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    20 April 2007, Volume 21 Issue 4
    Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology
    Origin and Environmental Significance of Major Elements and Sr Isotope Ratios in Rivers  Originating from Tanggula Mountains
    ZHAO Ji-chang, LI Wen-peng,PENG Jian-hua, LIU Cong-qiang,
    2007, 21(4):  591-599. 
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    The elementary compositions of river water  in   the Yangtze River headwater  area are derived from evaporite, carbonate and silicate dissolved in rain(snow,ice). Major cations in main tributaries of Tongtian River named Qumar River and Tuotuo River, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, account for 97% or more  in total cations. Ratios of Ca2+/Na+, Mg2+/Na+ and K+/Na+ are relatively low, and the values of 87Sr/86Sr range from (0.708,954±0.000,020)and to(0.711,860±0.000,011), indicating  that elements of rivers flowing on  the northern slope of  the  Tanggula Mountains mainly come from evaporite rocks. Major cations of Nujiang River headwater area originating from southern  slope of Tanggula Mountains, Brahmaputra River and its tributaries, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+, account for 97% or more in total cations. But the ratios of Ca2+/Na+, Mg2+/Na+ and K+/Na+ are high and 87Sr/86Sr ranges from(0.705,534±0.000,016) to (0.722,856±0.000,014). Elementary compositions of these rivers are mostly derived from carbonate and silicate. Na+ and Cl- rooted in evaporite rocks are the most  abundant chemical compositions in the Yangtze River headwater  area.Calculations show that the physical erosion rate is 77 kg/(km2·y), and the chemical erosion rates of evaporite rocks, carbonate rocks and silicate rocks are 49-72.7, 15-20 and 2-5 t/(km2·y), respectively. However, on the southern slope of the Tanggula Mountains, the physical erosion rate is 34 kg/(km2·y), and the chemical erosion rates of carbonate rocks and silicate rocks are 25-30 and 7-10 t/(km2·y), respectively. These features are explained by the facts that in the high elevation and dry environment, the evaporite has a higher chemical erosion on the northern slope; on the other hand, carbonate and silicate have higher chemical erosion on the southern of the mountains because the precipitation on the southern slope is higher than that on the northern slope.

    The Inhomogeneity Characteristics of Geothermal Storing Karst Caves of Wumishan Reservoir of Jixian System in the Deep Part of Tianjin
    LIN Li, ZHAO Su-min, RUAN Chuan-xia,WANG Ying-ping
    2007, 21(4):  600-604. 
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    The Wumishan reservoir, main carbonate rock, is the main exploration reservoir with the deepest depth, the largest quantity and the highest fluid temperature. All geothermal wells of Wumishan have geothermal fluids,which shows that the reservoir has the relative homogeneous characteristics in the study region. The analysis of drilling, geophysical prospecting and fluid characteristics reveal that, lithologic difference, textural discrepancy and the changes of exogenous conditions, such as corrosion, structure and weathering, engender different rock fractures, thus, the very large different growth characteristics  of karst occur in the different structure positions and depths. Reservoirs are classfied into two kinds as follows,fracture  karst  and fracture porosity  karst.  It is very important for the exploration, development and evaluation of geothermal resources in Tianjin to comprehend and hold the characteristics of karst in  Wumishan reservoir.

    Application of Geothermometers to Calculation of Temperature of Geothermal Reservoirs
    WANG Ying, ZHOU Xun, YU Yuan, LIU Chun-hui, ZHOU Hai-yan
    2007, 21(4):  605-612. 
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    Temperatures of geothermal reservoirs are calculated in 4 ways with data of 49 thermal water samples in this study. Taking thermal groundwater of Tianjin as an example, calculation of temperature of geothermal reservoirs under regional geologic conditions is discussed. In addition, mixing models are established in the sample which is doubted to have mixed with cold water. The results indicate that conditions for applications of various geothermometers are different from each other. These geothermometers are applied to calculate temperature based on field data. However, the results obtained are quite different. The Na-K-Ca diagram and the lg(Q/K)figure are used to examine the mineralfluid equilibrium.Lost of steam and mixture with other water are also needed to be considered. The reservoir temperature estimated at 8 geothermal wells in the Tianjin area ranges from 83 to 120 ℃. The reservoir temperature before mixture estimated at the Sanyuanli well in Guangzhou is 79.3 ℃ and the percentage of mixed cold water is 83%.

    Analyses of Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Groundwater System in Beihai, Guangxi
    ZHANG Hua,ZHOU Xun,SHEN Ye,ZHAO Liang,YAN Xia,WU Fu,LI Mu-lan,LI Zu-xing
    2007, 21(4):  613-618. 
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    Hydrochemical monitoring data of about 20 years and chemical analyses of groundwater samples collected in 2002 and 2003 in Beihai are analyzed and classified with methods of hydrochemical diagrams and Q-cluster analysis. The results show that groundwater in the northern part of the study area is mainly of Ca·Na-HCO3 type and the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater exhibit the effects of infiltration and dissolution of precipitation. Groundwater in the southern area is mainly of Na-Cl or Na·Ca-Cl type and the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater follow a forward-hydrochemical evolution. Under natural conditions the ground-water in Beihai is characterized by low total dissolved solids(TDS)and low pH. The low TDS of groundwater is attributed to low TDS of rainwater, low contents of soluble salts in the aquifer media, quick water circulation and a long term of dissolution of the groundwater system.

    Hydrogeochemical Modeling of the Conghua Hot Spring in Guangdong
    ZHOU Hai-yan, ZHOU Xun, YAO Jin-mei
    2007, 21(4):  619-623. 
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    The Conghua hot spring is located to the northeast of Guangzhou. The hot spring spots occur in granites of the Yanshan Period influenced by the NEtrending Guangzhou-Conghua fault. The thermal groundwater is predominated by K+,Na+,Ca2+ in cations and HCO-3 in anions and is of Na-HCO3 or Na·Ca-HCO3 type. The NETPATH program is used to model the hydrogeochemical reactions along the flow path from the upstream water sample to the hot spring site. The results indicate that the individual springs in the study area have close chemical characteristics with each other and the geothermal groundwater has undergone similar hydrogeochemical reactions. Mass transfers of the reactions from the “initial wells” to the “final wells” are relatively low. The net reaction results of the minerals along the path include precipitation of potash feldspar, kaolinite, hematite and fluorite, dissolution of carbon dioxide, plagioclase and biotite. Silicon dioxide behaves differently in different courses and ion exchanges of Ca2+/Na+,Mg2+/Na+ may occur in the courses.

    Groundwater Recharge in Badain Jaran Desert and Gurinai Oasis Based on  Environmental Tracers
    HUANG Tian-ming , PANG Zhong-he
    2007, 21(4):  624-631. 
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    In recent years, Badain Jaran Desert, Northwest of China, has been a focus of international studies. Water chemistry and isotopes of groundwater and surface water samples, and  those of soil moisture profiles in particular, have been studied. Based on these results, we have attempted to formulate an integrated 2D hydrogeological conceptual model for the groundwater system linking Badain Jaran Desert and Gurinai Oasis. The dominant recharge to groundwater underneath the sand dunes is from neighboring Yabulai mountains, the groundwater flows towards northwest to Gurinai. Groundwater emerges into lakes on its flowpath, where it is evaporated.  The final discharge destination of the groundwater is the Gurinai Oasis where it feeds a wetland ecosystem. Vertical recharge from local precipitation through the desert sand is calculated to be minor. Groundwater in the desert was probably recharged from palaorivers sourced from Qilian Mts. and local palaeorainfall in the period between Pleistocene to Early Holocene. In Mid and Late Holocene, the groundwater undergone evaporation and limited recharge. In the last two thousand years aridity has increased, the groundwater table in the desert has declined as a slow process.

    Study on the Effect of Water Resources on Vegetation Growth in Ningxia Area
    JIN Xiao-mei, WAN Li, XUE Zhong-qi, ZHANG Lei
    2007, 21(4):  632-637. 
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    Variation of vegetation is one of the important indices for regional eco-environmental condition, and the secular vegetation change can reflect the variation regulation of the eco-environment with time. Based on MODIS NDVI, this paper studied the variation trend of vegetation index in the years of 2000 to 2004 in Ningxia area using quantitative remote sensing technique and slope method. According to the result, due to the reduction of diverted water volume from the Yellow River, the NDVI in some of the area became decrease from 2000 onwards. On the basis of the above research, the vegetation variation and different influence factors in some areas, such as Helan mountain, Liupan mountain, Hongsipu area and Yinchuan plain, were analyzed. The vegetation of Helan mountain and Liupan mountain areas were mainly controlled by the precipitation, and the vegetation degradation of Hongsipu area was strongly affected by the unreasonable utilization of water resources and was the result of soil salinization. The decrease of diverted water volume from the Yellow River and the groundwater overdraft were the main influence factors for the vegetation degradation in Yinchuan plain.

    Lithology and Genesis of the Paleozoic Ultra-Mafic Peridotite of  the  Houxianyu District in Eastern Liaoning
    XIAO Rong-ge, LIU Jing-dang, WU Zhen, WANG Bin, FENG Jia-rui
    2007, 21(4):  638-644. 
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    Ultra-mafic peridotite is  a new type of rock found in the Houxianyu district, Dashiqiao,eastern Liaoning, and named by authors based on molecular components of forsterit, a rock containing excess cations. Cation surplus results in formation of independent Mg-Fe oxides such as forsterit, humite, and magnetite, in ultra-mafic peridotite which occurs as granular and tabular, with the structures of breccia volcanic erupitive, cooled spinifix  pillow lava texture and massive liquation texture.The rock is of lamination with lower part being forsteit and upper part magnetitic humitite, with minor amount of pentlandite forming texture of iron-bearing sponge. Lithological study shows that it is a suit of Mg-rich basic  volcanic rock, equivalent to kamatitie, which provides a great volume of magnesium for the deposition of Mg-rich borate deposit.

    Study on the Fluid Inclusions from Houxianyu and Wengquangou Borate Deposits in Eastern Liaoning Province
    LI Xue-mei, SUN Feng-yue, LI Bi-le, WANG Li
    2007, 21(4):  645-653. 
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    Studies on the primary fluid inclusions in quartz of tourmalite from exhalative sedimentary process in Houxianyu borate deposit and in quartz vein from epigenetic hydrothermal activity in Wengquangou borate deposit  in eastern Liaoning Province were carried out. The results indicate that there are only twophase primary aqueous inclusions in quartz of tourmalite from Houxianyu borate deposit. Micro-thermometric studies show that the data of  homogenous temperature range from 146 ℃ to 249 ℃, with salinity from 15.9% to 18.4%(NaCl equivalent),and density from 0.96 g/cm3 to 1.04 g/cm3. The ore-forming pressures obtained from the fluid inclusion study range from 43.95 MPa to 68.43 MPa. The depths of sea water range from 4.40 km to 6.84 km based on the pressures when exhalative sedimentary process occurred. The results on the basis of gas component analysis show that the ore-forming fluids are mainly composed of H2O and CH4, with a certain amounts of CO2, N2 and minor amounts of H2S and H2. The fluid inclusions in quartz vein from Wengquangou borate deposit can be classified into twophase aqueous type and CO2-bearing three-phase type. Micro-thermometric studies indicate that the data of homogenous temperature, salinity and density vary from 142 ℃ to 377 ℃, 12.7% to 14.5%(NaCl equivalent), and 0.96 g/cm3 to 1.01 g/cm3, respectively. The ore-forming pressures range from 43.48 MPa to 65.86 MPa. The forming depths of epigenetic quartz vein range from 5.23 km to 6.55 km. The results on the basis of gas component analysis show that the fluids are mainly composed of H2O and CO2, with a certain amounts of CO, N2, H2, minor amounts of CH4 and H2S and trace amounts of C2H6. The geological characteristics of the two deposits and their boron isotopic compositions show that both deposits are exhalative sedimentary deposits, and undergone regional metamorphic reconstruction and hydrothermal alteration. The characteristics of fluid inclusions show that exhalative sedimentary process occurred in relatively deoxidized ocean  floor environment, while epigenetic hydrothermal activity occurred in relatively oxidative one.

    Characteristics of Noble Metal Elements in Cobalt-rich Crusts
    ZHAO Hong-qiao,ZHAO Jian-ru
    2007, 21(4):  654-658. 
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    Nine cobalt-rich crusts sampled from CL and CM seamounts have been analyzed for noble metals such as Ag, Au, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt,and so on by using ICP-MS after chemical process. This paper also discussed the noble metals composition distribution, their enrichment indices, normalization modes, and their sources. The results indicate that the average contents of Ag, Au, Ru, Rh, Pd and Pt in cobalt-rich crusts are 1.05×10-6, 2.3×10-6, 15.6×10-9, 22.3×10-9, 2.39×10-9 and 432×10-9,respectively. Enrichment indices such as Pd/(Pt+Pd), Pt/(Pt+Pd) and Pd/Pt ratios in cobalt-rich crusts show distinctive features compared with that of ferromanganese nodules, ocean crusts and terrestrial ores. The average Pd/(Pt+Pd)ratio in cobalt-rich crusts is 0.006 which is the lowest value, followed by 0.06 in nodules, and 0.08 in ocean crust. But the  Pd/(Pt+Pd)  ratio in terrestrial ores is relatively high, and varies between 0.35 and 0.65. The Pt/(Pt+Pd)ratio in cobalt-rich crusts is the highest value, up to 0.99, followed by 0.95 of nodules, and 0.93 of ocean crust. However, the Pt/(Pt+Pd)ratio in terrestrial ores is relatively low, and varies between 0.33 and 0.65. It shows the variations of  characteristic values of  noble metal elements in different areas and environments from the statistical analysis. Moreover, the enrichment of Pt, Au, Ru, Rh, and lack of Pd in cobalt-rich crusts is the typical features of noble metals in cobalt-rich crusts. The chondrite-normalized patterns of  noble metal elements reveal that there exist positive Pt and Au anomalies, and negative Pd anomaly in cobalt-rich crusts of seamounts, among which anomaly extent of Au is in accordant with that of nodules.

    Characteristics and Genesis of the Gongding Gold-polymetallic Deposit, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province
    LUO Shi-sheng,YANG Gui-lai,YANG Wei-guang, HE Zhong-hua
    2007, 21(4):  659-666. 
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    The Gongding gold-polymetallic deposit of Cangyuan, western  Yunnan occurs in a fracture zone in inner contact of western margin of  the Gengma granite pluton. The ore bodies are simply vein-shaped. Analyses of S and Pb isotopes, and homogenization temperature and composition of fluid inclusions have been conducted. The results show that the ore-forming fluids likely came from meteoritic water mixed with magmatic fluids, and the metals might be extracted from the Proterozoic strata, with some kinds of deep source metallic components carried by magmatic fluids. The homogenization temperature is 217-353 ℃, belonging to intermediate-high temperature hydrothermal deposit. According to the spatial distribution of the ore deposit, wall-rock alteration and the timing of the ore formation, two types of settings could be of great potential for further prospecting. One is the setting where late-Yanshanian intermediate-acidic dikes, especially dioritic dikes, are concentrated; the other is fracture zones within inner contact of the Gengma granite pluton with the Proterozoic Ximeng Formation.

    Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Mengman Carlin Type-like Gold Deposit in Menghai County, Yunnan Province
    YANG Gui-lai,YANG Wei-guang,LUO Mei,HE Zhong-hua,LUO Shi-sheng,
    2007, 21(4):  667-674. 
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    Mengman gold deposit in Yunnan is a middle scale composite micrograined-and laterite-type gold deposit, located at the south end of Sanjiang fold belt with a potential to become a large deposit for prospecting. The gold deposit is hosted in the schists of the Proterozoic Lancang Group, Middle Jurassic clastic rocks and Quaternary residual-slide rock and soil. This paper provides the data on geological setting, fluid inclusions and isotopic geochemistry of S, H, O, and Pb isotopes, and discusses the genesis of the gold deposit. The studies show that, the primary gold deposit is similar to Carlin-type gold deposit in geological and geochemical characteristics. The metal sources for mineralization are likely the Upper Proterozoic low-grade metamorphic rock series of the Manlai Formation of the Lancang Group, and the Middle Jurassic clastic rock series of the Huakaizuo Formation. The evidences from fluid inclusions and S, H, O and Pb isotopes indicate that ore-forming hydrothermal fluids mainly came from meteoric water. The mineralization of gold could be divided into two stages: the formation of gold source materials(preliminary concentration of gold), and the activation-migration-concentration of gold. The regional tectonic movement and magmatism are likely the major factors leading to activation, migration and concentration of gold. Therefore, it is important for the further prospecting to reinforce the study in petrology and petrofacies and paleogeography of the ore-bearing formations, and to reinforce the study of orecontrolling structures, their mechanical properties and the relationship with the major regional faults.

    The Geochemical Characteristics of Cherts of Erlangping Group in East Qinling and Their Sedimentary Environment Importance
    FENG Sheng-bin,ZHOU Hong-rui,YAN Chang-hai,PENG Yi,HU Shao-bin,REN Jian-guang
    2007, 21(4):  675-682. 
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    The genesis study of Erlangping Group is the key to reveal its sedimentary environments and tectonic settings. By studying the geological and geochemical  characteristics(SiO2=61.35%~96.01%,Si/Al=2.77~51.53)of three types of cherts in Erlangping Group in east Qinling orogenic belt,it is believed that the cherts in Erlangping Group are impure silicalite. The normalized REE distribution patterns of chondrite and their characteristic values(∑REE-high,∑LREE-rich, ∑HREE-depletion,negative Eu and Ce anomaly),the contents of the major elements (Al2O3,TiO2)and the trace elements(Nb,Rb,Th)indicate that the cherts are hydrothermal sediments and have a few continental margin materials, but the cherts formed at the west of Nanyang basin contain more. Comprehensive analysis of geochemical characteristics of cherts shows that the cherts in Erlangping Group are formed in different marine environments, the cherts formed at the west of Nanyang  basin are deposited in continental margin basin environment, and those formed at the east of Nanyang basin are deposited in pelagic environment,so Erlangping Group is marked by back-arc basin setting.

    Dehydration Melting at High Pressure and High Temperature in Block Rocks of Qinling Orogen and Its Implications
    JIANG Xin,ZHAO Zhi-dan,ZHOU Wen-ge,XIE Hong-sen,GAO Shan,ZHANG Ben-ren
    2007, 21(4):  683-690. 
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    Contrasting with powder melting in rock samples, the natural block rock melting may supply much more information on the kinetic processes of partial melting in the natural state of rocks in the deep lithosphere. P-wave velocities of the rocks collected from the Qinling Orogenic belt and its adjacent regions were measured under high pressure and high temperature simultaneously. After checking the products by optical microscope and EPMA in details, we found partial melting occurred in some of the samples. Some pieces of melting glasses and crystallites, which in the color of black, brown, light yellow or colorlessness, distribute between the hornblende(or biotite)and plagioclase(or quartz). Most of the melting glasses are ranging between basic and intermediate rocks in composition, some close to in ultrabasic composition. An extraordinary feature is that nearly all the melts in the samples have less content of SiO2 than the starting bulk rock samples; this means that the melts are more basic than their parent bulk rocks. This seems contradict with the traditional law of magmatic evolution that we have accepted without doubt. The second feature is that the melts are strict controlled spatially and chemically by hornblende(or biotite)and plagioclase(or quartz). The composition of the melting glasses and crystallites are in the range between hornblende and plagioclase, in which the hornblende is abundant in TiO2, MnO, ∑FeO, MgO and CaO, and the plagioclase is abundant in SiO2, Al2O3, and Na2O. The partial melting was caused by the dehydration of hornblende under the P-T condition of middle-lower continental crust (750-920 ℃,0.63-0.90 GPa, corresponding to 21-30 km). The melt appears more basic, and in the mean time leaves a more acidic remnant. If this occurred in the middle-lower continental crust, it would give an answer to the origin of the felsic lower continental crust.

    A Description of Fracture Features and Its  Formation Mechanisms in Qingxi Oilfield, Jiuquan Basin,Gansu
    LI Jun,WANG De-fa,FAN Hong-jun
    2007, 21(4):  691-696. 
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    There are two types of fractures in the muddy gravel and the tuffaceous dolomite in Qingxi oilfield, Jiuquan Basin. By applying many kinds of techniques, the characters of fracture pattern, log response and reservoir quality in different lithofacies are systematically studied, and the diagenesis of controlling fracture is thoroughly analyzed. The results show that gravel-edge fractures, corrosion fractures and structure fractures are formed in muddy gravel rocks; lay fractures, extrusion fractures and structure fractures formed in tuffaceous dolomite. The fracture systems not only improve mainly the  permeability, but also increase the porosity. The selective(diverse)corrosion diagenesis of parent rock is the main factor, which controls the forming of fractures and secondary pores. There are several mineral components in muddy gravel and the key reason to muddy gravel fractures is the replacement of the framework grain and cement, the dissolutions of the cement and dissolvable grain. Dual and trinal structures are the key to fracture systems in the tuffaceous dolomite, which includes strong dolomitization and laumontitization in carbonitites.

    Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Characteristics of Palaeogene in the Qikou Sag,Huanghua Depression
    MIAO Shun-de, FENG You-liang, LI Qiu-fen
    2007, 21(4):  697-704. 
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     In order to understand stratigraphy characteristics and contact relationship, it's necessary to establish sequence framework of Palaeogene in the Qikou Sag.On the basis of the theory of sequence stratigraphy, sequences are subdivided and the boundaries of different orders of sequences are discussed. The sequence framework for different orders of stratigraphic successions in the Palaeogene has been established with an integrated analysis of seismic, logging and core data. The Palaeogene consists of 1 first-order, 3 second-order sequences and 11 third-order sequences in the Qikou Sag. First-order and second-order sequences are tectonic ones, which correspond to tectonic movements. Third-order sequences are bounded by unconformities at basin margin and conformities in basin center. And third-order sequences can be identified in the whole basin. By the studies, it is proposed that the abrupt change of the depositional slopes resulting from the structural slope break zone or flexure slope break zone, has an important effect on the accommodation and sedimentation in the basin. The structural slope break zone or flexure slope break zone controls the development of the sequence and the lowstand sand bodies. Two models of slope break zones and sequences have been established and the areas below the slope break zones are favorable for the deposition of lowstand sand bodies.

    Fine Analysis of Sedimentary Facies in the Lower Third Member of Shahejie Formation from Block Che 66 in Chezhen Sag, Jiyang Depression
    PENG Yong-min, HUANG Han-dong,LUO Qun
    2007, 21(4):  705-711. 
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     On the basis of well-loggings, seismics, cores data, the sandstone-body types of the block  Che 66 on the northern steep slope zone of Chezhen Sag in Jiyang Depression, were determined by geologically-synthesized methods, and the depositional boundaries of deep-water were also  made clear. With detailed observations and descriptions of cores, combined with geological and seismic profiles, and plane distributions of sedimentary facies studied, it was concluded that the sub-lacustrine fans and slide turbidite fans of the Lower Third Member of Shahejie Formation were developed in the block Che 66, interlayered within deep-water dark mudstones where characteristic sediments were the inner fan of the sub-lacustrine fans, within main-channels and inter-channels, medium- and fine-grained conglomerates of debris flows and mudstones of setting sediments. Longitudinally the upper of the member is mudstone-dominated and lower sandstone-dominated. The inner fan debris flows of lake fans were turned into the middle fan grain flows and turbidity flows of lake fans were from north to south, with sedimentary facies trend from near proximate to distal provenances. This proclaimed that the provenances were from the northern Chenzikou bulge.

    Using Fluid Inclusions of Reservoir to Determine Hydrocarbon Charging Orders and Times in the Upper Paleozoic in Tabamiao Block, Ordos Basin
    2007, 21(4):  712-718. 
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    Fluid inclusions are micro samples saved in reservoirs, which include a large amount of geological information. According to  the observation of fluorescence colors and  the measurement of homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions obtained from 18 wells in the Upper Paleozoic of Tabamiao block in Ordos Basin, this paper points that there have happened six times of thermal fluid flow in the sandstone reservoirs of the Upper Paleozoic, all of which are relative to hydrocarbon chargings. By integrating the average homogenization temperatures with burial historical curves, the charging orders respectively correspond to the 190-150 Ma(the middle of the early Jurassic to the late of the Middle Jurassic period), 150-124 Ma(the late of the Middle Jurassic period to the early of the Early Cretaceous period), 124-101 Ma(the early of the Early Cretaceous period to the middle of the Early Cretaceous period),101-86 Ma (the middle of the Early Cretaceous period to the middle-late of the Early Cretaceous period) and 86-70 Ma (the middle-late of the Early Cretaceous period). In those periods, the middle of the Early Jurassic to the late of the Middle Jurassic period is the primary stage of hydrocarbon charging, the late of the Middle Jurassic to the early of the Early Cretaceous period is the main period of oil charging and the late the Middle Jurassic period to the late of the Early Cretaceous period is the gas charging time in the favorable target beds.

    Characteristics of Coalbed Methane in Low-rank Coal of Zhungaer Basin
    CUI Si-hua,LIU Hong-lin,WANG Bo,YANG Yong,NING Ning,SANG Shu-xun
    2007, 21(4):  719-724. 
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    Based on the controlling factors of coalbed methane(CBM), the characteristics and distribution of CBM formation in Zhungaer Basin have been analyzed,and the results reveal that Zhungaer Basin is the main coal-bearing basin in northwest China,which has the characteristics of representative basin of low-rank CBM, such as big thickness, many coal seams and low-rank coal. In Zhungaer Basin, the CBM resources are very  abundant, and CBM indication is very active either in well or on the surface of the southern edge. The  formation  models of low-rank CBM reservoir include steep slope and gentle slope in the  basin edge. Based on the analysis of tectonic and hydrologic geological characteristics of Zhungaer basin, seven CBM reservoirs are divided as follows, Urumqi-Baiyanghe CBM reservoir, South Changji CBM reservoir, Sikeshu CBM reservoir, Xiaoguai CBM reservoir, Kelamayi CBM reservoir, Wuerhe CBM reservoir, and Cainan-Dajing CBM reservoir, these areas are profitable for CBM exploration.

    Study on Abnormal Extracting of Altered Rocks Using ETM+ Data in Zhulazhaga Gold Deposit, Alashan Region, Inner Mongolia
    CONG Li-juan,HU Feng-xiang,YANG Jun-cai,SU Xin-xu,ZHANG Li-li,GAO Xiu-hua
    2007, 21(4):  725-732. 
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    Most part of northwestern China belongs to arid/semi-arid. The natural conditions are very hard. Exploring mineral resources are very difficulty using traditional geology, geophysical and geochemical methods. Now it is very urgent for geologist to explore mineral resources using new technique such as remote sensing in this area. We chose Zhulazaga gold deposit as a testing district, and studied on abnormal data extracting of altered rocks  using  Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+)images. The study began from the characteristics of minerals wave spectrum, and made some corrections to Crosta. The principal component analysis (PCA) method has been used on selected 4 bands. A new model of abnormal extracting on  altered  rocks using  ETM+ images created. Alterations with iron oxide have been enhanced by using Band 2, Band 3, Band 4, Band 5/Band 1 of ETM+ data; Band 2, Band 4, Band 5, and Band 7 will be key analysis data for abnormal extracting for argillic and carbonation alteration. Extracting abnormal data of altered rocks in the deposit and beyond areas show that there are iron, argillic and carbonation alteration. Geology and geochemical analysis showed a good correlation with hydrothermal alteration information extracted from ETM+. This study provides a new method for prospecting in the arid/semi-arid area by remote sensing techniques in the deposit and beyond areas. This paper made some contributions for ore-prospecting in the arid/semi-arid area by remote sensing techniques.

    Automatic Tracing SVD Method to Pre-stack Eliminating of Relative Interference
    YUAN Yi-jun,XU Lin
    2007, 21(4):  733-737. 
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    In field seismic data, some heavy relative interference always exist in them. They decrease the SNR of seismic sections and interfere with interpretation. In order to remove relative interference and improve the SNR of seismic data, this paper presents an automatic tracing SVD method to pre-stack removing heavy relative interference. This approach combines automatic-tracing theory with SVD method together. Through tracing relative interference, it uses the small window technique to recover interference signal and obtain effective signal by subtracting noises from the field data. The result shows that the method can eliminate relative interference effectively and enhance the SNR of seismic data.

    New Interpretation of Spheroidal Molar-Tooth Structures from Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Jixian Section in Tianjin: Possibly Cellular Microstructure of the Spheroidal or the Sub-spheroidal Three-Dimensional Fossils of Megascopic Algae before 1400 Ma
    MEI Ming-xiang
    2007, 21(4):  738-748. 
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    The Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Jixian section in Tianjin makes up a stromatolitic and  non-stromatolitic carbonate succession, in which the third member is a particular sedimentary succession of the non-stromatolitic carbonate. Various ribbon-shaped molar-tooth structures are developed in the leionite limestones (aphanitic limestones) of the upper part of the succession of the non-stromatolitic carbonate, and lots of spherical or sub-spherical bodies with the sizes from several millimeters to more than one centimeter are frequently paragenetic with the molar-tooth structures. These spherical or sub-spherical bodies can be interpreted as the spherical molar-tooth structure, the lime concretion, the chert concretion, or the tuff concretion. Preliminary observation under the common microscope shows that there is a differentiation of primitive multicellular tissues within these spherical or sub-spherical bodies, i.e. the possible meristem in the central part and the possible mature tissue like the parenchyma. And some possible mature cells indicate the obvious microstructure. These features of the microstructures of the spherical or sub-spherical bodies show the strong difference from the molar-tooth structure filling with the special substance, i.e. the calcite microspar. Thus, these spherical or sub-spherical bodies should be grouped into the fossils of megascopic algae such as the Chuaia or the Parachuaria but not the spherical molar-tooth structure. Furthermore, most fossils of megascopic algae that had been found and described are mainly preserved as the fashion of carbonaceous compressions in fine deposits such as mudstones or shales, but fossils of megascopic algae in the leiolite limestones of the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Jixian section are characterized by three-dimensional fossils. Other features such as the older geological time that is more than 1,400 Ma, the obvious but primitive differentiation of the multicellular tissue and the  possibly  cellular microstructure, endow these fossils of megascopic algae with the biologically eukaryote attributes, which provides an unusual material and is meaningful for the further research on the evolution and origin of the eucargote.