18OV-SMOW is 12.6‰  to 13.7‰,and the fluid inclusion's  δDV-SMOW is -116‰  to  -133‰, and this indicates that the basin fluid is an evolutionary meteoric water in the Mesozoic system and of formation water character. The margin of Ordos basin is important for uranium ore survey.

    Geological Characteristics and Metallogenic Model of the Narigongma Copper-Molybdenum Deposit in the North Part of the Sanjiang Region,Southwest China
    CHEN Jian-ping, TANG Ju-xing, CHEN Yong, LI Bao-hua , SHANG Bei-chua
    2008, 22(1):  9-17.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-003
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    Narigongma is a large Cu-Mo deposit found in the Sanjiang metallogenic belt.Although breakthrough has been made in the exploration work,few studies have been devoted to the theoretical research for the minera-lization.Based on the study of the geological characteristics of the Narigongma Cu-Mo deposit,the authors analyze the geochemical components of the ore-bearing rock,characteristics of trace elements and rare earth elements,measure the homogenization temperature,salinity,chemical composition,as well as ...

    Sulfur Isotopic Compositions of the Poshan Silver Deposit and Yindongpo Gold Deposit in Tongbai County,Henan Province
    LI Hong-mei, WEI Jun-hao,HUANG Xiang-zhi
    2008, 22(1):  18-23.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-004
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    The Poshan silver deposit and Yindongpo gold deposit,occurring in the axis of the Heqianzhuang anticline and its wings,are situated at the Weishancheng gold-silver metallogenic belt in the Tongbai County,Henan Province.The ore bodies are both controlled by strata and structures with Waitoushan Formation as their host rocks.The δ34S values in these two deposits range from-1.8‰ to 5.3‰.These sulfur isotopic compositions are characterized by tower style distribution,similar to their host rocks,which also indic...

    Study on the Fluid Inclusions Characteristics of the Sanshandao Gold Deposit,Shandong Province,China and Its Geological Significance
    ZHOU Guo-fa,Lü Gu-xian,DENG Jun,SHEN Yu-ke,GUO Tao
    2008, 22(1):  24-33.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-005
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    The Sanshandao gold deposits,located in Sanshandao-Cangshang  fault zone,Laizhou city,mainly develop the orebodies of the altered rock type and quartz vein type.As  the genesis research in gold deposit of Jiaodong peninsula advance further and the resources of the Sanshandao gold deposit reduce gradually, investigation for the metallogenic process and resource potential in the Sanshandao gold deposit  is more and more significant. The results show that the oreforming fluid of altered rock type orebodies is mainly middle-low temperature with homogenization temperature from 325  to  240 ℃, low salinity(NaCl eqv.)from 2.07%  to  6.88%, low density with density  from 0.720 to 0.868 g/cm3, heterogeneous alkalescence with pH from 3.27 to 10.43, and deoxidized. The gold is transported by gold fluoride and gold chloride complexes. The ore-forming fluids of quartz vein  type orebodies mainly in low temperature with homogenization temperature from 306 to 160 ℃, low salinity(NaCl eqv.)from 1.05% to 9.73%, low density with density   from 0.739 to 0.962 g/cm3, alkalescence with pH  from 9.25 to 9.85, and deoxidized. The gold is transported by the gold chloride and gold bisulfide complexes. The transform of ore-forming fluids' characteristics suggests the change of structure condition from the close one to the open one, and the variety of oreforming fluids from the principal magmatic water in the early stage to a complex origin from metamorphic water, meteoric water and sea water in the late stage. The metallogenic depth of the Sanshandao gold deposit  is from 2.5 to 5 km, suggesting that there are respectable resources in the deep part.

    Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Setting of Precambrian Granitic Gneiss in the Western Segment of Altyn Tagh Tectonic Belt
    QIN Xiao-feng; XIA Bin; LI Chun-quan; LI Jiang; LU Ji-pu; XU Hua; ZHOU Fu-sheng;
    2008, 22(1):  34-44.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-006
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    Precambrian granitic gneiss in the western segment of Altyn Tagh tectonic belt intruded in Paleopro-terozoic Altyn Tagh group,Changchengian System Bashenkuergan Group and Jixianian System Taxidaban Group,is mainly consisted of biotite monzonitic granitic gneiss and biotite syenogranitic gneiss.The contents of major elements indicate that this granitic gneiss is of peraluminous type characterized by rich Si and Al,and the contents of Al2O3,TFeO,TiO2,MgO,CaO and P2O5 is negatively correlated to that of SiO2,a...

    LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb Dating of Tangzang Quartz-diorite Pluton in the West Segment of North Qinling Mountains and Its Tectonic Significance
    CHEN Jun-lu; XU Xue-yi; WANG Hong-liang; WANG Zong-qi; ZENG Zuo-xun
    2008, 22(1):  45-52.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-007
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    The Tangzang quartz-diorite pluton which has the characteristics of Adakite was founded in a geological survey in Baoji,Shaanxi.Zircons from the quartz-diorite pluton are generally colorless and long columnar with obvious magmatic zone.The LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb geochronology of 29 samples from the pluton with Th/U ratios from 0.33 to 1.10,yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of(454.0±1.7)Ma as the magmatic crystalline age of the protolith of the quartz diorite.Integrated the formation age of the Guanzizhen...

    Calibration of Illite Crystallinity Measurements by Using International Standards and Its Significance
    YOU Jian-chang; BI Xian-mei; HOU Chun-min
    2008, 22(1):  53-59.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-008
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    The illite crystallinity index(IC),i.e.,Kübler index(K.I.,is defined as the width of the(001)XRD peak(10×10-8 cm) at half of its height(FWHM)for illites. It is an indicator widely used to evaluate the degree of metamorphism in the range from late diagenesis to very low-grade metamorphism then to low-grade metamorphism as illite crystallinity increases with metamorphic grade. The lower and upper boundary limits of the anchizone(very low-grade metamorphic zone) were originally defined by illite crystallinity values IC(K.I.)=0.25(°Δ2θ)and IC(K.I.)=0.42(°Δ2θ),respectively. However,the lack of sufficient interlaboratory standardization causes difficulties in comparison of the data measured by different laboratories,among which the sample preparation,conditions of facilities,and the  measurement methods were widely of variety. It is therefore necessary to use commonly accepted standards to calibrate the data produced by different laboratories for making interlaboratory data comparable. In this paper the XRD measurements in our laboratory of illite crystallinity of five international standards provided by L.N.Warr were reported. These international standards consist of four sets of rock chips from the very lowgrade metamorphic belt of Southwestern England and one sample of single muscovite crystal from India.  A linear regression equation of our data versus Warr & Rice(1994)'s data was obtained,i.e.,ICCIS=0.977 ICmeasured+0.033,6(°Δ2θ),R2=0.983,5.This equation was then used to calibrate 213 data of illite crystallinity,which were measured under the same condition as that for the measurement of the international standards in our laboratory. It turns out that the data for illite crystallinity measured by this laboratory are  reliable and internationally comparable.

    Extensional Folding and Its Significance for Oil-Gas Exploration
    WANG Xin-wen
    2008, 22(1):  60-69.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-009
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    Extensional fold is an important component part of tectonic deformation in tensional basins,which distributes widely,and mostly belongs to normal fault-related folds.It is suggested that the classification of extensional folds incorporates both axial trend and mechanism of folds.Extensional folds are divided into three principal types including longitudinal,transverse and oblique folds on the basis of the relationship between the axial trend of fold and the strike of associated normal fault or regional stru...

    Research on Vertical Sealing Properties of Faults of Putaohua Reservoir in West Putaohua Oilfield of Songliao Basin
    XU Hai-xia; CHE Ting-xin
    2008, 22(1):  70-75.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-010
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    On the basis of studying fault characteristics and structure development history of Putaohua reservoir in west Putaohua Oilfield and calculating the content of shale in fault-plane zone and the parameters of normal stress on fault surface, which controls the vertical sealing capability, this paper evaluated the vertical sealing properties of 7 major faults in four periods and briefly discussed the relation between fault sealing and its evolution history and hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and reservoir formation. Four periods including the end of the Yaojia Formation deposition, the end of the second member of  Nenjiang   Formation deposition, the end of the third member of  Nenjiang Formation deposition and the present were investigated. The results showed that:(1)Faults had poor vertical sealing capability at the end of the Yaojia Formation deposition;(2)The vertical sealing capabilities  of  No.4 and No.5 faults remained relatively poor but others were good at the end of the  second  member of Nenjiang Formation deposition;(3)Faults had strong vertical sealing properties from the the end of the third  member  of Nenjiang Formation deposition to the present. Generally, the NNW-trending faults had nice vertical sealing properties and were favorable for oil-gas accumulation in Putaohua reservoir; And the NNE-trending faults had a comparatively long open period and could act as main hydrocarbon migration passages for the source rock in Qingshankou Formation.

    Research on Flow Units of Thick Sandstone Reservoir in Fault Block Guan 142 of Dagang Oilfield
    DOU Song-jiang; WANG Qing-kui; NI Jin-zhong; LI Gui-lin
    2008, 22(1):  76-80.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-011
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    Taking the example of the Mesozoic reservoir in fault block Guan 142  of Huanghua depression, this article discusses the methodology of flow units in thick sandstone reservoir. The research of flow units in such reservoirs can be divided into two ranks, one is to make sure the distribution of seepage barrier, the other is to analyze the differentia of fluid flow in the inner connected sands. The results show that three types of barriers have developed in the fault block Guan 142:pelitic barrier, calcareous sandstone and calcareous glutenite. Through the analysis of differentia of fluid flow, the inner connected sands can be classified  into  three types of flow units, of which type A with wide pore and big throat has good permeable property and high intensity of water injection; type B has middle pore and throat, so the ability of its permeability and water injection takes the second place; type C is the worst flow unit, for it is mainly composed of siltstone or reservoir with loose calcareous cementation, and hence with the worst water injection. Based on the above analysis, the identified model of permeable barriers and the discriminant function of flow units have been set up, which can be applied to forecasting the distribution of residual oil and optimizing the development scheme.

    Flow Unit Classification of Mid-Jurassic Reservoir in Qiudong Condensate Gas Reservoir,Tuha Basin
    XIE Wei; MA Guang-ming; SUN Wei
    2008, 22(1):  81-85.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-012
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     Quantitative analysis of flow units has been the theoretical basis of rational and high-efficient development in the  condensate gas reservoir of Qiudong,Tuha Basin. On the basis of layer fine division,the paper aims at the flow unit classification evaluation of single sandstone by  selecting  four parameters as thickness,porosity,shale content and flow zone indicator with the employment of software SPSS. Four flow units are divided in the MidJurassic reservoir of this area. The result demonstrates that the four flow units are in good accordance with reservoir physical property and sedimentary microfacies,and reflects the geological feature of reservoir truthfully and objectively. The research has proved that the division parameter selection and the division method of flow units in regard to condensate gas reservoir can be the theoretical guidance for  the development of condensate gas reservoir in Qiudong.

    Influence Factors of Water Cut Rising Performance for Horizontal Wells
    LING Zong-fa; WANG Li-juan; LI Bao-zhu; XIA Jing; ZHU Yu-xin
    2008, 22(1):  86-90.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-013
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    The geological and fluid property parameters of the TZ4 reservoir, a bottom water reservoir in the Tarim Oilfield, were used to set up a numerical model. The model was adopted to calculate the cumulative oil, water and fluid production, which were then used to regress the parameter b, disclosing the water cut rising performance, in the Yu Qitai Water Drive Curve. Orthogonal tests show that oil viscosity, reservoir thickness, heterogeneity, and the location of the horizontal section are the main controlling factors of water cut rising performance  for horizontal wells. The relationship between these factors and the parameter b are established, and then the Formula to Plate method is presented, combining the Yu Qitai Plate of b, to predict the water cut rising performance. Application in the TZ4 reservoir demonstrates that the Fb method can be used to predict the water cut of horizontal wells in the bottom water reservoir.

    Study on Critical Well Spacing for Combination Patterns of Vertical and Horizontal Wells in the Low-permeability Reservoir
    HOU Xiao-chun; LU Cheng; CAI Wen; ZHENG Xing-fan
    2008, 22(1):  91-96.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-014
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    It is clear that a combination spacing of vertical and horizontal wells is  perspective to develop the reservoir with low permeability. However, the pattern of well spacing is a key technique to the combination. At first, in this paper solutions of productivity evaluation for the combination spacing are directly developed using split of flow fields;secondly aimed to the characteristics of the reservoir with low permeability, new physical models of well patterns and their production formulas are presented in the exist of the start-up pressure gradient;and finally, for the three typical combinations, curves of critical well spacing dominated by the start-up pressure gradient are figured based on related calculations. Results from the study can be used to guide practical combination placing of vertical and horizontal wells in the reservoir with low permeability in oilfields.

    Research of Solution Mining Techniques on Salt Cavern Gas Storage
    TIAN Zhong-lan; XIA Bo-ru
    2008, 22(1):  97-102.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-015
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    For its special advantages, the salt cavern gas storage is attracting more and more attention in the worldwide oil and gas industry. It is a complex and systematic project to build a certain shape salt cavern by means of leaching. Based on the characteristics of the salt cavern gas storage built in the bedded salt formation in China, this paper fully discussed the application of salt dissolution on  the design of  gas storage  cavern. Through analysis of the forming mechanism of gas storage cavern, the following techniques were put forward from the view of salt dissolution, shape control and detection as follows, the corresponding well type to salt cavern, the circulation measure, steps of solution mining, adjusting of leaching pipeline, the shape control techniques, roof protection, sealing detection, and cavern stability,etc. And the pipe string assembly for leaching, the method to determine the circulation rate, and the measure to keep cavern stability, are also recommended. This paper is of guiding significance to the design and construction of salt cavern gas storage.

    Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Coalbed Methane Target Area Based on GIS
    LI Gui-zhong; BAI Jian-mei; XI Tie-hong; LIU Hong-lin; WANG De-jian; WANG Bo
    2008, 22(1):  103-106.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-016
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    With the spatial database,combining the spatial elements and statistic data,geographical information system(GIS)has many advantages, including visualization and flexibility, strong analytical function, convenient tabling and charting.According to the characteristics of coalbed methane(CBM)target area, four types of models for evaluation of CBM target area in different situations were built.The first type considered all factors, and the second only took account of key factors, and the third emphasized key factors, and the fourth considered all factors and key factors.A MapGIS software system based on these evaluation models was developed to assess  CBM target area.With this software a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was conducted to assess the CBM target area in North China,and it was revealed that the evaluation result was  accorded with the true situation of this area.

    Application of Satellite Remote Sensing to 1∶250,000 Regional Quaternary Investigation in Amdo Sheet,Tibet
    ZHANG Xu-jiao; LI Tuan-jie; LU Ping; BAI Zhi-da; XU De-bin; CHEN Yun-fang
    2008, 22(1):  107-115.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-017
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    On the basis of the 1∶250,000 scale ETM+ image of Amdo sheet in Tibet, by means of geometric calibration and mosaic process, bands 7, 4 and 3 were chosen to achieve false color composition and panchromatic band fusion, aiming at establishing the remote sensing (RS) ETM+ images at a 1∶250,000 scale in  the study area. The image characteristics of various geological units together with our field investigation were utilized to adequately identify the vital interpreting symbols. Accordingly, the primary visual interpretations to major sediments,geomorphology, water system, neotectonic features were carried out and the 1∶250,000 Quaternary RS interpretation map was obtained. By combined analysis of field geological investigation, the genetic type and distribution of Quaternary sediments, geomorphologic characteristics and zoning, neotectonic movement were discussed respectively. Our results indicate that there was a spacious distribution of fluvioglacial deposit, moraine deposit(Qp3gl+fgl) and alluvial-proluvial deposits (Qp3pl +alp)of Late Pleistocene. In target region, some large-scale glacial valleys ranging from Middle to Late Pleistocene were widely developed. With the aid of linear images, water system as well as the excursion of the pluvial fan, some typical neotectonic features were initially recognized. Our study demonstrates that the RS technique is efficient in Quaternary geological investigation of Plateau region, thus inevitably providing useful information for our further study of uplift of Tibetan Plateau and environmental evolution.

    Spectral Characteristics and Its Significance of Altered Rocks of Baogutu Porphyry Copper Deposit in Western Junggar,Xinjiang
    GENG Xin-xia1; YANG Jian-min1; ZHANG Yu-jun2; YAO Fo-jun1; ZHANG Rui3
    2008, 22(1):  116-122.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-018
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    Spectral characteristics of ground objects are the main information for target recognition by remote sensing. Being different special reflection spectra in each object, reflection spectra provide lots of important information for remote sensing information extraction. In this paper,the reflection spectra of altered rocks from intrusions(No.2 and No.5) in Baogutu porphyry copper deposit have been tested by ASD and PIMA. The mineral recognition of samples from surface and drills  has been detailedly studied. Altered mineral assemblages and the special bands of absorptive vale of reflectance spectra have been obtained from ASTER data. Mathematic integral method has been carried on the reflectance spectra and obtained the strong absorptive bands from ASTER data. Based on analyzing reflectance spectra and the mathematic integral, absorptive band assemblages give lots of information for extracting alteration remote sensing anomalies. The results show that alteration remote sensing anomalies and the geological feature have a good comparability.Ascertaining  spectral characteristics of altered minerals is the principle and basis for remote sensing information extraction.

    An Introduction to Determination of the Location of Fresh Water-Salt Water Interface in Coastal Zones
    ZHOU Xun
    2008, 22(1):  123-128.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-019
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    The GhybenHerzberg relation is widely used in determination of the location of fresh watersalt water interface based on the water table in a coastal zone but error exists in the results obtained. The Hubbert relation strictly describes the relationship between the heads and the location of the interface related to a sharp interface problem but is difficult in practical application. Examination of the equilibrium status of a point in the salt water zone and the description of piezometric heads at two points in both the salt water and fresh  water zones reveals that the location of the fresh watersalt water interface in a coastal homogeneous,isotropic unconfined aquifer can be estimated based on piezometric heads at two points  in the same vertical line  tapping respectively the salt water zone (including the interface) and the fresh water zone (from the water table to the interface) when the groundwater flow system is in a steady state and satisfies the Dupuit assumption. The Ghyben-Herzberg relation is a special case of the method and the Hubbert relation is also a special case of the method. This method requires two  nearest piezometric wells which respectively tap the fresh water and salt water zones.

    Unusual Three-Dimensional Fossils of Megascopic Algae of the Mesoproterozoic:A Contribution from the Non-stromatolitic Carbonate Succession Making up the Third Member of Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Jixian Section
    MEI Ming-xiang
    2008, 22(1):  129-142.  DOI: CNKI:SUN:XDDZ.0.2008-01-020
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    Lots of unusual threedimensional fossils of megascopic algae are fortunately found in the aphanitic micrites(similar to leiolite limestones) of a nonstromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Jixian section in North China. Petrologically, the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Jixian section in North China can be subdivided into four members, and the third member is marked by a particular nonstromatolititic carbonate succession in the Precambrian. Lots of molartooth structures, which are frequently paragenetic with the possibly threedimensional fossils of megascopic algae in beds of aphanitic micrites of the upper part of this nonstromatolitic carbonate succession. According to the macromorphological features, these threedimensional fossils of megascopic algae can be grouped into many categories, the spherical category of the Genus Chuaria, the ellipsoidal category of the Genus Shouhsienia, the podiformlike category of the Genus Phascolites and the tube- and ribbon-like category of the Genus Tawuia etc. All of them make up an assemblage of the ChuariaShouhsienia.Several features of these three-dimensional fossils of megascopic algae, i.e. the regularly megascopic morphological feature, the obvious differentiation of the possible multicellular tissue and the clear cellular microstructure under the petrographic microscope, show that these three-dimensional fossils of megascopic algae are strongly different from molartooth structures filled with the particular calcite microspars and also distinct from the common fossils of megascopic algae that have been described and always preserved as carbonaceous compressions. Further, three=dimensional fossils of megascopic algae can not be simply grouped into the lime concretion, the chert concretion or the tuff concretion. Although the taxonomic affinity of these threedimensional fossils of megascopic algae remains uncertain, special microstructure and interesting phenomena under the petrographic microscope reflect that these threedimensional fossils of megascopic algae from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation might be the representatives of the eukaryotes in the Precambrian. Many categories reflected by variously and regularly megascopic morphological features, and the possibly obvious multicellular tissue and the clear cellular microstructure under the petrographic microscope for those spherical or subspherical threedimensional fossils of megascopic algae, provide preciously actual materials for the further understanding on the origin and evolution of the Precambrian eukaryotes.