黑龙江省庆安地区土壤-作物系统硒地球化学特征及影响因素

doi:10.19657/j.geoscience.1000-8527.2024.058

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国土壤普遍缺硒(Se),近年来松嫩平原发现大面积富硒土壤带,但目前缺乏系统科学的评价,硒形成机制及其影响因素的研究不足,严重制约了富硒土地开发和可持续利用。以黑龙江省庆安地区土壤和农作物为研究对象,采集了8689件表层土壤样品、40件垂向剖面土壤样品、180套农作物及根系土样品,分析测试了各类样品总硒、重金属元素等理化指标。结果表明,表层土壤硒含量为0.03~0.93 mg/kg,平均含量0.28 mg/kg,以足硒土壤为主,占比93.93%,Se垂向分布特征表现为表聚型,次生富集作用明显;成土母质以湖积物发育的土壤Se含量较高,土壤类型对Se含量影响较小,黑土和草甸土Se含量相对较高,不同土地利用方式下,耕地土壤Se含量较高,不同作物籽实对Se元素富集能力强弱依次为:水稻>大豆>玉米。元素间的相关分析与统计结果表明,成土母质、土壤有机质、pH是影响研究区土壤硒含量的主要因素,土壤硒、土壤有机质是影响农作物籽实硒含量的关键因素,建议该地区以水稻、大豆逐渐代替玉米的种植结构调整可降低农作物缺硒风险,以满足居民硒健康的需求。

关键词: 土壤硒, 农作物, 地球化学特征, 影响因素, 庆安地区

Abstract:

Selenium (Se) deficiency is widespread in China’s soils. In recent years, large areas of selenium-rich soil zones have been discovered in the Songnen Plain; however, there is a lack of systematic scie.pngic evaluation, and research on the formation mechanism of selenium and its influencing factors is insufficient, which seriously restricts the development and sustainable utilization of selenium-rich land. Taking soil and crops in Qing’an Area, Heilongjiang Province as the research object, 8689 surface soil samples, 40 vertical soil profile samples, and 180 sets of crop and root soil samples were collected. Physical and chemical indicators such as total selenium and heavy metal elements in various samples were analyzed and tested.The results show that:(1) The selenium content in surface soil ranges from 0.03 to 0.93 mg/kg, with an average of 0.28 mg/kg, mainly dominated by selenium-sufficient soil (accounting for 93.93%). The vertical distribution of Se shows a surface-aggregated pattern with obvious secondary enrichment;(2) Soils developed from lacustrine sediments have relatively high Se content. Soil types have little impact on Se content, with black soil and meadow soil having relatively higher Se content. Under different land use patterns, cultivated land has higher Se content. The Se enrichment capacity of different crop grains in descending order is: rice>soybean>corn;(3) Correlation analysis and statistical results among elements indicate that parent material, soil organic matter, and pH are the main factors affecting soil Se content in the study area. Soil selenium and soil organic matter are key factors influencing Se content in crop grains. It is recommended that adjusting the planting structure by gradually replacing corn with rice and soybean in this region can reduce the risk of selenium deficiency in crops, meeting residents’ selenium-related health needs.

Key words: soil selenium, crop, geochemical characteristics, influencing factors, Qing’an Area

中图分类号:

X142
P595

刘婷, 张立, 吕石佳, 张思宇, 王刚, 孙振伟. 黑龙江省庆安地区土壤-作物系统硒地球化学特征及影响因素[J]. 现代地质, 2025, 39(04): 1098-1107.

LIU Ting, ZHANG Li, LÜ Shijia, ZHANG Siyu, WANG Gang, SUN Zhenwei. Geochemical Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Selenium in Soil-Crop System of Qing’an Area, Heilongjiang Province[J]. Geoscience, 2025, 39(04): 1098-1107.

图/表 14

图1 黑龙江庆安地区地质简图及采样点位图

Fig.1 Sketch geological map and sampling points map of Qing’an Area, Heilongjiang Province

表1 样品分析方法及检出限

Table 1 Sample analysis methods and detection limits

	元素	分析方法	检出限
土壤样品	As	AFS	1.0
	Se	AFS	0.01
	Hg	AFS	0.0005
	Cu	ICP-MS	1.0
	Cd	ICP-MS	0.03
	Cr	ICP-MS	5
	Ni	ICP-MS	2
	Pb	ICP-MS	2
	Zn	ICP-MS	4
	Corg	VOL	0.1
	pH	玻璃电极法	0.1
农作物样品	Se	AFS	0.01

表2 土壤地球化学参数特征统计(n=8689)

Table 2 Statistical characteristics of soil geochemical parameters (n=8689)

	最小值	最大值	平均值	标准差	变异系数(%)
有机质	2.76	251.01	46.55	19.31	41.62
pH	4.72	8.64	6.07	0.50	8.24
As	3.20	70.80	9.78	1.84	18.77
Cd	0.02	2.07	0.11	0.06	58.26
Cr	11.30	109.00	60.52	6.58	10.87
Cu	3.70	140.00	23.15	4.27	18.45
Hg	0.01	2.02	0.04	0.05	112.79
Ni	5.30	43.30	26.65	3.50	13.14
Pb	15.20	82.40	24.58	1.87	7.61
Se	0.03	0.93	0.28	0.07	24.81
Zn	21.00	1047.00	71.69	15.60	21.76

图2 土壤Se与pH(>7.5)、有机质相关性

Fig.2 Correlation diagram between soil selenium, pH(>7.5) and organic matter

表3 土壤Se含量评价面积统计表

Table 3 Statistical table of evaluation area for soil selenium content

土壤硒分级	含量(mg/kg)	面积(km²)	比例(%)
硒中毒	Se≥3.0	0	0
富硒	0.4≤Se<3.0	72.24	3.36
足硒	0.175≤Se<0.4	2020.55	93.93
低硒	0.125≤Se<0.175	51.43	2.39
缺硒	Se<0.125	6.94	0.32

图3 黑龙江庆安地区土壤Se含量评价图

Fig.3 Assessment map for selenium concentration in soil of Qing’an Area, Heilongjiang Province

图4 土壤垂向剖面中Se含量特征

Fig.4 Characteristics of selenium content in vertical soil profiles

图5 不同成土母质发育的土壤硒含量

Fig.5 Selenium content of soils developed from different parent materials

图6 不同类型土壤的硒含量

Fig.6 Selenium content in different types of soils

图7 不同土地利用方式下土壤的硒含量

Fig.7 Selenium content of soil under different land use patterns

图8 农作物中Se含量特征

Fig.8 Characteristics of selenium content in crops

表4 不同根系土硒分级下农作物籽实富硒率统计

Table 4 Statistics on selenium enrichment rate of crop seeds under different selenium grades of root soil

农作物	土壤硒分级	总样本(件)	富硒农作物籽实样本(件)	富硒率(%)
水稻	富硒	7	2	28.57
	足硒	83	52	62.65
	低硒	0	0	0
玉米	富硒	1	1	100.00
	足硒	48	9	18.75
	低硒	2	0	0
大豆	富硒	0	0	0
	足硒	39	35	89.74
	低硒	0	0	0

表5 农作物Se含量与根系土Se含量、有机质、pH相关关系

Table 5 Correlation between selenium content in crops and selenium content, organic matter, pH in root soil

	Se_soil	Se_crop=a×Se_soil+b	SOM	Se_crop=a×SOM+b	pH	Se_crop=a×pH+b
玉米Se	0.370^**	y=2.495x-2.449	-0.103	y=-0.002x+0.115	0.041	y=0.133x-0.803
大豆Se	0.028	y=8.025x-2.275	-0.076	y=-0.011x+0.522	-0.064	y=-0.372x+2.189
水稻Se	0.012	y=19.893x-6.208	-0.524^**	y=-0.001x+0.121	0.113	y=0.294x-1.759

表6 不同农作物Se生物富集系数

Table 6 Selenium bioconcentration factors of different crops

	样本数 (件)	平均值 (%)	最小值 (%)	最大值 (%)	标准差 (%)	变异系数 (%)
水稻	90	14.93	5.17	38.78	5.72	38.30
大豆	51	10.64	6.43	25.05	3.84	36.04
玉米	39	6.76	4.57	11.26	1.58	23.31

参考文献 27

[1]	李金峰, 聂兆君, 赵鹏, 等. 土壤—植物系统中硒营养的研究进展[J]. 南方农业学报, 2016, 47(5):649-656.
[2]	YANG C M, YAO H, WU Y J, et al. Status and risks of selenium deficiency in a traditional selenium-deficient area in Northeast China[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,762:144103.
[3]	龙泽东. 硒在天然富硒区恩施与石台土壤-作物-人体系统中的分布特征和健康效应研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2020.
[4]	UTTAM S, ABIOYE F, BIPUL K, et al. Selenium in soil-crop-animal system:a holistic perspective to manage animal and human health[J]. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 3(3):51-66.
[5]	周国华. 富硒土地资源研究进展与评价方法[J]. 岩矿测试, 2020, 39(3):319-336.
[6]	张立, 刘国栋, 吕石佳, 等. 黑龙江省海伦市农耕区土壤硒分布特征及影响因素[J]. 现代地质, 2019, 33(5):1046-1054.
[7]	雷风华, 崔玉军, 张立, 等. 黑龙江绥化市太平庄富硒地区土壤环境地球化学特征[J]. 中国地质调查, 2016, 3(4):49-54.
[8]	夏学齐, 杨忠芳, 薛圆, 等. 黑龙江省松嫩平原南部土壤硒元素循环特征[J]. 现代地质, 2012, 26(5):850-858,864.
[9]	迟凤琴, 徐强, 匡恩俊, 等. 黑龙江省土壤硒分布及其影响因素研究[J]. 土壤学报, 2016, 53(5):1262-1274.
[10]	安永龙, 黄勇, 张艳玲, 等. 北京房山南部地区富硒土壤生物有效性特征及来源[J]. 地质通报, 2020, 39(增1):387-399.
[11]	谭见安. 中华人民共和国地方病与环境图集[M]. 北京: 科学出版社,1989.
[12]	陈锦平, 刘永贤, 潘丽萍, 等. 浔郁平原不同作物的硒富集特征及其影响因素[J]. 土壤, 2018, 50(6):1155-1159.
[13]	刘健, 汪一凡, 林钟扬, 等. 浙江建德市耕地表层土壤硒分布、来源及生态效应[J]. 现代地质, 2022, 36(3):953-962.
[14]	刘阳, 姜冰, 张海瑞, 等. 山东省青州市表层土壤硒元素地球化学特征[J]. 现代地质, 2022, 36(3):933-940.
[15]	ROBERTA P M, VICO M P L, CLAUDIA C W, et al. Correlation between the natural levels of selenium and soil physicochemical characteristics from the Jequitinhonha Valley(MG),Brazil[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2017,172:195-202.
[16]	SUN G X, MEHARG A A, LI G, et al. Distribution of soil selenium in China is potentially controlled by deposition and volatilization?[J]. Scie.pngic Reports, 2016, 6(1):20953.
[17]	梁帅, 戴慧敏, 翟富荣, 等. 兴凯湖西部土壤-植物系统中硒含量特征、成因来源及迁移转化主控因素[J]. 地质通报, 2024, 43(1):163-172.
[18]	张立, 姜侠, 崔玉军, 等. 松嫩平原吕大火房垂直剖面中硒赋存形态及影响因素分析[J]. 地质与资源, 2020, 29(6):603-608.
[19]	FORDYCE F M. Selenium deficiency and toxicity in the environment[M]. Dordrecht:Springer, 2013.
[20]	GEBREEYESSUS G D, ZEWGE F. A review on environmental selenium issues[J]. SN Applied Sciences, 2018, 1(1):55-74.
[21]	HARADA T, TAKAHASHI Y. Origin of the difference in the distribution behavior of tellurium and selenium in a soil-water system[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2008, 72(5):1281-1294.
[22]	王雅玲, 潘根兴, 刘洪莲, 等. 皖南茶区土壤硒含量及其与茶叶中硒的关系[J]. 农村生态环境, 2005, 21(2):54-57.
[23]	朱建明, 梁小兵, 凌宏文, 等. 环境中硒存在形式的研究现状[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2003, 22(1):75-81.
[24]	曹容浩. 福建省龙海市表层土壤硒含量及影响因素研究[J]. 岩矿测试, 2017, 36(3):282-288.
[25]	WANG Q Y, ZHANG J B, ZHAO B Z, et al. Influence of long-term fertilization on selenium accumulation in soil and uptake by crops[J]. Pedosphere, 2016, 22(1):120-129.
[26]	息朝庄, 吴林锋, 范云飞, 等. 贵州独山县土壤Se元素地球化学特征及其影响因素研究[J]. 地质与勘探, 2023, 59(4):803-816.
[27]	LI Z, LIANG D L, PENG Q, et al. Interaction between selenium and soil organic matter and its impact on soil selenium bioavailability: A review[J]. Geoderma, 2017,295: 69-79.