Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation of Four Hot Springs in Northern Hebei

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2022.004

Abstract

Abstract:

This study examined four hot springs in northern Hebei, namely Mohegou (A10), Sandaoying (A11), Shanwanzi (A12) and Beidaba (A13). Through analyzing hot-spring water samples in 2010 and 2018, we unravel the hydrochemical characteristics of the springs and elucidate their formation. Local stratigraphy comprises mainly the Mesoproterozoic, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Neogene and Quaternary sequences, with large number of plutonic units. The hot spring temperatures range from 26 to 75 ℃, and the pH and TDS is 7.2-8.2 and < 1 g/L, respectively. The cations of the local hot springs are dominated (> 90%) by Na⁺, whilst the anions are dominated by HC $O 3 -$ and S $O 4 2 -$ . The hydrochemical types of the four hot springs are of SO₄·HCO₃-Na, HCO₃·SO₄-Na, HCO₃-Na and SO₄·HCO₃-Na type. The local hot springs have generally high H₂SiO₃ and F^- concentrations, and their total REE contents range from 0.030 to 15.525 μg/L, existing mainly as carbonate and fluorine complexes. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the hot water samples are relatively gentle with LREE enrichment. The local hot springs are mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation, and the geothermal reservoir temperatures are estimated to be 85-125 ℃ with the SiO₂ geothermometer. The thermal groundwater may have undergone deep circulation, rises along the contact zone, fracture zones and faults, and emerges as hot springs on the land surface.

Key words: hot spring, rare earth element, isotope, geothermal reservoir temperature, Hebei

CLC Number:

P641.3

WANG Yixuan, ZHOU Xun, CHEN Mengying, MA Jingru, HAI Kuo, XIAO Meng, SHANG Ziqi, ZHANG Ying, YU Mingxiao. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation of Four Hot Springs in Northern Hebei[J]. Geoscience, 2022, 36(02): 494-506.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the study area and surroundings(modified after Spatial Database of Serial Suite-Tectonic Map-sheets of Mainland China(1:250,000)[12])

Table 1 Summary of exposed hot springs in the study area

温泉名称	地理位置	地形地貌	温度/℃	流量/(L/s)	高程/m	主要用途
漠河沟温泉(A10)	隆化县郭家屯镇漠河村	山地峡谷地形	49~52	1.2~1.8	897	洗浴
三道营温泉(A11)	隆化县汤泉沟三道营村	河岸边缘的箱型沟谷	76~80	1.8~20.0	967	疗养
山湾子温泉(A12)	围场县山湾子乡热水汤村	剧烈上升侵蚀生成的中山地形	74~82	1.5~5.0	1 077	洗浴
北大坝温泉(A13)	隆化县唐三营镇北大坝村	水库下游地区,侵蚀构造中山区	35.0~35.5	10	751	洗浴

Fig.2 Piper diagram of hot spring samples from the study area

Table 2 Chemical compositions of hot spring water samples from the study area

水样编号	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	F^-	Li	Sr	Fe	Mn	Cl^-
A10-1	5.37	224	11.40	1.200	14.0	0.718	0.874	0.004	0.047 0	37.2
A10-2	4.68	211	12.60	0.875	13.6	0.818	0.915	0.021	0.096 0	27.9
A11-1	6.20	234	5.00	0.600	22.5	1.170	0.386	0.002	0.010 0	35.4
A11-2	6.32	236	6.40	0.570	20.8	1.350	0.363	0.003	0.007 0	26.7
A12-1	6.06	214	5.00	0.600	26.5	0.664	0.278	0.002	0.008 0	34.7
A12-2	5.43	213	2.15	<0.050	23.1	0.707	0.249	0.021	0.017 9	27.8
A12-3	5.49	213	2.26	<0.050	24.7	0.731	0.257	0.031	0.017 0	27.2
A12-4	4.97	190	8.65	1.220	20.3	0.621	0.433	0.005	0.021 2	25.3
A13-1	3.69	208	13.00	<0.500	13.0	0.503	0.803	0.002	0.001 0	42.5
A13-2	3.75	198	12.70	0.623	12.6	0.561	0.837	0.003	0.000 7	32.5
水样编号	S $O 4 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	C $O 3 2 -$	H₂SiO₃	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	TDS	T/℃	pH	Eh/mV
A10-1	242.0	248	0	56.30	-88.8	-10.9	826	49.2	7.68	-17
A10-2	217.0	245	0	80.51	-86.8	-11.4	734	50.7	7.20	-17
A11-1	134.0	354	6.00	44.30	-90.9	-11.2	832	68.0	8.08	35
A11-2	136.0	361	8.41	109.76	-86.5	-11.4	802	71.7	7.40	35
A12-1	33.6	423	6.00	61.40	-94.8	-11.7	797	74.5	8.13	-56
A12-2	32.5	398	17.60	84.69	-89.1	-12.1	720	71.3	7.80	-28
A12-3	32.7	400	16.80	77.16	-90.6	-12.4	722	72.9	7.40	10
A12-4	29.8	414	0	68.25	-91.8	-12.4	695	46.0	7.60	-89
A13-1	250.0	171	6.00	64.40	-86.0	-12.0	757	36.3	8.18	-89
A13-2	247.0	157	5.83	76.61	-84.4	-11.8	671	37.5	7.80	-151

Table 2 Chemical compositions of hot spring water samples from the study area

水样编号	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	F^-	Li	Sr	Fe	Mn	Cl^-
A10-1	5.37	224	11.40	1.200	14.0	0.718	0.874	0.004	0.047 0	37.2
A10-2	4.68	211	12.60	0.875	13.6	0.818	0.915	0.021	0.096 0	27.9
A11-1	6.20	234	5.00	0.600	22.5	1.170	0.386	0.002	0.010 0	35.4
A11-2	6.32	236	6.40	0.570	20.8	1.350	0.363	0.003	0.007 0	26.7
A12-1	6.06	214	5.00	0.600	26.5	0.664	0.278	0.002	0.008 0	34.7
A12-2	5.43	213	2.15	<0.050	23.1	0.707	0.249	0.021	0.017 9	27.8
A12-3	5.49	213	2.26	<0.050	24.7	0.731	0.257	0.031	0.017 0	27.2
A12-4	4.97	190	8.65	1.220	20.3	0.621	0.433	0.005	0.021 2	25.3
A13-1	3.69	208	13.00	<0.500	13.0	0.503	0.803	0.002	0.001 0	42.5
A13-2	3.75	198	12.70	0.623	12.6	0.561	0.837	0.003	0.000 7	32.5
水样编号	S $O 4 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	C $O 3 2 -$	H₂SiO₃	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	TDS	T/℃	pH	Eh/mV
A10-1	242.0	248	0	56.30	-88.8	-10.9	826	49.2	7.68	-17
A10-2	217.0	245	0	80.51	-86.8	-11.4	734	50.7	7.20	-17
A11-1	134.0	354	6.00	44.30	-90.9	-11.2	832	68.0	8.08	35
A11-2	136.0	361	8.41	109.76	-86.5	-11.4	802	71.7	7.40	35
A12-1	33.6	423	6.00	61.40	-94.8	-11.7	797	74.5	8.13	-56
A12-2	32.5	398	17.60	84.69	-89.1	-12.1	720	71.3	7.80	-28
A12-3	32.7	400	16.80	77.16	-90.6	-12.4	722	72.9	7.40	10
A12-4	29.8	414	0	68.25	-91.8	-12.4	695	46.0	7.60	-89
A13-1	250.0	171	6.00	64.40	-86.0	-12.0	757	36.3	8.18	-89
A13-2	247.0	157	5.83	76.61	-84.4	-11.8	671	37.5	7.80	-151

Fig.3 Plots of F- vs. pH (a), temperature (b) and Ca2+ concentrations (c)

Fig.4 Chondrite-normalized REE concentrations of thermal groundwater in the study area

Table 3 Calculated Ce and Eu anomalies of hot springs in the study area

水样编号	A10-2	A11-2	A12-2	A12-3	A12-4	A13-2	平均值
Ce/Ce^*	0.604 4	0.000 5	0.284 9	0.270 6	0.334 5	0.806 5	0.383 6
Eu/Eu^*	2.178 3	2.178 3	2.178 3	0.276 6	1.540 3	0.628 8	1.496 7

Fig.5 Correlation of total REEs with pH and T

Fig.6 Correlation of total REEs with the Fe and Mn contents

Fig.7 Major complex forms and proportions of Nd, Gd and Er for hot springs in the study area

Fig.8 Proportions of the complexes of ln(CO3 ) 2 - and lnC O 3 + for Nd, Gd and Er of samples

Fig.9 Plot of δ2H vs. δ18O of hot springs in the study area

Table 4 Calculated recharge altitude of hot springs in the study area

水样编号	温泉名称	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	泉口海拔/m	式(5)δ²H 计算结果/m	式(5)δ¹⁸O 计算结果/m	式(6) 计算结果/m	补给高程/m
A10-1	漠河沟温泉	-88.8	-10.9	897	1 657.00	1 198.72	1 237.93	1 200~1 900
A10-2	漠河沟温泉	-86.8	-11.4	850	1 543.33	1 237.93	1 993.33	1 200~1 900
A11-1	三道营温泉	-90.9	-11.2	967	1 797.00	1 320.45	2 130.00	1 400~2 100
A11-2	三道营温泉	-86.5	-11.4	980	1 663.33	1 367.93	1 983.33	1 400~2 100
A12-1	山湾子温泉	-94.8	-11.7	1 077	2 037.00	1 516.66	2 260.00	1 600~2 200
A12-2	山湾子温泉	-89.1	-12.1	1 080	1 850.00	1 588.62	2 070.00
A12-3	山湾子温泉	-90.6	-12.4	1 080	1 900.00	1 640.34	2 120.00
A12-4	山湾子温泉	-91.8	-12.4	1 080	1 940.00	1 640.34	2 160.00
A13-1	北大坝温泉	-86.0	-12.0	751	1 417.67	1 242.38	1 966.67	1 300~1 900
A13-2	北大坝温泉	-84.4	-11.8	790	1 403.33	1 246.90	1 913.33	1 300~1 900

Table 5 Calculated temperature of hot-spring geothermal reservoirs in the study area

水样编号	温泉名称	水温/℃	w(SiO₂) /(mg/L)	热储温度/℃					热储温度/℃
水样编号	温泉名称	水温/℃	w(SiO₂) /(mg/L)	式(7)	式(8)	式(9)	式(10)	式(11)	热储温度/℃
A10-1	漠河沟温泉	49.2	43.31	95.70	95.23	96.86	44.97	64.83	95~112
A10-2	漠河沟温泉	50.7	61.93	112.36	112.06	111.38	61.51	82.94	95~112
A11-1	三道营温泉	68.0	34.08	85.26	84.74	87.72	34.78	53.69	85~125
A11-2	三道营温泉	71.7	84.43	128.12	127.95	124.91	77.30	100.29	85~125
A12-1	山湾子温泉	74.5	47.23	99.61	99.17	100.28	48.83	69.05	99~113
A12-2	山湾子温泉	71.3	65.14	114.84	114.57	113.52	63.99	85.67
A12-3	山湾子温泉	72.9	59.36	110.31	109.99	109.60	59.46	80.70
A12-4	山湾子温泉	46.0	52.50	104.48	104.10	104.53	53.66	74.34
A13-1	北大坝温泉	36.3	49.54	101.79	101.38	102.18	50.99	71.42	100~110
A13-2	北大坝温泉	37.5	58.93	109.96	109.64	109.29	59.11	80.31	100~110

Fig.10 Schematic hot spring formation models in the study area

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